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Roald Dahl

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Roald Dahl

Roald Dahl [ˌɹəʊ̯əld ˈdɑːl] (September 13, 1916 – November 23, 1990) was a British novelist and short story author of Norwegian descent, famous as a writer for both children and adults.

Among his most popular books are Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, James and the Giant Peach, Matilda, The Witches, The BFG, and Kiss Kiss.

Biography

Childhood

Roald Dahl was born at Villa Marie, Fairwater Road, Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales on 13 September 1916, to Norwegian parents, Harald Dahl and Sofie Magdalene Dahl (née Hesselberg). He was named after the polar explorer Roald Amundsen, a national hero in Norway at the time.

In 1920, when Roald was four, his seven-year-old sister, Astri, died from appendicitis, then about a month later his father died of pneumonia at the age of 57. His mother, however, rather than move back to Norway to live with her relatives, decided to stay in England - it had been her husband's wish to have their children educated in English schools, as he thought they were the best in the world.

Roald first attended Llandaff Cathedral School. At the age of eight, he and four of his friends were caned by the headmaster after putting a dead mouse in a jar of sweets at the local sweet shop owned by a "mean and loathsome" old woman called Mrs. Pratchett.

Thereafter he was sent to several boarding schools, which was an unpleasant experience for him and his friends. He was very homesick and wrote to his mother almost every day. Only when she died did he find out she had saved every single one of his letters, in small bundles held together with green tape.

At Repton School in Derbyshire (where he was the personal servant of the prefect in whose study he had his little desk for the greater part of his early years), he was captain of the school Fives and Squash team, and also played for the football team. He developed an interest in photography. During his years there, Cadbury, a chocolate company, would occasionally send boxes of new chocolates to the school to be tested by the pupils. Dahl himself apparently used to dream of inventing a new chocolate bar that would win the praise of Mr. Cadbury himself, and this proved the inspiration for him to write his third book for children, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.

Throughout his childhood and adolescent years he spent his summer holidays in his parents' native Norway. His childhood is the subject of his autobiographical work, Boy: Tales of Childhood.

Though his mother expected him to attend university after leaving school, Dahl instead found a job with Shell Petroleum, which sent him to other parts of the world....

Adult life

After finishing his schooling he spent three weeks hiking through Newfoundland with a group called the Public Schools' Exploring Society. In July 1934 he joined the Shell Petroleum Company. Following two years of training in the UK he was transferred to Dar-es-Salaam, Tanganyika. Along with the only two other Shell employees in the entire territory, he lived in luxury in the Shell House outside Dar-es-Salaam, with a cook and personal servants. While on the job, supplying oil to customers across Tanganyika, he encountered black mambas and lions, amongst other wildlife.

In August 1939, as World War II was imminent, plans were made to round up the hundreds of Germans in Dar-es-Salaam. The fifteen or so British citizens in Dar-es-Salaam, including Dahl, were made officers each commanding a platoon of askaris of the King's African Rifles. Dahl was uneasy about this and having to round up hundreds of German civilians, but managed to complete his orders.

It was soon after this incident, in November 1939, that he joined the Royal Air Force. After a 600-mile car journey from Dar-es-Salaam to Nairobi, he was accepted for flight training with 16 other men, 14 of whom would later die in air combat. With 7 hours and 40 minutes experience in his De Havilland Tiger Moth he flew solo, and hugely enjoyed watching the wildlife of Kenya during his flights. He continued on to advanced flying training at RAF Habbaniya (50 miles west of Baghdad) in Iraq. Following six months of flying Hawker Harts he was made a Pilot Officer and assigned to No. 80 Squadron RAF, flying obsolete Gloster Gladiators. Dahl was surprised to find that he would not be trained in aerial combat, or even how to fly the Gladiator.

On 19 September, 1940, Dahl was to fly his Gladiator from Abu Suweir in Egypt, on to Amiriya to refuel, and again to Fouka in Libya for a second refuelling. From there he would fly to 80 Squadron's forward airstrip 30 miles south of Mersah Matruh. On the final leg, he could not find the airstrip and, running low on fuel and with night approaching, he was forced to attempt a landing in the desert. Unfortunately, the undercarriage hit a boulder and the plane crashed, fracturing his skull, smashing his nose in, and blinding him. He managed to drag himself away from the blazing wreckage and passed out. Later, he wrote about the crash for his first published work (see below). It was found in a RAF inquiry into the crash that the location he had been told to fly to was completely wrong, and he had mistakenly been sent instead to the no man's land between the British and Italian forces.

Dahl was rescued and taken to a first-aid post in Mersah Matruh, where he regained consciousness, but not his sight, and was then taken by train to the Royal Navy hospital in Alexandria. There he fell in love with a nurse, Mary Welland, who was the first person he saw when he regained his sight after eight weeks. The doctors said he had no chance of flying again, but in February 1941, five months after he was admitted to the hospital, he was discharged and passed fully fit for flying duties.

By this time, 80 Squadron were at Elevsis, near Athens, Greece, and equiipped with Hawker Hurricane fighting with the British Expeditionary Force in the Battle of Greece,He flew a replacement Hurricane across the Mediterranean Sea in April 1941 Although he had only seven hours training on Hurricanes, By This Stage in the battle for Greece the RAF had only 18 combat planes in Greece 14 Hurricanes and 4 Bristol Blenheim

He saw his first combat over the city of Chalcis and on April 15th shooing down a Junkers Ju-88 With his lone Hurricane against the six bombers that were attacking ships, On 16th April he claimed a Probable On April 20th Dahl took part in the Battle of Athens along with Squadron Leader 'Pat' Pattle and his friend David Coke shooting down another Ju-88

As the Germans were pressing Athens Dahl was evacuated back to Egypt

80 Squadron was reassembled in Haifa, Palestine. From here, Dahl flew missions every day for a period of four weeks, Downing a Potez 63 on 8th june and another JU-88 on 15th June,but then he began to get blinding headaches that gave him black-outs in the air, and he was invalided home to Britain he was by this time a Flight Lieutenant .

He began writing in 1942, after he was transferred to Washington as Assistant Air Attaché. His first published work, in the August 1, 1942 issue of the Saturday Evening Post was Shot Down Over Libya, describing the crash of his Gloster Gladiator. He had been asked to provide some RAF anecdotes by C.S. Forester who had them published as propaganda. His original title for the work was A Piece of Cake — the title was changed to sound more dramatic, despite the fact that the crash had nothing to do with enemy action.

He ended the war as a Wing Commander

He was married for 30 years (from 1953 to 1983) to Academy Award winning American actress Patricia Neal (The Day the Earth Stood Still, Hud, The Subject Was Roses, A Face in the Crowd). They had five children: Olivia, (who died of the measles encephalitis at the age of seven), Tessa, (now an author), Theo, Ophelia, and Lucy.

When he was four months old, Theo Dahl was severely injured when his baby carriage was hit by a taxi in New York City. For a time he suffered from hydrocephalus: as a result his father became involved in the development of what became known as the "Wade-Dahl-Till" (or WDT) valve,[1] a device to alleviate the condition.

In 1965, Patricia Neal suffered three burst cerebral aneurisms while pregnant with their fifth child, Lucy. Roald took control of her rehabilitation and she eventually relearned to talk and walk. They were divorced in 1983 following a very turbulent marriage, and he subsequently married Felicity ("Liccy") Crosland, to whom he was married until his death.

Ophelia Dahl is director and co-founder (with doctor Paul Farmer) of Partners in Health, a nonprofit organization dedicated to providing health care to some of the most impoverished communities in the world. Lucy Dahl, is a screenwriter in Los Angeles. Tessa's daughter (who was the inspiration for the "helpmate" character in her grandfather's book The BFG) is model and author Sophie Dahl who remembers him as “a very difficult man – very strong, very dominant ... not unlike the father of the Mitford sisters sort of roaring round the house with these very loud opinions, banning certain types - foppish boys, you know - from coming round.”

Roald Dahl died of leukemia on 23 November, 1990, at his home, Gipsy House, in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire, at the age of 74, and is buried in the cemetery at the parish church of St. Peter and St. Paul. According to his granddaughter, the family gave him a “sort of Viking funeral. He was buried with his snooker cues, some very good burgundy, chocolates, HB pencils and a power saw.” In his honour, the Roald Dahl Children's Gallery was opened at Bucks County Museum in nearby Aylesbury.

Dahl's charitable commitments in the fields of neurology, hematology and literacy have been continued by his widow since his death, through the Roald Dahl Foundation. In June 2005, the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre opened in Great Missenden to celebrate the work of Roald Dahl and advance his work in literacy.

Writing

Inspired by a meeting with C. S. Forester, Dahl's first published work was Shot Down Over Libya, a story about his wartime adventures, which was bought by the Saturday Evening Post for $900 and propelled him into a career as a writer.

His first children's book was The Gremlins, about mischievous little creatures that were part of RAF folklore. The book was commissioned by Walt Disney for a film that was never made, and published in 1942. Dahl went on to create some of the best-loved children's stories of the 20th century, such as Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Matilda and James and the Giant Peach.

He also had a successful parallel career as the writer of macabre adult short stories, usually with a dark sense of humour and a surprise ending. Many were originally written for American magazines such as Ladies Home Journal, Harper's, Playboy and The New Yorker, then subsequently collected by Dahl into anthologies, gaining world-wide acclaim for the author. Dahl wrote more than 60 short stories and they have appeared in numerous collections, some only being published in book form after his death. See List of Roald Dahl short stories.

One of his more famous adult stories, The Smoker (also known as Man from the South), was filmed as an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and also adapted into Quentin Tarantino's segment of the 1995 film Four Rooms. His short story collection Tales of the Unexpected was adapted to a successful TV series of the same name. A number of his short stories are supposed to be extracts from the diary of his (fictional) Uncle Oswald, a rich gentleman whose sexual exploits form the subject of these stories.

For a brief, relatively unsuccessful period in the 1960s, Dahl wrote screenplays. Two of his screenplays – the James Bond film You Only Live Twice and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang – were adaptations of novels by Ian Fleming, and he adapted his own work into Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971).

Memories with Food at Gipsy House, written with his wife Felicity and published posthumously in 1991, was a mixture of recipes, family reminiscences and Dahl's musings on favourite subjects such as chocolate, onions, and claret.

Many of his children's books are illustrated by Quentin Blake.

Children's fiction

Dahl's works for children are usually told from the point of view of a child, typically involve adult villainesses, who hate and mistreat children, and feature at least one "good" adult to counteract the villain(s) (perhaps a reference to the abuse that Dahl himself experienced in the boarding schools he attended). They usually contain a lot of black humour and grotesque scenarios, including gruesome violence. The Witches and Matilda are two examples of this formula. The BFG follows it in a more analogical way with the good giant (the BFG or "Big Friendly Giant") representing the "good adult" archetype and the other giants being the "bad adults". This formula is also somewhat evident in Dahl's film script for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. Class-conscious themes – ranging from the thinly veiled to the not at all veiled – also surface in works such as Fantastic Mr Fox and Danny, the Champion of the World.

Anti-Semitism

Dahl has been subject to calls for boycotts in Israel and elsewhere for alleged anti-Semitism. In the summer of 1983 he wrote a book review for the Literary Review of God Cried by Newsweek writer Tony Clifton, a polemical picture book about the recent invasion of Lebanon by Israel.

Dahl's review stated that the Israeli attack on Lebanon in June 1982 was when "we all started hating Jews" and that the book would make readers "violently anti-Jewish." According to Dahl's biographer Jeremy Treglown, the editor of the Literary Review, Gillian Greenwood, changed Dahl's references from "Jew" and "Jewish" to "Israel" and "Israeli", allowing Dahl to later claim, "I am not anti-Semitic. I am anti-Israel." [2] Dahl believed that this review kept him from being knighted, something that he craved.

According to at least two biographers,[3] when defending his review he told a journalist that same year: "There's a trait in the Jewish character that does provoke animosity . . . I mean there is always a reason why anti-anything crops up anywhere; even a stinker like Hitler didn't just pick on them for no reason."

In later years, Dahl occasionally tried to downplay some of the charges of anti-Semitism with a sympathetic episode about German Jewish refugees in his book Going Solo, and a separate claim that he was opposed to injustice, not Jews. Dahl never retreated from his strong stance against Israel, however, and shortly before his death in 1990 he admitted to the British newspaper The Independent that he had become anti-Semitic, not just anti-Israel. [4]

List of works

Children's writing

Children's stories

Children's poetry

Adult fiction

Novels

Short story collections

See List of Roald Dahl short stories.

Non-fiction

  • Boy – Tales of Childhood (1984. Recollections up to the age of 16, looking particularly at schooling in Britain in the early part of the 20th century)
  • Going Solo (1986). Continuation of his autobiography, in which he goes to work for Shell and spends some time working in Tanzania before joining the War effort and becoming one of the last Allied pilots to withdraw from Greece during the German invasion.
  • Memories with Food at Gipsy House (1991)
  • Roald Dahl's Guide to Railway Safety (1991)
  • My Year (1993)
  • Measles, a Dangerous Illness [1]

Plays

  • The Honeys (1955.) Produced at the Longacre Theater on Broadway.

Film scripts

Sources

Aces High CristopherShores and Clive Williams

References

  1. ^ "Water on the Brain". MedGadget: Internet Journal of Emerging Medical Technologies. 2005-07-15. Retrieved 2006-05-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ Roald Dahl An Autobiography, Jeremy Treglown (Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1994), pp. 255-256.
  3. ^ Margaret Talbot article from The New Yorker
  4. ^ Abraham Foxman. "Roald Dahl Also Left a Legacy of Bigotry." New York Times, Dec. 7, 1990, pg. A34
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