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2014 Southeast Europe floods

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2014 Southeast Europe floods
A river, of a brownish colour, crashes against a bridge in a rural location
Flooding in the municipality of Gornji Milanovac, Serbia
Date13 May 2014 (2014-05-13)–present
Location Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Serbia
 Croatia[1]
 Romania
 Hungary
 Slovakia
 Slovenia
DeathsAt least 55

27 in Serbia[2] [3]
24 in Bosnia and Herzegovina[4]
2 in Croatia[5][6]
1 in Romania[7]
1 in Slovakia[8]

Property damageMore than one billion euros[9]

In May 2014, multiple floods affected a large area of Southeastern and Central Europe. A low-pressure area designated "Yvette" brought the worst of the flooding on 14–16 May. This cyclone is called "Tamara" in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia. Rainfall in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia was the heaviest in 120 years of recorded weather measurements.[10][11] By 20 May, at least 49 people had died as a result of the flooding, and hundreds of thousands had been forced from their homes.[12] Flooding was ongoing with the peak of the flood pulse on the River Sava expected to pass through Belgrade on Wednesday, 21 May. Official counts indicate that over 1.6 million people were affected in Bosnia and Serbia, after only a week of flooding.[13]

Floodwaters caused over 2,000 landslides across the Balkan region, spreading damage across many towns and villages.[14] The towns of Doboj in Bosnia and Obrenovac in Serbia account for most victims, after being inundated by waters several meters high from nearby rivers.[15]

Meteorological history

Total precipitation between 11 and 17 May

On 13 May, a low-pressure area formed over the Adriatic Sea, as polar air from Central Europe penetrated into the Mediterranean basin. The cold polar air mass met with humid subtropical air, leading to very low pressure. On 14 May, the low moved over the Balkans, becoming stationary. As a result, extremely heavy rain fell within the region; Serbia (in the area around Belgrade) and the North of Bosnia-Herzegovina were most affected.[16] Serbian and Bosnian meteorologists named the formed cyclone "Tamara".[17][18] On 15 May, the daily amounts of rainfall broke historical records in Belgrade (107.9 mm), Valjevo (108.2 mm) and Loznica (110 mm).[19] By 15 May, the monthly rainfall in Belgrade had broken the historical record (175 l from 1897), reaching 205 l.[20] By Saturday, May 17, the rain had subsided, and the weather gradually became warmer and sunnier, somewhat easing relief and rescue efforts. On 18 May, the cyclone moved further northwest.[18]

The main flooding region was the watershed of the Sava river, which forms a border between Croatia and Bosnia, flows into Serbia, and drains into the Danube in Belgrade. On Wednesday, 14 May, heavy rainfall caused torrential floods across mountainous regions, which destroyed bridges and infrastructure, and caused numerous landslides. The deadliest impact occurred on Thursday, 15 May, when water levels in several right-bank tributaries of the Sava suddenly and uncontrollably rose at an unprecedented rate, flooding towns in their valleys. The Bosna river in central Bosnia completely flooded the cities of Doboj, Maglaj and Zavidovići, while the Kolubara, near Belgrade, did the same to Obrenovac; those cities had the major share of victims. Subsequently, the Sava itself rose to record-high levels, threatening the cities of Slavonski Brod, Šabac and Sremska Mitrovica and numerous villages, but the damage was relatively contained as the population, helped by army and volunteers, strengthened flood defenses. Nonetheless, embankments gave way in several places.

Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia

Heavy rainfall was also experienced in the region on 3 and 4 May, affecting Romania, Italy and Bosnia. The event produced limited damage but left a number of flooding incidents and high rivers.[21] A state of emergency was declared in parts of Bosnia by local government.

Affected regions

Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia were the most severely affected, with several major cities completely flooded, and landslides in mountainous regions. Eastern Croatia and southern Romania also experienced flooding and human victims, while Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Poland and Slovakia were affected by the storm.[22]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Flooding in Zenica, 15 May 2014

Most of northern Bosnia was flooded, with the Bosna river valley hit hardest. Other affected areas included Sarajevo Canton[23] and Tuzla. Northern and northeastern Bosnia, including the region of Semberija, was also flooded. Rivers that flooded included the Bosna, Vrbas, Drina, Sana and Sava. A state of emergency was declared across the nation.[24] Herzegovina in the south and central regions were not hit by floods.

The town of Maglaj experienced the average rainfall of two months in under 48 hours.[24] In the city of Zavidovići, a footbridge was filmed being swept down the Bosna river and crashing into another bridge.[25] In Sarajevo, the Miljacka river swelled almost to the level of city bridges.[23] The entire hamlet of Parići in Hrasno Donje, municipality of Kalesija, was swept away by landslides.[26]

As of 20 May, there were 24 confirmed deaths in Bosnia and Herzegovina: 17 in Republika Srpska and 7 in the Federation.[4] At a press conference on 19 May, the Director of Police of Republika Srpska gave the names of 17 confirmed victims: 10 in Doboj, 2 in Šamac, 2 in Modriča and one each in Bijeljina, Vlasenica and Donji Žabar; an additional 7 persons are still listed as missing.[27] Governments of the two entities jointly declared 20 May a [[mourning day]|day of mourning] across the country.[4]

It was speculated that the floodwaters might have disturbed land mines left over from the Bosnian War (1992–95) which could cause further danger if moved outside the marked areas.[14]

Croatia

Sava River from Bebrina, Croatia, 17 May 2014

As reported by The Irish Independent on 18 May, "Large parts of eastern Croatia were underwater ... with several villages cut off and hundreds still fleeing the flooded zone in boats and trucks. Refugees were being housed in sports halls and schools, and aid centers were set up to distribute medicine, food, blankets and clothing."[14]
The most critical area was in southern Slavonia. The embankment on the Sava River was breached near Rajevo Selo and Račinovci, and thus evacuation was ordered for Gunja, Rajevo selo and Račinovci. As of 19 May, around 15,000 people in easternmost parts of Croatia were evacuated from their homes.[28] One of the most critical points was the embankment of the Sava river in Slavonski Šamac, where the confluence of the Bosna and Sava is located. At that point the embankments were under severe pressure caused by the huge amount of water coming from Bosnia. Several officials stated that if this embankment were breached, the entire region of southern Slavonia, with a population of over 300 000, would be flooded.[29] There were also floods in Banovina region, in the towns of Hrvatska Kostajnica and Dvor, mostly caused by the river Una, whose level had not been as high since 1955.[1]

Romania

This was the third major flood to hit Romania since late April 2014. Over 8,000 people were isolated and nearly 2,000 hectares of land were covered by water. 125 villages were affected by floods in one day. In total, 30 national and county roads were closed or partially destroyed by water and mud.[30] The waters of the Danube rose so much that the authorities set orange code for flooding for eight days, on the sector Iron Gates–Zimnicea.[31] In Vrancea County, a 50-year-old man was carried away by the flood and found dead the next morning.[7] Bucharest was devastated by a storm accompanied by hail and strong winds. Several streets were flooded, trees were uprooted, and a thick layer of ice covered important transport arteries, paralyzing the traffic in the capital.[32]

Serbia

View of the Sava and Danube confluence in Belgrade, during the flooding

Serbian Prime Minister Aleksandar Vučić described the flooding as "the worst natural catastrophe that has ever hit Serbia."[33][34] Flood waters on the Sava river reached 6.3 metres (21 ft), the highest on record.[24] By 19 May, 25,070 people had been evacuated and at least 20 killed.[35]

Transport between Serbia and Montenegro was made difficult by flooding, landslides, high winds and snow.[34] Two hydro-power generators in Serbia were closed due to high waters on the Great Morava river. Coal mining activity was also disrupted by the weather, cutting off the supply to Serbia's coal-fired power stations.[34] An estimated 300,000 households were left without power.[36] Serbia's energy minister, Aleksandar Antic, has appealed to individuals to conserve power as best they can.[14]

The city of Obrenovac was hit hardest by the floods, with an estimated 90% of the town flooded.[24] The entire city was evacuated, around 8700 people in total.[37] The city is home to the largest thermoelectric power plant in Serbia, TPP Nikola Tesla, which supplies close to 50% of electricity in Serbia, but was saved from danger. TPP Kostolac, which supplies 11% of electricity in Serbia, is threatened by floods from the Mlava. Two rings of levies and sandbags were breached, but as of 19 May, the water had not breached the innermost ring of defenses.[38] The city centers of Paraćin, Petrovac na Mlavi, Svilajnac and Smederevska Palanka were flooded.[37][39] Peak flood waters were expected to hit Šabac on 18 May. In anticipation of the floods, a 7.3-metre (24 ft)* dam was erected.[24]

During 18 May, the water level dropped, which enabled trucks to carry out evacuation of the citizens in Obrenovac.[40]

Krupanj after the flood

In Krupanj the torrent destroyed dozens of houses. Only a few places still have electricity, the water is undrinkable and there is a danger of landslides.[41] Minister of Trade, Telecommunications and Tourism Rasim Ljajić said that 8 houses were destroyed and 2 people lost their lives. Around 20 houses are completely uninhabitable and there is also a danger from landslides.[42] Part of the village of Rebelj in Valjevo municipality was annihilated by landslides.[43] On 20 May, the Government of Serbia proclaimed 3 days of mourning.[44]

Water levels in Belgrade were predicted to peak late on 20 May or early on 21 May.[45]

Slovakia

Floods and strong winds from the cyclone also reached Slovakia, where an elderly man drowned.[8]

International response

Many countries and international organizations have offered to provide relief.

  •  European Union — Bulgaria, Germany, Slovenia, Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Croatia, Lithuania, Latvia, Luxembourg, the UK, Slovakia, Belgium and Estonia responded to the request filed by Serbia and Bosnia & Herzegovina through the Emergency Response Coordination Centre.[46] As of 19 May, more than 220 rescuers from various EU countries are at locations in Serbia.[47]
  •  Albania — Albania sent five search and rescue units to Bosnia.[48]
  •  Austria — Austria sent a civil defense rescue team with high capacity pumps to Serbia.[49]
  •  Azerbaijan — The Government of Azerbaijan sent 40 tonnes of humanitarian aid to the affected population in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Additionally, humanitarian aid was sent to people in critical areas in Serbia.[50][51] The Government of Azerbaijan also stated that they would donate €400,000 to Serbia's flood relief fund. [citation needed]
  •  Belarus – President Lukashenko ordered that help be sent.[52] Belarus sent a first contingent to Serbia which amongst other material contained two helicopters with four teams of rescuers.[49] The second contingent included four generators of 100 kilowatts, 20 other generators, 30 pumps for water, 20,000 cans of food, 5,000 blankets, 20 tents for 20 people each, etc.[53]
  •  Belgium — Belgium sent the B-Fast team, with a convoy of 10 trucks carrying a water treatment installation and pumps to provide drinkable water to the population in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[54]
  •  Bulgaria — Bulgaria sent two fire engines with 10 motor pumps and more vehicles with 16 high-capacity water pumps and two boats to Serbia.[49]
  •  Croatia — Croatia provided two military transport helicopters to Bosnia and Herzegovina, one helicopter operating in the Banja luka – Doboj region, and one in Maglaj – Zenica region,[55] 6 teams of the Croatian Mountain Rescue Service with 15 rescuers, and 25 members of the civil protection units and fire brigades with 10 vehicles and 3 boats.[56] They also sent 65 tons of drinking water to affected areas in Serbia,[57] along with firefighting and civil defence intervention units with 15 members, 5 vehicles and 2 boats.[58] The Croatian Red Cross opened a donations account for victims of the floods in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. On May 20, the Croatian Red Cross announced that 4,815,681.17 kuna (€632,186.57 ) had been donated for the victims of the floods in Croatia,[59] 543,789.71 kuna (€71,386.90) for the victims in Bosnia-Herzegovina and 435,480.82 kuna (€57,168.47) for the victims in Serbia.[60] Humanitarian trucks travelling toward the affected areas through Croatia motorways were excluded from paying a toll.
  •  Czech Republic — Czech Republic sent a rescue team with water pumps, a boat and seven vehicles for different purposes to Serbia.[49]
  •  Estonia - Estonia sent a rescue team and €87,000 to Bosnia and Herzegovina.[61] Estonia also participated in a relief effort in Serbia, together with other EU countries.[62]
  •  France — French humanitarian organization NVO sent help to Serbia.[63] French Ambassador to Serbia, Mr. François-Xavier Deniau, stated that France sent half of their total yearly emergency funds to Serbia. Major French emergency forces team of 40 members arrived in Serbia.[64]
  •  Germany — Germany sent 15 rescuers with three pumps, five trucks and an aggregate to Serbia.[49]
  •  Hungary — Hungary sent five boats and a rescue helicopter to Serbia.[49]
  •  Israel — Medicines, blankets, raincoats, rubber boats and food were provided in Serbia.[65]
  •  Iran — The Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran will be sending humanitarian aid to Serbia.[66]
  •  Italy — Four rescue boats and €200,000 of humanitarian aid for the people in Serbia will be sent from Italy, Italian Ambassador to Serbia Giuseppe Manzo has said.[67]
  •  Japan – The Japanese government sent Bosnia and Herzegovina ¥10,000,000 worth of resources, and Serbia resources for use worth $100,000.[68][69]
  •  Luxembourg — Luxembourg sent a rescue team of 24 members to northern Bosnia.[70]
  •  Kosovo — Kosovo Security Force Minister Agim Çeku offered to help to protect human lives in Bosnia and Serbia, but this offer has not been accepted as of 20 May.[71][72][73]
  •  Macedonia — 75 rescue workers and large groups of volunteers (150 volunteers from the city of Kumanovo, and many others from other cities), 45 pumps, 9 boats and various other equipment were sent. The Macedonian Red Cross, universities and private businesses have organized special fundraising events to support the victims of the floods. A telephone service is available so that people may donate. Many spots in the city of Skopje collect various kinds of aid. As of May 19, the telephone service has collected 7.3 million MKD (€120,000) in aid. The Macedonian Orthodox Church also sent 3 million MKD (€50,000) in financial aid.[74]
  •  Montenegro — 41 soldiers of the Montenegrin army with 7 military SUVs, 6 trucks and additional equipment were sent to Obrenovac. Divers and alpinists from Special counter-terrorist police unit have been sent to Obrenovac. Several dozen professional rescuers and firefighters were also sent to Serbia. More than 200 volunteers went to Serbia to provide help. More have asked to join, but it was not possible to organize transport. Unknown number of boats and pumps was also sent along with the military, police and rescue units. Several municipalities, as well as some companies, have donated money. In several cities there were organised donations of foods, rations and clothes. The Directorate for Emergency Situations of the Ministry for Interior Affairs sent four trucks with blankets, raincoats and sleeping bags to Serbia and two to Bosnia. Numerous private companies sent supplies in food and water. The Montenegrin Red Cross opened a bank account for help to flooded areas, and, together with all Montenegrin mobile operators, organised a special number where people can donate money by sending an SMS.[75] Over €145,000 was raised with SMS and over €155,000 was paid into the bank account as of 21 May 2014.[76] Montenegrin prime minister Milo Đukanović sent condolences to his Serbian colleague Aleksandar Vučić about deaths that occurred. Đukanović also said that Montenegro will provide aid and all of its help resources to the Government of Serbia.[77]
  •  The Netherlands — Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs Frans Timmermans said on 20 May that The Netherlands will donate €500,000 to Bosnia and Serbia.[78]
  •  Romania — Also heavily confronted with floods, Romania will send help to neighbouring Serbia. Prime Minister Victor Ponta announced that the Romanian authorities will send a large water removal generator and perishable items such as food, water, blankets, clothes, etc.[79]
  •  Russia — Russia sent four Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft carrying 76 rescue workers including 20 divers and 70 tons of humanitarian aid to Serbia.[80][81] Specialists from the Russian-Serb humanitarian center in Serbia were also participating in work dealing with flood consequences by providing mobile power stations and motor pumps.[82] Russian media claims that Russian aid has saved thousands of lives with one operation seeing almost 400 people rescued including at least 79 children.[83]
  •  Slovenia — Hours after Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia requested for help, Slovenia decided to sent a special unit of civil protection, along with four vehicles, 19 experts and two special pumps to Serbia, and two units with motor boats, a 12-member unit of civil protection, an army Bell 412 helicopter with its crew and a police AB 212 helicopter with two crews to Bosnia and Herzegovina.[84][85] On 19 May in the afternoon Slovenia have sent 22 tons of humanitarian aid to Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was followed with another 10 tons sent in the evening.[86] Slovenian food company Žito have contributed an additional 11 tons of food aid which was sent to Bosnia and Herzegovina.[86] On 20 May a Slovenian military convoy, containing 30 soldiers and 13 military trucks, departed towards the affected areas with another batch of humanitarian aid.[86][87] The convoy was joined by six civilian trucks.[87] On the same day the Slovenian Government sent another special pump to Serbia, to be dispatched at the site of the threatened TPP Nikola Tesla power plant near Obrenovac.[87]
  •  Sweden - Sweden donated pumping equipment, bought from the distributor Meris. The equipment was sold at non-profit levels to the Swedish government, which provided the €20,000 funding of the donation. Meris also donated three pumps on their own initiative.[88]
  •   Switzerland - Migros, Switzerland's largest retail company, donated 500,000 CHF through the Swiss Red Cross.[89]
  •  Turkey – Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called Bosniak President Bakir Izetbegović and Serbian Prime Minister Aleksandar Vučić to offer his heartfelt condolences on flood disaster. Also, PM said that Turkey stands ready to provide any assistance to Bosnia & Herzegovina and Serbia.[90] Turkish Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) has sent a 41-person rescue team with a C-130 cargo aircraft for search-and-rescue operations as well as much-needed supplies and equipment such as 125,000 sandbags, blankets and generators to the region.[91]
  •  UAE — Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan told President Tomislav Nikolić that the UAE will send $10 million in aid.[92]
  •  United Kingdom — On 19 May the UK sent 33 Flood Rescue personnel with 4 motor boats to Bosnia to provide assistance on the ground. The UK sent three experts as part of the EU's civil protection assessment and coordination team to Serbia, including an expert from the UK Fire and Rescue Service.[93]
  •  United States — American Helicopters helped rescue people in both Bosnia and Serbia.[94] The US embassies in Bosnia and Serbia have also established processes that will provide additional funds and resources such as food, cots, blankets, water and fuel cans, portable kitchen sets, space heaters, generators and water pumps.[95]

Celebrity response

Serbian tennis players Novak Djokovic and Nenad Zimonjić showed their support for flood victims and appealed via Twitter for donations to help the flood victims.[96][97] Djokovic also criticized the lack of media coverage internationally, calling the media "idle".[98] Following his win over Rafael Nadal at the 2014 Italian Open, he donated all of the $500,000 in prize money that he had received to the victims of the flooding and collected another $100,000 through the Novak Djokovic Foundation.[99][100] Romanian businessman Ion Țiriac, owner of the Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open tennis Masters Tournament, and a former tennis and hockey player, donated $100,000 to flooding victims in Serbia.[101] Montenegrin player for the Minnesota Timberwolves, Nikola Pekovic has donated €50,000.[102] American actress Angelina Jolie has donated $50,000 to the US Red Cross for Bosnia and Serbia[103]. Famous Bosnian musician Goran Bregović has donated €20,000 for the towns of Maglaj and Ub and called for particular consideration for the affected Roma families.[104] Serbian folk singer Svetlana Ražnatović donated €20,000 for the victims of the floods.[105] Serbian tennis player Ana Ivanovic, who is a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for Serbia donated one million RSD (€8,700).[106] Jelena Karleuša helped providing humanitarian aid to the victims of the flood in Serbia.[107] Serbian swimmer and winner of Olympic silver in Beijing 2008, Milorad Čavić, was highly active on his Facebook page calling for support and directing aid to the most affected areas.[108] Boris Becker joined the efforts to increase visibility of the issue by wearing a sticker inscribed "#SupportSerbia" following Djokovic's victory over Milos Raonic in the 2014 Italian Open semi-finals.[109] Serbian tennis player Janko Tipsarevic, basketball player Igor Rakočević and other sportsmen, including Viktor Troicki, Edin Džeko, Stevan Jovetić and Jan Vesely joined the effort to help.[110] Serbian retired footballer Dejan Stanković pledged to help through his foundation and solicit support from other celebrity footballers.[111] Serbian footballers playing for Benfica, Lazar Marković, Miralem Sulejmani, Filip Đuričić and Ljubomir Fejsa offered to join the "Dejan Stanković for Serbia" foundation.[112] Director Emir Kusturica gave his helicopters for rescuing people.[113] Croatian singers Jelena Rozga,[114] Severina Vučković,[115] Doris Dragović,[116] Josipa Lisac[117] and Toni Cetinski[118] called for donations for victims in Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia. On 19 May, Croatian footballer Mario Mandžukić visited his hometown of Slavonski Brod, affected by the floods, to provide the locals with food.[119] On 18 May, the entire Spanish football team Real Valladolid, led by Serbian players Stefan Mitrović and Antonio Rukavina, walked out onto the pitch in a match against Granada wearing T-shirts with the message "Pomoć za Srbiju" (Help for Serbia).[120] English rocker Billy Idol pledged to donate part of his earnings from the upcoming concert in Serbia.[121] Model Adriana Lima called for aid to Serbia through the Novak Djokovic Foundation.[122] Dutch TV chef Rudolph van Veen whose cooking shows on 24Kitchen channel are popular in the region has cooked for mothers with children on 20 May in one of the centers for evacuees.[123] Canadian WBC Heavyweight boxing champion Bermane Stiverne called for donations to flood victims via the Novak Djokovic Foundation.[124] American actor Josh Duhamel expressed his support on Twitter.[125] Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia and his wife Katherine, Crown Princess of Yugoslavia visited Obrenovac, Topola, Natalinac, Blaznava, Šabac and Krupanj, as well collective centers in Karaburma, Surčin and Krnjača, and donated aid in value of 3.5 million RSD.[126] Bosnian international footballer Miralem Pjanić bought an entire pharmacy worth of medication to assist flooding victims in his homeland. US rapper P. Diddy tweeted an image calling for donations.[127]

Aftermath

Officials said it may take 5 years for agriculture in the affected regions to recover.[128] The managing director of the Kolubara coal field stated that it will take one year for the Tamnava pit to be dredged and dried, while the Veliki Crljeni pit would take around two months to be operational again. He stated that the Tamnava pit is now an artificial lake. The Kolubara coal fields are open pits from which coal is supplied to the TPP Nikola Tesla. There are enough stockpiles of coal at hand to bridge the period until the coal pits are fully operational, but the delivery system needs repairs.[38]

The European Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid Kristalina Georgieva stated that Croatia and Serbia have the possibility to apply for aid from the European Union Solidarity Fund, up to one billion euro in one year,[129] but this was later rescinded as a misstatement of the Commissioner. The EU Solidarity Fund in 2014 is 500 million euros, while individual countries can expect around 10 million.[130] The aid can be transferred if the damage is assessed to be over 0.64% of the country's GDP. For Serbia, that would be around 175 million euros in damages. Bosnia, not being a candidate or member country of the EU, is not eligible for aid from this fund.

See also

References

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