List of subcultures

This is a list of subcultures.

A

B

BDSM^[2]
Beat Generation,^[3] see Beatnik
Biker, see also Motorcycle clubs and Outlaw motorcycle clubs
Bills^[4]
Biopunk^[5]^[6]
Bodybuilding^[7]
Bohemianism^[8]
Bōsōzoku^[9]
Bro
Bronies

C

D

E

Emo^[15]

F

G

H

Hacker^[23]
Hardcore punk
Hardline
Heavy metal subculture^[24]
Hip hop culture, see also B-boy, Graffiti artists
Hippie/Hippy^[25]
Hipster, see Hipster (1940s subculture) and Hipster (contemporary subculture)

I

Industrial,^[26] see also Rivethead.

J

L

M

N

O

Otaku^[33]
Otherkin, see also Vampire lifestyle and Therianthropy

P

Pachuco^[34]
Pokémon
Preppy^[35]
Psychedelia^[36]^[37] and Psychonauts^[38]^[39]
Punk subculture^[40]

Q

Queer culture

R

S

Science fiction fandom
Scooterboy^[47]
Scouting^[48]
Skater
Skinhead;^[49] See also: Gay skinhead,^[49] Redskin (subculture), Trojan skinhead, White power skinhead & Suedehead^[50]
Soulboy^[51]
Steampunk^[52]
Stilyaga
Straight edge
Swing Kids
Swinging ^[53]

T

V

W

Warez scene^[57]^[58]

Z

Zazou^[59]

Notes

^
Sources for Alcoholics Anonymous:
- Klaus Mäkelä, Alcoholics Anonymous, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe (1996). Alcoholics Anonymous as a mutual-help movement: a study in eight societies. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-15004-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^
BDSM sources:
- Juliet Richters, Richard O. de Visser, Chris E. Rissel, Andrew E. Grulich, Anthony M.A. Smith (July 2008). "Demographic and Psychosocial Features of Participants in Bondage and Discipline, "Sadomasochism" or Dominance and Submission (BDSM): Data from a National Survey". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 5 (7): 1660–1668. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00795.x. PMID 18331257.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Sandra R. Leiblum (2006). Principles and practice of sex therapy. Guilford Press. pp. 380, 405. ISBN 978-1-59385-349-5.
^ ^{Ken Gelder} pages 295. Chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige
^ Theodore Trefon (2004). Reinventing order in the Congo: how people respond to state failure in Kinshasa (illustrated ed.). Zed Books. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-84277-491-5.
^ Xue, Katherine (2014). "Synthetic Biology's New Menagerie". Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^ Haywire, Rachel (20 March 2012). "Becoming Ourselves". Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^
Sources for Bodybuilding:
- Alan M. Klein (1993). Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1559-7.
- KOERT W. (March 28, 1988). "Tales of lies. The bodybuilder's body between reality and fantasy". Amsterdams sociologisch tijdschrift. 25 (2): 276–294, 324. ISSN 0921-4933.
- Andrew Yiannakis, Merrill J. Melnick (2001). Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport. Human Kinetics. pp. 413–425. ISBN 978-0-7360-3710-5.
^
Sources:
- Gerald W. McFarland (2001). Inside Greenwich Village: A New York City Neighborhood, 1898-1918. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-55849-299-8.
- Mike Brake (1980). The sociology of youth culture and youth subcultures: sex and drugs and rock 'n' roll (reprinted ed.). Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 0-7100-0364-1.
^ Joachim Kersten (2003). "Street Youths, Bosozoku, and Yakuza: Subculture Formation and Societal Reactions in Japan". Crime & Delinquency. 39 (3): 277–295. doi:10.1177/0011128793039003002.
^
Sources:
- ^{Ken Gelder} pages 91, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
- Steve Redhead (Autumn 2004). "Hit and Tell: a Review Essay on the Soccer Hooligan Memoir" (PDF). Soccer and Society. 5 (3): 392–403. doi:10.1080/1466097042000279625.
- Juliet Ash, Lee Wright (chapter author: Deborah Lloyd) (1988). "Assemblage and subculture: the Casuals and their clothing". Components of dress: design, manufacturing, and image-making in the fashion industry (illustrated ed.). Routledge. pp. 100–106. ISBN 0-415-00647-3. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ ^a ^b Isaac Gagné (June 2008). "Urban Princesses: Performance and "Women's Language" in Japan's Gothic/Lolita Subculture". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 18 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 130–150(21). doi:10.1111/j.1548-1395.2008.00006.x.
^ ^{bell 2001}, pages 101-102, 154-184
^
Sources:
- Marc Marschark (1997). Psychological Development of Deaf Children (reprint, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press US. p. 20. ISBN 0-19-511575-9.
- Jeffery P. Braden (1994). Deafness, Deprivation, and IQ (illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 0-306-44686-3.
^
Sources:
- Lysloff, René T. A.; Gay, Leslie C. (2003). Music and technoculture (illustrated ed.). Wesleyan University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-8195-6514-3.
- "Course Description: The Demoscene: An Introduction to Programming and Subcultures". Columbia College Chicago.
^
Sources for emo subculture:
- Shirley R. Steinberg, Priya Parmar, Birgit Richard (2006). Contemporary Youth Culture: An International Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33729-2. Retrieved 2008-08-20.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Lydia Scott, Anna Chur-Hansen (2008-06-02). "The mental health literacy of rural adolescents: Emo subculture and SMS texting". Australasian Psychiatry. 16 (5): 359–62. doi:10.1080/10398560802027328. PMID 18608151.
- Michele Kirsch (2008-07-06). "Emotionally challenged". The Times. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- Chris Hawley (2008-04-18). "Subculture clash among Mexico youth". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- Martin, G. (2006). "Editorial. On suicide and subcultures" (PDF). Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health. 5 (3): 1–5.
Ianto Ware (2008). "Andrew Keen Vs the Emos: Youth, Publishing, and Transliteracy". M/C Journal. 11 (4).
^ Harris, Cheryl; Alexander, Alison (1998). Theorizing fandom : fans, subculture and identity. Hampton Press. ISBN 1-57273-114-1. ISBN 1-57273-115-X ISBN 1-57273-115-X (pbk.) ISBN 1-57273-115-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Fred Davis, Laura Munoz (2011). "8. Heads and freaks: patterns and meanings of drug use among hippies". In Lee Rainwater (ed.). Deviance and Liberty: Social Problems and Public Policy. Aldine Transaction. pp. 88–95. ISBN 978-1-4128-1503-1.
^
Sources:
- Kendall, Lori (Spring 2008). "James Bond, Peter Pan, and A Sticky Night of Love: Irony and Masculinities in Amateur Animated Videos Journal". The Journal of Men's Studies. 16 (2). Men's Studies Press: 124–139. doi:10.3149/jms.1602.124. ISSN 1060-8265. (...)sion of images of furries (a subculture of people (...) and other stigmatized identities, such as furries) can be (...)
- Lori Kendall (2002). Hanging out in the virtual pub: masculinities and relationships online (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-0-520-23038-5.
^
Sources for glam:
- Jon Stratton (June 2006). "Why Doesn't Anyone Write about Glam Rock". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies. 4 (1).
- Gina Marchetti (December 1998). "Fringe cultures". Jump Cut (42).
- Peter Childs, Mike Storry (1999). Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-415-14726-2.
- ^Goodlad, pages: 6, 19-20, 34-35, 66, 78, 92, 259
^ Catherine Spooner, Emma McEvoy (2007). The Routledge Companion to Gothic. London: Routledge. pp. 195–196, 263–264. ISBN 0-415-39843-6.
^ Mary Jane Kehily, Open University (2007). Understanding Youth: Perspectives, Identities and Practices (illustrated ed.). London: SAGE Publications. ISBN 1-4129-3064-2.
^ ^{Ken Gelder} pages 91, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
^
Sources:
- ^{bell 2001},pages 179-185
- Douglas Thomas (2002). Hacker Culture (illustrated ed.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8166-3346-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
^ ^a ^b
Sources:
- Jeffrey Arnett (December 1993). "Three profiles of heavy metal fans: A taste for sensation and a subculture of alienation". Qualitative Sociology. 16 (4): 423–443. doi:10.1007/BF00989973.
- ^Epstein, pages viii, 13, 265
^
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
- 23 chapter "Introduction to part one, by Ken Gelder
- 91 from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
- 106, 110-111 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber;
- 127 from chapter "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
- 136-137 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie
- 304 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer
^ ^Goodlad, page 68-71
^
Sources:
- Karen Bettez Halnon (Winter 2006). "Heavy Metal Carnival and Dis-alienation: The Politics of Grotesque Realism". Symbolic Interaction. 29 (1): 33–48. doi:10.1525/si.2006.29.1.33.
- Karen Bettez Halnon (2004). "Inside Shock Music Carnival: Spectacle as Contested Terrain". Critical Sociology. 30 (3): 743–779. doi:10.1163/1569163042119868.
^ Billy Baker (2007-03-05). "Up for the count, Jugglers may pop out on streets this spring, but the real action is in a thriving Hub subculture". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
^
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
- 84, 91, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen;
- 94, 101, from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.
^ "Fashioncore Definitions and Connotations". http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Fashioncore. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Jon Stratton (1986). "Why doesn't anybody write anything about Glan Rock?". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies. 4 (1): 15–38.
^
Sources for nudism:Karl Eric Toepfer (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. University of California Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-520-20663-2.
- Edwin B. Steen, James H. Price (1988). Human Sex and Sexuality: Second Revised and Enlarged Edition. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-25544-6. Pages: 179 194-196
^
Sources:
- ^{Ken Gelder} pages: 516, 550
- Sandra Buckley (2002). Taylor & Francis (ed.). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 380. ISBN 0-415-14344-6.
^
Pachuco sources:
- Eva Paulino Bueno, Terry Caesar, University Library System, Digital Research Library, University of Pittsburgh (1998). Imagination beyond nation: Latin American popular culture. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 7, 14, 227–229, 230–232, 243. ISBN 0-8229-5686-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Margaret M. Lock, Judith Farquhar (2007). Beyond the Body Proper: Reading the Anthropology of Material Life. Durham: Duke Univ. Press. pp. 349, 355. ISBN 0-8223-3845-9.
- Joe Austin; Michael Willard (1998). Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-century America (illustrated ed.). New York: New York Univ. Press. p. 153. ISBN 0-8147-0646-0.
- ^{Ken Gelder} page: 309 from chapter: Black hair/style politics by Kobena Mercer
^ John D. DeLamater (2003). Handbook of social psychology (illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. 165–168. ISBN 978-0-306-47695-2.
^ "RhymeZone - Psychedelia". Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^ "memidex - Psychedelias". Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^ "Adventures Through Inner Space: Meet the 'Psychonauts'". 28 November 2000. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^ "New Designer Drugs Are In Legal Gray Area". 4 June 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
- 84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder
- 121-124, 127-128 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
- 138 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie
^
Sources:
- ^{Ken Gelder}
  - chapter "The social logic of subcultural capital" by Sarah Thorton, page 192
  - chapter "Moments of Ecstasy: oceanic and ecstatic moments in clubbing [1999]" by Ben Malbon, page 496
  - chapter "Amateur manga subculture and the Otaku incident [2000]" by Sharon Kinsella, page 543
- Angela McRobbie (1994). Postmodernism and popular culture (illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. pp. 168–170. ISBN 978-0-415-07713-2.
- Cameron Hazlehurst (1998). Transaction Publishers (ed.). Gangs and Youth Subcultures: International Explorations. Transaction Publishers. pp. 57–60. ISBN 978-1-56000-363-2.
- Gavan Titley, Council of Europe. Directorate of Youth and Sport (2004). Resituating culture. Council of Europe. pp. 181, 183–184. ISBN 978-92-871-5396-8.
- Brian Longhurst, Gaynor Bagnall, Greg Smith, Garry Crawford, Scott McCracken, Miles Ogborn, Elaine Baldwin (2008). Introducing Cultural Studies (2, illustrated ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-1-4058-5843-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^
Sources:
- ^Goodlad, page 67
- ^Epstein 148-183 Chapter "'Don't need you': Rethinking identity politics and separatism from a grrrl perspective, by Mary Celeste Kearney
- ^Muggleton, 253-256
^ ^a ^b ^Muggleton, pages 721,728
^
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
- 94, 109-110 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
- 295 from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige
^
Sources:
- Gary Alan Fine (1983). Shared Fantasy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 25–38, 236-???. ISBN 978-0-226-24944-5.
- Stanley W. Beeler, Stan Beeler, Lisa Dickson; Stan Beeler; Lisa Dickson (2006). Reading Stargate SG-1. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-183-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^
Sources:
- ^Epstein, page 100
- ^{Ken Gelder} pages 103 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al. (rudies = rude boys)
^
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
- 90, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
- 131 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
^
Sources for Scouting:
- Tammy M. Proctor (2002). "On my honour": Guides and Scouts in interwar Britain, Volume 92, Part 2. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-922-0.
^ ^a ^b
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
- 294, from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige
- 339, from chapter "Tattoo enthusiasts. Subculture or figuration? (2003)" by Michael Atkinson
- 370-381, from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy
- 471, chapter "Communities and scenes in popular music (1991)" by Will Straw
^ "The Skinheads". Time. 1970-06-08. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
^ http://www.ica.org.uk/20362/DANCESCHOOL/Subjective-Thoughts-On-A-Neglected-Scene.html Soulboy
^
Sources for steampunk:
- Erico Gizzo. "The steampunk contraptors". IEEE Spectrum. No. 10.08 vol 45 number 10.
- La Ferla, Ruth (2008-05-08). "Steampunk Moves Between 2 Worlds". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
- "Visões Perigosas: Para uma genealogia do cyberpunk". e-compos Revista da Associação Nacional dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação. 6 (in Portuguese). Estudos Culturais: 7. August 2006.
- Adriana Amaral (December 2008). "Subculturas e cibercultura(s): para uma genealogia das identidades de um campo". Famecos (in Portuguese) (37): footnote 13 in page 6.
^
Sources for swinging:
- Mary Lindenstein Walshok ‌ (April 1971). "The Emergence of Middle-Class Deviant Subcultures: The Case of Swingers". Social Problems. 18 (4): 488–495. doi:10.1525/sp.1971.18.4.03a00060.
- Marilyn Coleman, Lawrence H. Ganong, Kelly Warzinik (2007). Family Life in 20th-Century America. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 276–278. ISBN 978-0-313-33356-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^
Sources:
- ^{Ken Gelder} pages:
  - 84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder
  - 111-112 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
- Mike Brake (1980). The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 143. ISBN 0-7100-0364-1.
^
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
- 98, 101, 102 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.
- 105, 107 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
- 126 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
- 161-162 from chapter "Symbols of trouble" by Stanley Cohen
- 273 from chapter "Introduction to part five" by Ken Gelder
- 284-287 from chapter "Fashion and revolt (1963)" by T.R. Fyvel
- 309 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer
- 367, 372 from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy
^
Trekkie sources:
- Chamberlain, Daniel Luke; Alexander, Malcolm Laurence (2005). "Personal networks and the social world of ordinary Star Trek fans: Method and first results". TASA 2005 Conference Proceedings. The Sociological Association of Australia. The fans of the science fiction franchise, Star Trek, are known as 'Trekkies' and are the only fan subculture to have an entry in the OED.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^{bell 2001} page 167–169
- Robert V. Kozinets (June 2001). "Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek's Culture of Consumption". Journal of Consumer Research. 28 (1): 67. doi:10.1086/321948.
^ Ordered Misbehavior – The Structuring of an Illegal Endeavor by Alf Rehn. A study of the illegal subculture known as the "warez scene".
^ Herman, Andrew; Swiss, Thomas. The World Wide Web and Contemporary Cultural Theory: Magic, Metaphor, Power. p. 103. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^
Zazou sources:
- Larry Portis (2004). French Frenzies: A Social History of Pop Music in France. College Station, TX: Virtualbookworm.com. p. 103. ISBN 1-58939-547-6.
- Diana Crane (2001). Fashion and Its Social Agendas: Class, Gender, and Identity in Clothing (illustrated ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-226-11799-5.
- Anthony Uhlmann (1999). Beckett and Poststructuralism. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 0-521-64076-8.

References

Bell, David, ed. (2001). "Cybersubcultures". An Introduction to Cybercultures. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-24659-0. ISBN 0-415-24659-8.
Epstein, Jonathon S. (1998). Youth Culture: Identity in a Postmodern World. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-55786-851-4.
Gelder, Ken, ed. (2005). The Subcultures Reader. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34415-9. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
Goodlad, Lauren M. E.; Bibby, Michael (2007). Goth. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3921-2.
Muggleton, David (2002). Inside Subculture: The Postmodern Meaning of Style. Berg Publishers. ISBN 1-85973-352-2.

[1] Sources for Alcoholics Anonymous:
Klaus Mäkelä, Alcoholics Anonymous, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe (1996). Alcoholics Anonymous as a mutual-help movement: a study in eight societies. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-15004-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[2] Klaus Mäkelä, Alcoholics Anonymous, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe (1996). Alcoholics Anonymous as a mutual-help movement: a study in eight societies. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-15004-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[2] BDSM sources:
Juliet Richters, Richard O. de Visser, Chris E. Rissel, Andrew E. Grulich, Anthony M.A. Smith (July 2008). "Demographic and Psychosocial Features of Participants in Bondage and Discipline, "Sadomasochism" or Dominance and Submission (BDSM): Data from a National Survey". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 5 (7): 1660–1668. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00795.x. PMID 18331257.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Sandra R. Leiblum (2006). Principles and practice of sex therapy. Guilford Press. pp. 380, 405. ISBN 978-1-59385-349-5.

[4] Juliet Richters, Richard O. de Visser, Chris E. Rissel, Andrew E. Grulich, Anthony M.A. Smith (July 2008). "Demographic and Psychosocial Features of Participants in Bondage and Discipline, "Sadomasochism" or Dominance and Submission (BDSM): Data from a National Survey". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 5 (7): 1660–1668. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00795.x. PMID 18331257.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[5] Sandra R. Leiblum (2006). Principles and practice of sex therapy. Guilford Press. pp. 380, 405. ISBN 978-1-59385-349-5.

[3] {Ken Gelder} pages 295. Chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige

[4] Theodore Trefon (2004). Reinventing order in the Congo: how people respond to state failure in Kinshasa (illustrated ed.). Zed Books. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-84277-491-5.

[5] Xue, Katherine (2014). "Synthetic Biology's New Menagerie". Retrieved 25 May 2015.

[6] Haywire, Rachel (20 March 2012). "Becoming Ourselves". Retrieved 25 May 2015.

[7] Sources for Bodybuilding:
Alan M. Klein (1993). Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1559-7.

KOERT W. (March 28, 1988). "Tales of lies. The bodybuilder's body between reality and fantasy". Amsterdams sociologisch tijdschrift. 25 (2): 276–294, 324. ISSN 0921-4933.

Andrew Yiannakis, Merrill J. Melnick (2001). Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport. Human Kinetics. pp. 413–425. ISBN 978-0-7360-3710-5.

[11] Alan M. Klein (1993). Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1559-7.

[12] KOERT W. (March 28, 1988). "Tales of lies. The bodybuilder's body between reality and fantasy". Amsterdams sociologisch tijdschrift. 25 (2): 276–294, 324. ISSN 0921-4933.

[13] Andrew Yiannakis, Merrill J. Melnick (2001). Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport. Human Kinetics. pp. 413–425. ISBN 978-0-7360-3710-5.

[8] Sources:
Gerald W. McFarland (2001). Inside Greenwich Village: A New York City Neighborhood, 1898-1918. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-55849-299-8.

Mike Brake (1980). The sociology of youth culture and youth subcultures: sex and drugs and rock 'n' roll (reprinted ed.). Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 0-7100-0364-1.

[15] Gerald W. McFarland (2001). Inside Greenwich Village: A New York City Neighborhood, 1898-1918. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-55849-299-8.

[16] Mike Brake (1980). The sociology of youth culture and youth subcultures: sex and drugs and rock 'n' roll (reprinted ed.). Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 0-7100-0364-1.

[9] Joachim Kersten (2003). "Street Youths, Bosozoku, and Yakuza: Subculture Formation and Societal Reactions in Japan". Crime & Delinquency. 39 (3): 277–295. doi:10.1177/0011128793039003002.

[10] Sources:
^{Ken Gelder} pages 91, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen

Steve Redhead (Autumn 2004). "Hit and Tell: a Review Essay on the Soccer Hooligan Memoir" (PDF). Soccer and Society. 5 (3): 392–403. doi:10.1080/1466097042000279625.

Juliet Ash, Lee Wright (chapter author: Deborah Lloyd) (1988). "Assemblage and subculture: the Casuals and their clothing". Components of dress: design, manufacturing, and image-making in the fashion industry (illustrated ed.). Routledge. pp. 100–106. ISBN 0-415-00647-3. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

[19] {Ken Gelder} pages 91, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen

[20] Steve Redhead (Autumn 2004). "Hit and Tell: a Review Essay on the Soccer Hooligan Memoir" (PDF). Soccer and Society. 5 (3): 392–403. doi:10.1080/1466097042000279625.

[21] Juliet Ash, Lee Wright (chapter author: Deborah Lloyd) (1988). "Assemblage and subculture: the Casuals and their clothing". Components of dress: design, manufacturing, and image-making in the fashion industry (illustrated ed.). Routledge. pp. 100–106. ISBN 0-415-00647-3. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

[gagne-11] Isaac Gagné (June 2008). "Urban Princesses: Performance and "Women's Language" in Japan's Gothic/Lolita Subculture". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 18 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 130–150(21). doi:10.1111/j.1548-1395.2008.00006.x.

[12] {bell 2001}, pages 101-102, 154-184

[13] Sources:
Marc Marschark (1997). Psychological Development of Deaf Children (reprint, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press US. p. 20. ISBN 0-19-511575-9.

Jeffery P. Braden (1994). Deafness, Deprivation, and IQ (illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 0-306-44686-3.

[25] Marc Marschark (1997). Psychological Development of Deaf Children (reprint, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press US. p. 20. ISBN 0-19-511575-9.

[26] Jeffery P. Braden (1994). Deafness, Deprivation, and IQ (illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 0-306-44686-3.

[14] Sources:
Lysloff, René T. A.; Gay, Leslie C. (2003). Music and technoculture (illustrated ed.). Wesleyan University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-8195-6514-3.

"Course Description: The Demoscene: An Introduction to Programming and Subcultures". Columbia College Chicago.

[28] Lysloff, René T. A.; Gay, Leslie C. (2003). Music and technoculture (illustrated ed.). Wesleyan University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-8195-6514-3.

[29] "Course Description: The Demoscene: An Introduction to Programming and Subcultures". Columbia College Chicago.

[15] Sources for emo subculture:
Shirley R. Steinberg, Priya Parmar, Birgit Richard (2006). Contemporary Youth Culture: An International Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33729-2. Retrieved 2008-08-20.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Lydia Scott, Anna Chur-Hansen (2008-06-02). "The mental health literacy of rural adolescents: Emo subculture and SMS texting". Australasian Psychiatry. 16 (5): 359–62. doi:10.1080/10398560802027328. PMID 18608151.

Michele Kirsch (2008-07-06). "Emotionally challenged". The Times. Retrieved 2008-08-20.

Chris Hawley (2008-04-18). "Subculture clash among Mexico youth". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-08-20.

Martin, G. (2006). "Editorial. On suicide and subcultures" (PDF). Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health. 5 (3): 1–5.
Ianto Ware (2008). "Andrew Keen Vs the Emos: Youth, Publishing, and Transliteracy". M/C Journal. 11 (4).

[31] Shirley R. Steinberg, Priya Parmar, Birgit Richard (2006). Contemporary Youth Culture: An International Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33729-2. Retrieved 2008-08-20.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[32] Lydia Scott, Anna Chur-Hansen (2008-06-02). "The mental health literacy of rural adolescents: Emo subculture and SMS texting". Australasian Psychiatry. 16 (5): 359–62. doi:10.1080/10398560802027328. PMID 18608151.

[33] Michele Kirsch (2008-07-06). "Emotionally challenged". The Times. Retrieved 2008-08-20.

[34] Chris Hawley (2008-04-18). "Subculture clash among Mexico youth". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-08-20.

[35] Martin, G. (2006). "Editorial. On suicide and subcultures" (PDF). Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health. 5 (3): 1–5.

[16] Harris, Cheryl; Alexander, Alison (1998). Theorizing fandom : fans, subculture and identity. Hampton Press. ISBN 1-57273-114-1. ISBN 1-57273-115-X ISBN 1-57273-115-X (pbk.) ISBN 1-57273-115-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[17] Fred Davis, Laura Munoz (2011). "8. Heads and freaks: patterns and meanings of drug use among hippies". In Lee Rainwater (ed.). Deviance and Liberty: Social Problems and Public Policy. Aldine Transaction. pp. 88–95. ISBN 978-1-4128-1503-1.

[18] Sources:
Kendall, Lori (Spring 2008). "James Bond, Peter Pan, and A Sticky Night of Love: Irony and Masculinities in Amateur Animated Videos Journal". The Journal of Men's Studies. 16 (2). Men's Studies Press: 124–139. doi:10.3149/jms.1602.124. ISSN 1060-8265. (...)sion of images of furries (a subculture of people (...) and other stigmatized identities, such as furries) can be (...)

Lori Kendall (2002). Hanging out in the virtual pub: masculinities and relationships online (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-0-520-23038-5.

[39] Kendall, Lori (Spring 2008). "James Bond, Peter Pan, and A Sticky Night of Love: Irony and Masculinities in Amateur Animated Videos Journal". The Journal of Men's Studies. 16 (2). Men's Studies Press: 124–139. doi:10.3149/jms.1602.124. ISSN 1060-8265. (...)sion of images of furries (a subculture of people (...) and other stigmatized identities, such as furries) can be (...)

[40] Lori Kendall (2002). Hanging out in the virtual pub: masculinities and relationships online (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-0-520-23038-5.

[19] Sources for glam:
Jon Stratton (June 2006). "Why Doesn't Anyone Write about Glam Rock". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies. 4 (1).

Gina Marchetti (December 1998). "Fringe cultures". Jump Cut (42).

Peter Childs, Mike Storry (1999). Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-415-14726-2.

^Goodlad, pages: 6, 19-20, 34-35, 66, 78, 92, 259

[42] Jon Stratton (June 2006). "Why Doesn't Anyone Write about Glam Rock". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies. 4 (1).

[43] Gina Marchetti (December 1998). "Fringe cultures". Jump Cut (42).

[44] Peter Childs, Mike Storry (1999). Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-415-14726-2.

[45] Goodlad, pages: 6, 19-20, 34-35, 66, 78, 92, 259

[20] Catherine Spooner, Emma McEvoy (2007). The Routledge Companion to Gothic. London: Routledge. pp. 195–196, 263–264. ISBN 0-415-39843-6.

[21] Mary Jane Kehily, Open University (2007). Understanding Youth: Perspectives, Identities and Practices (illustrated ed.). London: SAGE Publications. ISBN 1-4129-3064-2.

[ken_gelder_greaser-22] {Ken Gelder} pages 91, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen

[23] Sources:
^{bell 2001},pages 179-185

Douglas Thomas (2002). Hacker Culture (illustrated ed.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8166-3346-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)

[50] {bell 2001},pages 179-185

[51] Douglas Thomas (2002). Hacker Culture (illustrated ed.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8166-3346-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)

[heavy_metal-24] Sources:
Jeffrey Arnett (December 1993). "Three profiles of heavy metal fans: A taste for sensation and a subculture of alienation". Qualitative Sociology. 16 (4): 423–443. doi:10.1007/BF00989973.

^Epstein, pages viii, 13, 265

[53] Jeffrey Arnett (December 1993). "Three profiles of heavy metal fans: A taste for sensation and a subculture of alienation". Qualitative Sociology. 16 (4): 423–443. doi:10.1007/BF00989973.

[54] Epstein, pages viii, 13, 265

[25] {Ken Gelder} pages:
23 chapter "Introduction to part one, by Ken Gelder

91 from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen

106, 110-111 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber;

127 from chapter "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

136-137 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie

304 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer

[56] 23 chapter "Introduction to part one, by Ken Gelder

[57] 91 from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen

[58] 106, 110-111 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber;

[59] 127 from chapter "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

[60] 136-137 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie

[61] 304 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer

[26] Goodlad, page 68-71

[27] Sources:
Karen Bettez Halnon (Winter 2006). "Heavy Metal Carnival and Dis-alienation: The Politics of Grotesque Realism". Symbolic Interaction. 29 (1): 33–48. doi:10.1525/si.2006.29.1.33.

Karen Bettez Halnon (2004). "Inside Shock Music Carnival: Spectacle as Contested Terrain". Critical Sociology. 30 (3): 743–779. doi:10.1163/1569163042119868.

[64] Karen Bettez Halnon (Winter 2006). "Heavy Metal Carnival and Dis-alienation: The Politics of Grotesque Realism". Symbolic Interaction. 29 (1): 33–48. doi:10.1525/si.2006.29.1.33.

[65] Karen Bettez Halnon (2004). "Inside Shock Music Carnival: Spectacle as Contested Terrain". Critical Sociology. 30 (3): 743–779. doi:10.1163/1569163042119868.

[28] Billy Baker (2007-03-05). "Up for the count, Jugglers may pop out on streets this spring, but the real action is in a thriving Hub subculture". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-08-04.

[ken_gelder_mod-29] {Ken Gelder} pages:
84, 91, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen;

94, 101, from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.

[68] 84, 91, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen;

[69] 94, 101, from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.

[Fashioncore_Definitions_and_Connotations-30] "Fashioncore Definitions and Connotations". http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Fashioncore. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

[31] Jon Stratton (1986). "Why doesn't anybody write anything about Glan Rock?". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies. 4 (1): 15–38.

[32] Sources for nudism:Karl Eric Toepfer (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. University of California Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-520-20663-2.
Edwin B. Steen, James H. Price (1988). Human Sex and Sexuality: Second Revised and Enlarged Edition. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-25544-6. Pages: 179 194-196

[73] Edwin B. Steen, James H. Price (1988). Human Sex and Sexuality: Second Revised and Enlarged Edition. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-25544-6. Pages: 179 194-196

[33] Sources:
^{Ken Gelder} pages: 516, 550

Sandra Buckley (2002). Taylor & Francis (ed.). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 380. ISBN 0-415-14344-6.

[75] {Ken Gelder} pages: 516, 550

[76] Sandra Buckley (2002). Taylor & Francis (ed.). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 380. ISBN 0-415-14344-6.

[34] Pachuco sources:
Eva Paulino Bueno, Terry Caesar, University Library System, Digital Research Library, University of Pittsburgh (1998). Imagination beyond nation: Latin American popular culture. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 7, 14, 227–229, 230–232, 243. ISBN 0-8229-5686-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Margaret M. Lock, Judith Farquhar (2007). Beyond the Body Proper: Reading the Anthropology of Material Life. Durham: Duke Univ. Press. pp. 349, 355. ISBN 0-8223-3845-9.

Joe Austin; Michael Willard (1998). Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-century America (illustrated ed.). New York: New York Univ. Press. p. 153. ISBN 0-8147-0646-0.

^{Ken Gelder} page: 309 from chapter: Black hair/style politics by Kobena Mercer

[78] Eva Paulino Bueno, Terry Caesar, University Library System, Digital Research Library, University of Pittsburgh (1998). Imagination beyond nation: Latin American popular culture. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 7, 14, 227–229, 230–232, 243. ISBN 0-8229-5686-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[79] Margaret M. Lock, Judith Farquhar (2007). Beyond the Body Proper: Reading the Anthropology of Material Life. Durham: Duke Univ. Press. pp. 349, 355. ISBN 0-8223-3845-9.

[80] Joe Austin; Michael Willard (1998). Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-century America (illustrated ed.). New York: New York Univ. Press. p. 153. ISBN 0-8147-0646-0.

[81] {Ken Gelder} page: 309 from chapter: Black hair/style politics by Kobena Mercer

[35] John D. DeLamater (2003). Handbook of social psychology (illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. 165–168. ISBN 978-0-306-47695-2.

[36] "RhymeZone - Psychedelia". Retrieved 25 May 2015.

[37] "memidex - Psychedelias". Retrieved 25 May 2015.

[38] "Adventures Through Inner Space: Meet the 'Psychonauts'". 28 November 2000. Retrieved 25 May 2015.

[39] "New Designer Drugs Are In Legal Gray Area". 4 June 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2015.

[40] {Ken Gelder} pages:
84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder

121-124, 127-128 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

138 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie

[88] 84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder

[89] 121-124, 127-128 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

[90] 138 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie

[41] Sources:
^{Ken Gelder}
chapter "The social logic of subcultural capital" by Sarah Thorton, page 192

chapter "Moments of Ecstasy: oceanic and ecstatic moments in clubbing [1999]" by Ben Malbon, page 496

chapter "Amateur manga subculture and the Otaku incident [2000]" by Sharon Kinsella, page 543

Angela McRobbie (1994). Postmodernism and popular culture (illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. pp. 168–170. ISBN 978-0-415-07713-2.

Cameron Hazlehurst (1998). Transaction Publishers (ed.). Gangs and Youth Subcultures: International Explorations. Transaction Publishers. pp. 57–60. ISBN 978-1-56000-363-2.

Gavan Titley, Council of Europe. Directorate of Youth and Sport (2004). Resituating culture. Council of Europe. pp. 181, 183–184. ISBN 978-92-871-5396-8.

Brian Longhurst, Gaynor Bagnall, Greg Smith, Garry Crawford, Scott McCracken, Miles Ogborn, Elaine Baldwin (2008). Introducing Cultural Studies (2, illustrated ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-1-4058-5843-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[92] {Ken Gelder}
chapter "The social logic of subcultural capital" by Sarah Thorton, page 192

chapter "Moments of Ecstasy: oceanic and ecstatic moments in clubbing [1999]" by Ben Malbon, page 496

chapter "Amateur manga subculture and the Otaku incident [2000]" by Sharon Kinsella, page 543

[93] ter "The social logic of subcultural capital" by Sarah Thorton, page 192

[94] ter "Moments of Ecstasy: oceanic and ecstatic moments in clubbing [1999]" by Ben Malbon, page 496

[95] ter "Amateur manga subculture and the Otaku incident [2000]" by Sharon Kinsella, page 543

[96] Angela McRobbie (1994). Postmodernism and popular culture (illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. pp. 168–170. ISBN 978-0-415-07713-2.

[97] Cameron Hazlehurst (1998). Transaction Publishers (ed.). Gangs and Youth Subcultures: International Explorations. Transaction Publishers. pp. 57–60. ISBN 978-1-56000-363-2.

[98] Gavan Titley, Council of Europe. Directorate of Youth and Sport (2004). Resituating culture. Council of Europe. pp. 181, 183–184. ISBN 978-92-871-5396-8.

[99] Brian Longhurst, Gaynor Bagnall, Greg Smith, Garry Crawford, Scott McCracken, Miles Ogborn, Elaine Baldwin (2008). Introducing Cultural Studies (2, illustrated ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-1-4058-5843-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[42] Sources:
^Goodlad, page 67

^Epstein 148-183 Chapter "'Don't need you': Rethinking identity politics and separatism from a grrrl perspective, by Mary Celeste Kearney

^Muggleton, 253-256

[101] Goodlad, page 67

[102] Epstein 148-183 Chapter "'Don't need you': Rethinking identity politics and separatism from a grrrl perspective, by Mary Celeste Kearney

[103] Muggleton, 253-256

[muggleton_721-43] Muggleton, pages 721,728

[44] {Ken Gelder} pages:
94, 109-110 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber

295 from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige

[106] 94, 109-110 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber

[107] 295 from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige

[45] Sources:
Gary Alan Fine (1983). Shared Fantasy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 25–38, 236-???. ISBN 978-0-226-24944-5.

Stanley W. Beeler, Stan Beeler, Lisa Dickson; Stan Beeler; Lisa Dickson (2006). Reading Stargate SG-1. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-183-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[109] Gary Alan Fine (1983). Shared Fantasy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 25–38, 236-???. ISBN 978-0-226-24944-5.

[110] Stanley W. Beeler, Stan Beeler, Lisa Dickson; Stan Beeler; Lisa Dickson (2006). Reading Stargate SG-1. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-183-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[46] Sources:
^Epstein, page 100

^{Ken Gelder} pages 103 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al. (rudies = rude boys)

[112] Epstein, page 100

[113] {Ken Gelder} pages 103 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al. (rudies = rude boys)

[47] {Ken Gelder} pages:
90, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen

131 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

[115] 90, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen

[116] 131 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

[48] Sources for Scouting:
Tammy M. Proctor (2002). "On my honour": Guides and Scouts in interwar Britain, Volume 92, Part 2. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-922-0.

[118] Tammy M. Proctor (2002). "On my honour": Guides and Scouts in interwar Britain, Volume 92, Part 2. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-922-0.

[skinhead-49] {Ken Gelder} pages:
294, from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige

339, from chapter "Tattoo enthusiasts. Subculture or figuration? (2003)" by Michael Atkinson

370-381, from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy

471, chapter "Communities and scenes in popular music (1991)" by Will Straw

[120] 294, from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige

[121] 339, from chapter "Tattoo enthusiasts. Subculture or figuration? (2003)" by Michael Atkinson

[122] 370-381, from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy

[123] 471, chapter "Communities and scenes in popular music (1991)" by Will Straw

[skinhead_times-50] "The Skinheads". Time. 1970-06-08. Retrieved 2008-09-27.

[51] ttp://www.ica.org.uk/20362/DANCESCHOOL/Subjective-Thoughts-On-A-Neglected-Scene.html Soulboy

[52] Sources for steampunk:
Erico Gizzo. "The steampunk contraptors". IEEE Spectrum. No. 10.08 vol 45 number 10.

La Ferla, Ruth (2008-05-08). "Steampunk Moves Between 2 Worlds". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-16.

"Visões Perigosas: Para uma genealogia do cyberpunk". e-compos Revista da Associação Nacional dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação. 6 (in Portuguese). Estudos Culturais: 7. August 2006.

Adriana Amaral (December 2008). "Subculturas e cibercultura(s): para uma genealogia das identidades de um campo". Famecos (in Portuguese) (37): footnote 13 in page 6.

[127] Erico Gizzo. "The steampunk contraptors". IEEE Spectrum. No. 10.08 vol 45 number 10.

[128] La Ferla, Ruth (2008-05-08). "Steampunk Moves Between 2 Worlds". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-16.

[129] "Visões Perigosas: Para uma genealogia do cyberpunk". e-compos Revista da Associação Nacional dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação. 6 (in Portuguese). Estudos Culturais: 7. August 2006.

[130] Adriana Amaral (December 2008). "Subculturas e cibercultura(s): para uma genealogia das identidades de um campo". Famecos (in Portuguese) (37): footnote 13 in page 6.

[53] Sources for swinging:
Mary Lindenstein Walshok ‌ (April 1971). "The Emergence of Middle-Class Deviant Subcultures: The Case of Swingers". Social Problems. 18 (4): 488–495. doi:10.1525/sp.1971.18.4.03a00060.

Marilyn Coleman, Lawrence H. Ganong, Kelly Warzinik (2007). Family Life in 20th-Century America. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 276–278. ISBN 978-0-313-33356-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[132] Mary Lindenstein Walshok ‌ (April 1971). "The Emergence of Middle-Class Deviant Subcultures: The Case of Swingers". Social Problems. 18 (4): 488–495. doi:10.1525/sp.1971.18.4.03a00060.

[133] Marilyn Coleman, Lawrence H. Ganong, Kelly Warzinik (2007). Family Life in 20th-Century America. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 276–278. ISBN 978-0-313-33356-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[54] Sources:
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder

111-112 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber

Mike Brake (1980). The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 143. ISBN 0-7100-0364-1.

[135] {Ken Gelder} pages:
84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder

111-112 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber

[136] 84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder

[137] 111-112 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber

[138] Mike Brake (1980). The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 143. ISBN 0-7100-0364-1.

[55] {Ken Gelder} pages:
98, 101, 102 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.

105, 107 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber

126 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

161-162 from chapter "Symbols of trouble" by Stanley Cohen

273 from chapter "Introduction to part five" by Ken Gelder

284-287 from chapter "Fashion and revolt (1963)" by T.R. Fyvel

309 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer

367, 372 from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy

[140] 98, 101, 102 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.

[141] 105, 107 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber

[142] 126 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

[143] 161-162 from chapter "Symbols of trouble" by Stanley Cohen

[144] 273 from chapter "Introduction to part five" by Ken Gelder

[145] 284-287 from chapter "Fashion and revolt (1963)" by T.R. Fyvel

[146] 309 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer

[147] 367, 372 from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy

[56] Trekkie sources:
Chamberlain, Daniel Luke; Alexander, Malcolm Laurence (2005). "Personal networks and the social world of ordinary Star Trek fans: Method and first results". TASA 2005 Conference Proceedings. The Sociological Association of Australia. The fans of the science fiction franchise, Star Trek, are known as 'Trekkies' and are the only fan subculture to have an entry in the OED.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

^{bell 2001} page 167–169

Robert V. Kozinets (June 2001). "Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek's Culture of Consumption". Journal of Consumer Research. 28 (1): 67. doi:10.1086/321948.

[149] Chamberlain, Daniel Luke; Alexander, Malcolm Laurence (2005). "Personal networks and the social world of ordinary Star Trek fans: Method and first results". TASA 2005 Conference Proceedings. The Sociological Association of Australia. The fans of the science fiction franchise, Star Trek, are known as 'Trekkies' and are the only fan subculture to have an entry in the OED.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[150] {bell 2001} page 167–169

[151] Robert V. Kozinets (June 2001). "Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek's Culture of Consumption". Journal of Consumer Research. 28 (1): 67. doi:10.1086/321948.

[57] Ordered Misbehavior – The Structuring of an Illegal Endeavor by Alf Rehn. A study of the illegal subculture known as the "warez scene".

[58] Herman, Andrew; Swiss, Thomas. The World Wide Web and Contemporary Cultural Theory: Magic, Metaphor, Power. p. 103. Retrieved 25 May 2015.

[59] Zazou sources:
Larry Portis (2004). French Frenzies: A Social History of Pop Music in France. College Station, TX: Virtualbookworm.com. p. 103. ISBN 1-58939-547-6.

Diana Crane (2001). Fashion and Its Social Agendas: Class, Gender, and Identity in Clothing (illustrated ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-226-11799-5.

Anthony Uhlmann (1999). Beckett and Poststructuralism. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 0-521-64076-8.

[155] Larry Portis (2004). French Frenzies: A Social History of Pop Music in France. College Station, TX: Virtualbookworm.com. p. 103. ISBN 1-58939-547-6.

[156] Diana Crane (2001). Fashion and Its Social Agendas: Class, Gender, and Identity in Clothing (illustrated ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-226-11799-5.

[157] Anthony Uhlmann (1999). Beckett and Poststructuralism. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 0-521-64076-8.

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v t e Culture
Outline
Sciences	Cultural anthropology Cultural astronomy Cultural ecology Cultural geography Cultural neuroscience Cultural studies Culturology Culture theory
Subfields	Bioculture Cross-cultural studies Cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural leadership Cross-cultural psychiatry Cross-cultural psychology Cultural analytics Cultural economics Cultural entomology Cultural history Cultural mapping Cultural mediation Cultural psychology Cultural values Culturomics Intercultural learning Intercultural relations Internet culture Philosophy of culture Popular culture studies Postcritique Semiotics of culture Sociology of culture Sound culture Theology of culture Transcultural nursing
Types	Constructed culture Dominant culture Folk culture High culture Individualistic culture Legal culture Low culture Microculture Official culture Political culture Civic Popular culture Urban Primitive culture Subculture Alternative culture list Super culture Vernacular culture Culture by location
Aspects	Acculturation Cultural appreciation Cultural appropriation Cultural area Cultural artifact Cultural baggage Cultural behavior Cultural bias Cultural capital Cross-cultural Cultural communication Cultural conflict Cultural cringe Cultural dissonance Cultural emphasis Cultural framework Cultural heritage Destroyed Cultural icon Cultural identity Cultural industry Cultural invention Cultural landscape Cultural learning Cultural leveling Cultural memory Cultural pluralism Cultural practice Cultural property Cultural reproduction Cultural system Cultural technology Cultural universal Cultureme Enculturation High- and low-context cultures Interculturality Manuscript culture Material culture Non-material culture Organizational culture Print culture Protoculture Relational mobility Safety culture Technoculture Trans-cultural diffusion Transculturation Visual culture
Politics	Colonial mentality Consumer capitalism Cross cultural sensitivity Cultural assimilation Cultural attaché Cultural backwardness Cultural Bolshevism Cultural conservatism Cultural contracts Cultural deprivation Cultural diplomacy Cultural environmentalism Cultural exception Cultural feminism Cultural genocide Cultural globalization Cultural hegemony Cultural imperialism Cultural intelligence Cultural liberalism Cultural nationalism Cultural pessimism Cultural policy Cultural racism Cultural radicalism Cultural retention Cultural Revolution Cultural rights Cultural safety Cultural silence Cultural subsidy Cultural Zionism Culture change Culture minister Culture of fear Culture war Deculturalization Dominator culture Interculturalism Monoculturalism Multiculturalism Biculturalism Multiracial democracy Pluriculturalism Polyculturalism Transculturism
Religions	Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Cultural Christians Protestantism Role of Christianity in civilization Eastern Orthodoxy Mormonism Cultural Hindus Islam Cultural Muslims Judaism Sikhism
Related	Animal culture Archaeological culture Bennett scale Cannabis culture Circuit of culture Civilization Coffee culture Cross-cultural Cultural center Cultural competence Cultural critic Cultural determinism Cultural diversity Cultural evolutionism Cultural homogenization Cultural institution Cultural jet lag Cultural lag Cultural literacy Cultural mosaic Cultural movement Cultural mulatto Cultural probe Cultural relativism Culture speculation Cultural tourism Pop-culture Cultural translation Cultural turn Cultural sensibility Culture and menstruation Culture and positive psychology Culture and social cognition Culture gap Culture hero Culture industry Culture shock Culturgen Children's culture Culturalism Cyberculture Death and culture Disability culture Deaf culture Drinking culture Drug culture Eastern culture Emotions and culture Intercultural communication Intercultural competence Languaculture Living things in culture Media culture Oppositional culture Participatory culture Permission culture Rape culture Remix culture Tea culture Transformation of culture Urban culture Welfare culture Western culture Youth culture
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