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Sid Caesar
Caesar in 1961
Born
Isaac Sidney Caesar

(1922-09-08)September 8, 1922
Yonkers, New York, U.S.
DiedFebruary 12, 2014(2014-02-12) (aged 91)
Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
Occupation(s)Actor, comedian, writer, musician
Years active1946–2006
Known forYour Show of Shows
Caesar's Hour
SpouseFlorence Levy (m.1943–2010; her death)
Children3

Isaac Sidney "Sid" Caesar (September 8, 1922 – February 12, 2014) was an American comic actor and writer, best known for the pioneering 1950s live television series Your Show of Shows and its successor Caesar's Hour, which influenced generations of comedians. He also acted in films, including the 1963 screwball comedy, It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World.

Caesar was considered a "sketch comic" and actor, as opposed to a stand-up comedian. He also relied more on body language, accents, and facial contortions, than simply dialogue. Unlike the slapstick comedy which was standard on TV, his style was considered "avant garde" in the 1950s. He conjured up ideas and scenes, and used writers to flesh out the concept and create the dialogue. Among the writers who wrote for Caesar early in their careers, were Mel Brooks, Neil Simon, Larry Gelbart, Carl Reiner, Michael Stewart, Mel Tolkin and Woody Allen. "Sid's was the show to which all comedy writers aspired. It was the place to be", said Steve Allen.

Among his TV shows' subjects were satires about real life events and people, and parodies of popular film genres, theater, television shows and opera. But unlike other comedy shows at the time, the dialogue was considered sharper, funnier and more adult oriented. He was "best known as one of the most intelligent and provocative innovators of television comedy", who some critics called "television's Charlie Chaplin", and the New York Times refers to as the "comedian of comedians from TV's early days".[1]

Honored in numerous ways over 60 years, he was nominated for 11 Emmy Awards, winning twice. He was also a saxophonist and author of several books, including two autobiographies in which he described his career and later struggle to overcome years of alcoholism and barbiturates.

Early life

Caesar was the youngest of three sons born to Jewish immigrants living in Yonkers, New York. His father, Max, had emigrated from Poland; his mother, Ida (née Raphael), from the Russian Empire. The surname "Caesar" was supposedly given to Max, as a child, by an immigration official at Ellis Island.[2][3][4] Max and Ida Caesar ran a restaurant, a 24-hour luncheonette.[5] By waiting on tables, their son learned to mimic the patois, rhythm and accents of the diverse clientele, a technique he termed "double-talk," which he would famously use throughout his career. He first tried his "double-talk" with a group of Italians, his head barely reaching above the table. They enjoyed it so much that they sent him over to a group of Poles to repeat his native-sounding patter in Polish, and so on with Russians, Hungarians, Frenchmen, Spaniards, Lithuanians and Bulgarians. Sid Caesar's older brother, David, was his comic mentor and "one-man cheering section."[6] They created their earliest family sketches from movies of the day like Test Pilot and the 1927 silent film Wings.[7]

At 14, Caesar went to the Catskills Mountains as a saxophonist in Mike Cifichello's Swingtime Six band, and occasionally performed in sketches in the Borscht Belt.[1]

Career

Stage and film

After graduating from Yonkers High School in 1939,[8] Caesar left home, intent on a musical career. He arrived in Manhattan and worked as an usher and then a doorman at the Capitol Theater there.[1] While he failed to join the musicians' union,[citation needed] he found work at the Vacationland Hotel in Sullivan County, New York in the Catskills, as a saxophonist. Mentored by Don Appel, the resort's social director, Caesar played in the dance band and learned to perform comedy, doing three shows a week.[citation needed] He audited classes in clarinet and saxophone at the Juilliard School of Music.[9] In 1939, he enlisted in the United States Coast Guard, and was stationed in Brooklyn, New York, where he played in military revues and shows.[10] Vernon Duke, the composer of "Autumn in New York", "April in Paris", and "Taking a Chance on Love", was at the same base and collaborated with Caesar on musical revues.[citation needed]

During the summer of 1942, Caesar met his future wife, Florence Levy, at the Avon Lodge. They were married on July 17, 1943,[11] and had three children: Michele, Rick, and Karen.[8] After joining the musicians' union, he briefly played with Shep Fields, Claude Thornhill, Charlie Spivak, Art Mooney, and Benny Goodman.[8] Still in the service, Caesar was ordered to Palm Beach, Florida, where Vernon Duke and Howard Dietz were putting together a service revue called Tars and Spars. There he met the civilian director of the show, Max Liebman, who later produced his first television series. When Caesar's comedy got bigger applause than the musical numbers, Liebman asked him to do stand-up bits between the songs. Tars and Spars toured nationally, and became Caesar's first major gig as a comedian.[12]

After the war, the Caesars moved to Hollywood. In 1946, Columbia Pictures produced a film version of Tars and Spars in which Caesar reprised his role. The next year, he acted in The Guilt of Janet Ames. But despite a few offers to play sidekick roles, he decided to return to New York, where he became the opening act for Joe E. Lewis at the Copacabana nightclub. He reunited with Max Liebman, who guided his stage material and presentation. That job led to a contract with the William Morris Agency and a nationwide tour. Caesar also performed in a Broadway revue Make Mine Manhattan, which featured "The Five Dollar Date", one of his first original pieces in which he sang, acted, double-talked, pantomimed, and wrote the music.[13] He won a 1948 Donaldson Award for his contributions to the musical.[14]

Television

Caesar's television career began with an appearance on Milton Berle's Texaco Star Theater[12] in the fall of 1948.[15] In early 1949, Caesar and Max Liebman met with Pat Weaver, vice president of television at NBC, which led to Caesar's first series, Admiral Broadway Revue with Imogene Coca. The Friday show was simultaneously broadcast on NBC and the DuMont network, and was an immediate success. However, its sponsor, Admiral, an appliance company, could not keep up with the demand for its new television sets, so the show was cancelled after 26 weeks—ironically, on account of its runaway success.[13]

Imogene Coca and Sid Caesar in Your Show of Shows (1952)

On February 25, 1950, Caesar appeared in the first episode of Your Show of Shows, initially the second half of the two-hour umbrella show, Saturday Night Review; at the end of the 1950-51 season, Your Show of Shows became its own, 90-minute program.[16] The first two shows featured Burgess Meredith as host,[16] and the premiere features musical guests Gertrude Lawrence, Lily Pons, and Robert Merrill.[citation needed] The show was a mix of sketch comedy, movie and television satires, Caesar's monologues, musical guests, and large production numbers. Guests included: Jackie Cooper, Robert Preston, Rex Harrison, Eddie Albert, Michael Redgrave, Basil Rathbone, Charlton Heston, Geraldine Page, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Pearl Bailey, Fred Allen, Benny Goodman, Lena Horne and many other stars of the time. It was also responsible for bringing together the comedy team of Caesar, Carl Reiner, Howard Morris, and Imogene Coca. Many writers also got their break creating the show's sketches, including Lucille Kallen, Mel Brooks, Neil Simon, Michael Stewart, Mel Tolkin, and Sheldon Keller. Sid Caesar won his first Emmy in 1952. In 1951 and 1952, he was voted the United States' Best Comedian in Motion Picture Daily's TV poll. The show ended after 160 episodes[citation needed] on June 5, 1954.[16]

Just a few months later, Caesar returned with Caesar's Hour, a one-hour sketch/variety show with Morris, Reiner, Bea Arthur and other members of his former crew. Nanette Fabray replaced Imogene Coca who left to star in her own short-lived series. Ultimate creative and technical control was now in Caesar's hands. The show moved to the larger Century Theater and the weekly budget doubled to $125,000. The premiere on September 27, 1954, featured Gina Lollobrigida.

Everything was performed live, including the commercials, which only took up seven minutes of the one-hour show as compared to today's shows which average about 22 minutes of commercials per hour.

Caesar's Hour was followed by ABC's short-lived Sid Caesar Invites You from January 26 to May 25, 1958. It briefly reuniting Caesar, Coca, and Reiner, with Simon and Brooks among the writers.[17]

In 1963, Caesar appeared on television, on stage, and in the movies. Several As Caesar Sees It specials evolved into the 1963–64 Sid Caesar Show (which alternated with Edie Adams in Here's Edie). He starred with Virginia Martin in the Broadway musical Little Me, with book by Simon, choreography by Bob Fosse, and music by Cy Coleman. Playing eight parts, with 32 costume changes, he was nominated in 1963 for a Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical.[18] On film, Caesar and Edie Adams played a husband and wife drawn into a mad race to find buried loot in the 1963 screwball comedy It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World.

Style and technique

Caesar was not a stand-up comedian, states author Gerald Nachman. He was considered a "sketch comic, and actor. He conjured up ideas and enhanced scenes, but never wrote a word," and was thereby dependent on his writers for dialogue.[19] He was "notorious" for deviating from the script and ad-libing dialogue. Caesar was also skilled at mime, dialects, monologues, foreign language double-talk, and general comic acting.[20]

His sketches were often long, sometimes 10 or 15 minutes, with numerous close-ups showing the expressions on the faces of Caesar and other actors. Caesar relied more on body language, accents, and facial contortions, than simply spoken dialogue. Unlike the slapstick comedy which was standard on TV, his style was considered "avant garde."[19] Caesar "was born with the ability write physical poetry," notes comedian Steve Allen,[19] a technique which Nachman explains was more like that of a "silent film comedian."[19]

Writer Mel Tolkin states that Caesar "didn't like one-line jokes in sketches because he felt that if the joke was a good one, anybody could do it. One-liners would take him away from what drove his personal approach to comedy."[19] Larry Gelbart describes Caesar's style as "theatrical," and he called him "a pure TV comedian."[19]

Having that ability, Caesar was able to pantomime a wide variety of things: a tire, a gumball machine, a lion, a dog, a punching bag, a telephone, an infant, an elevator, a railroad train, a herd of horses, a piano, a rattlesnake, and a bottle of seltzer.[19] He was also able to create imaginary characters. Alfred Hitchcock compared him to Charlie Chaplin, and critic John Crosby felt "he could wrench laughter out of you with the violence of his great eyes and the sheer immensity of his parody."[19] In an article in the Saturday Evening Post from 1953, Maurice Zolotow noted that "Caesar relies upon grunts and grimaces to express a vast range of emotions."[19]

Of his double-talk routines, Carl Reiner said, "His ability to doubletalk every language known to man was impeccable."[21] Despite his apparent fluency in many languages, Caesar could actually speak only English and Yiddish.

Subjects

Among his primary subjects were parodies and spoofs of various film genres, including gangster films, westerns, newspaper dramas, spy movies, and other TV shows. Unlike other comedy shows at the time, the dialogue on his shows were considered sharper, funnier and more adult oriented.[19] In his sketches for Your Show of Shows and Caesar's Hour, he would also typically "skewer the minutiae of domestic life" along with lampooning popular or classic movies.[1]

Contemporary movies, foreign movies, theater, television shows and opera were targets of satire by the writing team. Often the publicity generated by the sketches boosted the box office of the original productions. Some notable sketches included: "From Here to Obscurity" (From Here to Eternity), "Aggravation Boulevard" (Sunset Boulevard), "Hat Basterson" (Bat Masterson), and "No West for the Wicked" (Stagecoach).

They also performed some recurring sketches. "The Hickenloopers" were television's first bickering couple, predating The Honeymooners. As "The Professor", Caesar was the daffy expert who bluffed his way through his interviews with earnest roving reporter Carl Reiner. In its various incarnations, "The Professor" could be Gut von Fraidykat (mountain-climbing expert), Ludwig von Spacebrain (space expert), or Ludwig von Henpecked (marriage expert). Later, "The Professor" was the inspiration for Mel Brooks' "The Two Thousand Year Old Man". The most prominent recurring sketch on the show was "The Commuters", featuring Caesar, Reiner and Morris involved with everyday working and suburban life situations. Years later, the sketch "Sneaking through the Sound Barrier", a parody of the British film, The Sound Barrier, was run continuously as part of a display on supersonic flight at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.

Working with writers

Steve Allen claimed that "Sid's was the show to which all comedy writers aspired. It was the place to be." While Caesar did not write his dialogue, he made all final decisions. His writers, such as Mel Brooks, felt they "had a great instrument in Caesar that we could all play, and we played it very well."[19] As for Caesar, Nachman describes him basically as an "inspired idea man who allowed the writers to take more risks" than other tv shows.[19]

In many cases, sketch dialogue was not even written down, but simply indicated by describing a scene, as in, "Sid does man coming home from business mad."[19] Sometimes, says Larry Gelbart, it was like "organized chaos," and when watching the writers create from offstage, felt "it was a religious experience."[19] To Mel Brooks, "it was a zoo. Everyone pitched lines at Sid. Jokes would be changed fifty times." Naturally there were some explosive episodes and, "Mr. Caesar once dangled a terrified Mr. Brooks from an 18th-story window until colleagues restrained him. With one punch, he knocked out a horse that had thrown his wife off its back, a scene that Mr. Brooks replayed in his movie 'Blazing Saddles.'"[19]

Neil Simon, after writing out a sketch and giving it to Caesar, recalls that "Sid would make it ten times funnier than what we wrote. Sid acted everything out, so the sketches we did were like little plays."[19] Simon also remembers the impact that working for Caesar had on him: "The first time I saw Caesar it was like seeing a new country. All other comics were basically doing situations with farcical characters. Caesar was doing life."[19]

Some of his writers, like Woody Allen, initially didn't like being among so many writers coming up with routines for Caesar, feeling it was too competitive and contributed to hostility among writers. An Allen biographer writes that Allen "chafed under the atmosphere of inspired spontaneity," although Allen did say "writing for Caesar was the highest thing you could aspire to—at least as a TV comedy writer. Only the presidency was above that."[19] Neil Simon noted that "we were competitive the way a family is competitive to get dad's attention. We all wanted to be Sid's favorite."[19] As part of the competitive atmosphere in "The Writer's Room," as it was called, friendship was also critical. Larry Gelbart explains:

We were able to be urbane. Between us we read every book. Between us we saw every movie. Between us we saw every play on Broadway. You could make jokes about Kafka or Tennessee Williams. We also had dinner together. We went to movies together. We were all friends. And that was very important. We appreciated each other a lot.[22]

Impact on television

Nachman concludes that "the Caesar shows were the crème de la crème of fifties television," as they were "studded with satire, and their sketches sharper, edgier, more sophisticated than the other variety shows."[19] Likewise, historian Susan Murray notes that Caesar was "best known as one of the most intelligent and provocative innovators of television comedy," who some critics called "television's Charlie Chaplin."[23]

According to actress Nanette Fabray, who acted alongside Caesar, "he was the first original TV comedy creation."[19] His early shows were the "gold standard for TV sketch comedy," adds Nachman.[19] In 1951, Newsweek noted that according to "the opinion of lots of smart people, Caesar is the best that TV has to offer,"[19] while Zolotow, in his 1953 profile for Saturday Evening Post, writes that "in temperament, physique, and technique of operation, Caesar represents a new species of comedian."[19]

Later years

Caesar in 1980

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Caesar continued to make occasional television and night club appearances and starred in several movies including Silent Movie, History of the World, Part I, Airport 1975 and as Coach Calhoun in Grease and its sequel, Grease 2, in 1982. In 1971, he starred opposite Carol Channing and a young Tommy Lee Jones in the Broadway show Four on a Garden. In 1973, Sid and Max Liebman mined their own personal kinescopes from Your Show of Shows (NBC had 'lost' the studio copies) and they produced a feature film Ten From Your Show of Shows, a compilation of some of their best sketches. In 1974, Caesar said, "I'd like to be back every week" on TV and appeared in the NBC skit-based comedy television pilot called, Hamburgers.[24]

In 1977, after blacking out during a stage performance of Neil Simon's The Last of the Red Hot Lovers, Sid gave up alcohol 'cold turkey.' His 1983 autobiography, Where Have I Been?, and his second book, Caesar's Hours, both chronicle his struggle to overcome alcoholism and barbiturates.

In 1983, Caesar hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live, where he received a standing ovation at the start of the show and was awarded a plaque that declared him an honorary cast member at the conclusion of the show.[25] In 1987–89, Caesar appeared as Frosch the Jailer in Die Fledermaus at the Metropolitan Opera in New York.[26] Caesar remained active by appearing in movies, television and award shows, including the movie The Great Mom Swap.

Special appearances

In 1996, the Writers Guild of America, West reunited Caesar with nine of his writers from Your Show of Shows and Caesar's Hour for a special two-hour panel discussion featuring head writer Mel Tolkin, Caesar, Carl Reiner, Aaron Ruben, Larry Gelbart, Mel Brooks, Neil Simon, Danny Simon, Sheldon Keller, and Gary Belkin. The event was taped, broadcast on PBS in the United States and the BBC in the UK, and later released as a DVD titled Caesar's Writers.[27]

In 1997, he made a guest appearance in Vegas Vacation and, the following year, in The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit in 1998 based on a Ray Bradbury novel. Also that year, Caesar joined fellow television icons Bob Hope and Milton Berle at the 50th anniversary of the Primetime Emmy Awards. Billy Crystal also paid tribute to Caesar that night when he won an Emmy for hosting that year's Oscar telecast, recalling seeing Caesar doing a parody of Yul Brynner in The King & I on Your Show of Shows. Caesar performed his famous double-talk in a foreign dub skit on the November 21, 2001 episode of Whose Line Is It Anyway?

In 2003, he joined Edie Adams and Marvin Kaplan at a 40th anniversary celebration for It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World.[28] In 2004, Caesar's second autobiography, Caesar's Hours, was published, and in 2006, Billy Crystal presented Caesar with the TV Land Awards' Pioneer Award.[29] In what TV Land called "a hilarious, heartfelt, multilingual, uncut acceptance speech",[29] Caesar performed his double-talk for over five minutes.[citation needed]

Death

Caesar died on February 12, 2014, at his home in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 91, after a short illness.[13]

On his death, Carl Reiner said, "He was the ultimate, he was the very best sketch artist and comedian that ever existed." Mel Brooks commented, "Sid Caesar was a giant, maybe the best comedian who ever practiced the trade. And I was privileged to be one of his writers and one of his friends."[21] Vanity Fair republished a brief tribute written by Billy Crystal in August 2005, in which he said of Caesar and his contemporaries:

I get nervous when I am with these giants. I always feel like I want to say, Thank you. I am blessed to have grown up in their time of perfection, to have witnessed the utter force of Sid. Live, uncut, daring but not risqué. Never stooping beneath themselves, Sid and this team of icons put forth a raucous, hilarious, and truthful brand of comedy that, 50 years later, is still funny and inspiring, and makes me think ... What kind of comedy would I be doing if I hadn't seen Sid Caesar? Would I be a comedian at all?[30]

Awards and honors

Year Award Result
1948 Donaldson Award for Male Debut in a Musical[14] Won
1951 Emmy Award, Most Outstanding Personality[31] Nominated
Emmy Award, Best Actor[31] Nominated
Look magazine Best Comedian on TV[8] Won
1952 Emmy Award, Best Actor[31] Won
Emmy Award, Best Comedian or Comedienne[31] Nominated
1953 Emmy Award, Best Comedian[31] Nominated
1954 Emmy Award, Best Male Star of Regular Series[31] Nominated
1956 Emmy Award, Best Comedian[31] Nominated
Look magazine Best Comedian on TV[8] Won
1957 Emmy Award, Best Continuing Performance by a Comedian in a Series[31] Won
1958 Emmy Award, Best Continuing Performance (Male) in a Series[31] Nominated
1960 Hollywood Walk of Fame[32] Inducted
1963 Tony Award, Best Leading Actor in a Musical[18] Nominated
1985 Television Academy Hall of Fame[33] Inducted
1987 British Comedy Awards, Lifetime Achievement Award in Comedy Honored
1995 Emmy Award, Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series[31] Nominated
1997 Emmy Award, Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series[31] Nominated
2001 Television Critics Association Career Achievement Award[34] Honored
2005 DVD Exclusive Award, Best Supporting Actor in a DVD Premiere Movie Won
2006 TV Land Pioneer Award [35] Honored
2011 Television Critics Association Lifetime Achievement Award[36] Honored

See also

  • Wayne Lamb, dancer in the revue Make Mine Manhattan

References

  1. ^ a b c d Rothstein, Mervyn; Keepnews, Peter (February 12, 2014). "Sid Caesar, Comedian of Comedians From TV's Early Days, Dies at 91". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  2. ^ US Census 1920, Yonkers, NY, enumerator's district 205, page 15A, and US Census 1930, Yonkers, NY, enumerator's district 60-3, p. 6A
  3. ^ Murray, Susan (2002). "Sid Caesar". St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture.
  4. ^ "Sid Caesar Biography (1922–)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
  5. ^ "Sid Caesar, Brought Jewish Humor to Middle America, Dies at 91". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  6. ^ Post Store. "Sid Caesar dies; pathbreaking comedian". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  7. ^ Sid Caesar (2004). Caesar's Hours: My Life in Comedy, with Love and Laughter. ISBN 9781586481520. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ a b c d e "Sid Caesar". Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  9. ^ Gennis, Sadie. "Comedian Sid Caesar Dies at 91". [Seattle Post-Intelligencer]. Retrieved 2014-02-13. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  10. ^ "USCG: Frequently Asked Questions". Uscg.mil. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
  11. ^ Adir, Karin (2001). The Great Clowns of American Television. McFarland & Company. p. 64. ISBN 978-0786413034.
  12. ^ a b Day, Patrick Kevin. "Sid Caesar: Five TV clips that demonstrate his comic genius" Los Angeles Times, February 12, 2014
  13. ^ a b c McLellan, Dennis (February 12, 2014). "Sid Caesar, pioneer of live television comedy, dies at 91". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  14. ^ a b Richard Natale (2014-02-12). "Sid Caesar Dead, Iconic Comedian Dies At 91". Variety. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  15. ^ Brooks, Tim (2003). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present Eighth Edition. Ballantine Books. p. 13. ISBN 0-345-45542-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ a b c Brooks, Marsh, p. 1344.
  17. ^ Brooks, Marsh, pp. 1068-69.
  18. ^ a b "1963 Tony Award Winners". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Nachman, Gerald (2003). Seriously Funny. Pantheon Books. pp. 99–122. ISBN 978-0375410307.
  20. ^ Newcomb, Horace, editor. Encyclopedia of Television vol 1, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers (1997) pp. 272–274
  21. ^ a b Dobuzinskis, Alex. "Comic legend Sid Caesar dies at 91". Reuters. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  22. ^ Maslon, Laurence. Make'em Laugh, Hachette Book Group (2008) pp. 75–79
  23. ^ Susan Murray, editor. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture vol. 1, St. James Press (2000) pp. 408–409
  24. ^ "Sid Caesar, Once Shining TV Star Makes Rare Appearance Tonight," Nashua Telegraph, 2 April 1974, p. 17
  25. ^ "Air Date: February 5th, 1983 — Host: Sid Caesar". SNL Transcripts. Retrieved 2014-02-12. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ Metropolitan Opera Archives. Accessed May 15, 2013.
  27. ^ "Caesar's Writers | About". Caesarswriters.com. 1996-01-24. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
  28. ^ ""It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" 40th anniversary". In70mm.com. 2003-10-19. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
  29. ^ a b "TV Land Awards". TV Land. Archived from the original on September 11, 2007.
  30. ^ Crystal, Billy. "Billy Crystal's Tribute to Sid Caesar". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Sid Caesar [Awards and Nominations]". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  32. ^ "Sid Caesar: Hollywood Walk of Fame". Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  33. ^ "Hall of Fame Honorees: Complete List". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  34. ^ "2001 TCA Awards announcement". Television Critics Association. 2001-07-21. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  35. ^ TV Land Awards 2006 – Pioneer Award
  36. ^ Rhodan, Maya (2014-01-31). "Sid Caesar Dies at 91". TIME.com. Retrieved 2014-02-13.

Further reading

  • Sid Caesar and Eddy Friedfeld: Caesar's Hours: My Life in Comedy, with Love and Laughter, January 30, 2005. ISBN 978-1586481520

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