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Christopher Hitchens

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Christopher Hitchens

Christopher Eric Hitchens (born in Portsmouth, England April 13, 1949) is an author, journalist and literary critic. Now living in Washington, D.C., he has been a columnist at Vanity Fair, The Nation and Slate; additionally, he is an occasional contributor to many other publications.

Hitchens is known for his iconoclasm, anti-clericalism, atheism, antitheism, anti-fascism and anti-monarchism. He is also noted for his acidic wit and his noisy departure from the Anglo-American political left. He was formerly a Trotskyist and a fixture in the left wing publications of Britain and America. But a series of disagreements beginning in the early 1990s led to his resignation from The Nation shortly after the September 11, 2001, attacks.

While Hitchens's idiosyncratic ideas and positions preclude easy classification, he is a vociferous critic of what he describes as "fascism with an Islamic face," and he is sometimes described as a "neoconservative". Hitchens describes himself as "on the same side as the neo-conservatives",[1] and refers to his "temporary neocon allies".[2]

Hitchens no longer considers himself a Trotskyist or even a socialist; yet he maintains that his political views have not changed significantly. He points out that, throughout his career, he has been both an atheist and an antitheist, and that he has always remained a believer in the Enlightenment values of secularism, humanism and reason; he is an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society.

Education

Hitchens was educated at The Leys School, Cambridge, and Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a third in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics.

Political views

Early career

Hitchens became a Trotskyist during his years as a student at Oxford University, where he was tutored by Steven Lukes and was impressed by the example of Noam Chomsky (Hitchens 1985). He wrote for the magazine International Socialism, which was published by the International Socialists, the forerunners of today's British Socialist Workers Party. This group was broadly Trotskyist but differed from more orthodox Trotskyist groups in its refusal to defend communist states as "workers' states". This was symbolized in their slogan "Neither Washington nor Moscow but International Socialism". Hitchens left Oxford with a third class degree and in the 1970s went on to work for the New Statesman, where he became friends with, amongst others, Martin Amis and Ian McEwan. At the New Statesman he became known as an aggressive left-winger, stridently attacking targets such as Henry Kissinger, the Vietnam War and the Catholic Church. After emigrating to the United States in 1981 , Hitchens wrote for The Nation. While at The Nation he penned vociferous critiques of Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush and American foreign policy in South and Central America.

Hitchens criticized the first Gulf War, claiming — in an essay reprinted in For the Sake of Argument— that the Bush administration lured Saddam Hussein into the war. This position was called into question years later, during a debate in September of 2005, as being inconsistent with Hitchens' later anti-Saddam views. Hitchens answered that during the post-war period, when he spent time among the largely pro-American Iraqi Kurds, he came to believe that the responsibility for the crisis lay primarily with Saddam Hussein.

"Theocratic fascism" and early disagreements with the Left

Hitchens was deeply shocked by the fatwa (February 14, 1989), against his longtime friend Salman Rushdie, and he became increasingly concerned by the dangers of what he called "theocratic fascism" or "fascism with an Islamic face": radical Islamists who supported the fatwa against Rushdie and sought the recreation of the medieval caliphate. Hitchens is sometimes credited with coining the term Islamofascism, but he denies inventing or using this term. Malise Ruthven appears to be the first to have used it in an article in The Independent on 8 September 1990.

Hitchens did use the term "Islamic Fascism" for an article he wrote for The Nation, shortly after 9/11 (although the phrase is used earlier than that, e.g., in The Washington Post on 13 January 1979; it also appears to have been used by secularists in Turkey and Afghanistan to describe their opponents).

Hitchens also became increasingly disenchanted by the presidency of Bill Clinton, accusing him of being a rapist and a serial liar. Hitchens also claimed that the missile attacks by Clinton on Sudan were a war crime. The support of some on the left for Clinton alienated him further from the "soft left" in the United States. On the other hand, he became increasingly distanced from the "hard left" by their lack of support for Western intervention in Kosovo.

The years after the Rushdie fatwa also saw him looking for allies and friends; in the United States he became increasingly frustrated by what he saw as the "excuse making" of the multiculturalist left. At the same time, he was attracted to the foreign policy ideas of some on the Republican right, especially the neoconservative group that included Paul Wolfowitz, with whom he became friends. Around this time, he also befriended the Iraqi dissident and businessman Ahmed Chalabi.

Post-9/11

After 9/11 his stance hardened, and he has strongly supported US military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq, particularly in his "Fighting Words" columns in Slate. Hitchens had been a long term contributor to the left-wing The Nation, where weekly he wrote his "Minority Report" column. After 9/11 he decided the magazine was making excuses on behalf of Islamist terrorism; in the following months he wrote articles increasingly at odds with his colleagues.

Following the 9/11 attacks, Hitchens and Noam Chomsky debated the nature of the threat of radical Islam and of the proper response to it. On September 24 and October 8, 2001, Hitchens wrote criticisms of Chomsky in The Nation [1][2]. Chomsky responded [3]. Hitchens issued a rebuttal to Chomsky[4] to which Chomsky again responded [5]. Approximately a year after the 9/11 attacks and his exchanges with Chomsky, Hitchens left The Nation in part because he believed its editors, its readers and contributors such as Chomsky considered John Ashcroft a bigger threat than Osama bin Laden [6]. This was one of the most highly-charged exchanges of letters in American journalism, involving Hitchens and Chomsky, as well as Katha Pollitt and Alexander Cockburn.

Where he stands now

Hitchens has said he no longer feels a part of the Left yet does not object to being called a "former" Trotskyist. However, his affection for Trotsky remains strong, and he says that his political and historical view of the world is still shaped by Marxist categories. In June 2004, Hitchens wrote an attack on Michael Moore in a review of Moore's latest film, Fahrenheit 9/11 [7].

Despite his many articles supporting the US invasion of Iraq, Hitchens made a brief return to The Nation just before the US presidential election and wrote that he was "slightly" for George W. Bush; shortly afterwards, Slate polled its staff on their positions on the candidates and mistakenly printed Hitchens' vote as pro-Kerry. Hitchens shifted his opinion to neutral, saying: "It's absurd for liberals to talk as if Kristallnacht is impending with Bush, and it's unwise and indecent for Republicans to equate Kerry with capitulation. There's no one to whom he can surrender, is there? I think that the nature of the jihadist enemy will decide things in the end" [8].

In the interview with journalist Johann Hari in 2004, in which Hitchens described himself as "on the same side as the neo-conservatives," he also states that he does not support George Bush per se (still less Dick Cheney or Donald Rumsfeld) but rather allies himself with those whom he sees as the "pure" neo-conservatives, especially Paul Wolfowitz. Although Hitchens finds himself defending Bush’s foreign policy, he has little admiration for the man himself and has criticized Bush's support of 'intelligent design'. As an anti-theist intellectual with a penchant for drinking, Hitchens was unimpressed by Bush's claim to have been "saved from drink by Jesus".

In March 2005, Hitchens supported further investigation into alleged voting irregularities in Ohio during the US presidential election, 2004.

In contributions to Vanity Fair, Hitchens criticised the Bush administration for its continued protection of Henry Kissinger, whom he views as complicit in the human rights abuses of Southern Cone military dictatorships during the 1970s. In 2001, he had published a book, The Trial of Henry Kissinger, on Kissinger's alleged role in the crimes of regimes in South America and Asia. In that book Hitchens would accuse Kissinger, first as National Security Advisor to President Nixon, and then as Secretary of State to the same president, of either actively participating in or tacitly condoning decisions that would lead to the massacre of Bengali rebels within East Pakistan.[9] He also asserts that Henry Kissinger, and by extension, the Ford administration, bore direct responsibility for the invasion of East Timor. The assertion is also made of Kissinger and the Nixon administration's responsibility for the coup that would eventually result in the overthrow of the Allende government, and installation of Augusto Pinochet as president of Chile.

An even more iconoclastic work was his 1995 book on Mother Teresa, The Missionary Position, which was highly controversial.

In May 2005, George Galloway MP entered into an argument with Hitchens before giving evidence to the US Senate. Galloway called Hitchens a "drink-sodden former Trotskyist popinjay", "[s]ome of which", Hitchens contended in a column, "was unfair." A few days later, Hitchens wrote an article that attacked Galloway's political record, criticized his Senate testimony and made a case for Galloway's complicity in the Oil-for-Food scandal. Hitchens debated with Galloway in New York at Baruch College on 14 September, 2005 [10]. Both Galloway and Hitchens appeared on Real Time with Bill Maher on September 23, 2005.

In January 2006, Hitchens joined with four other individuals and four organizations, including the ACLU and Greenpeace, as plaintiffs in a lawsuit, ACLU v. NSA; challenging President Bush's warrantless domestic spying program; the lawsuit was filed by the ACLU [11] [12].

In February 2006, Hitchens helped organize a pro-Denmark rally outside the Danish Embassy in Washington, DC in response to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy[13].

Key arguments

Hitchens has taken many positions over the years that are "contrarian". Whilst he may not deliberately court controversy, he appears to find contention agreeable nonetheless. Listed below are some of the key positions he has taken during the course of his career and his reasons for these positions. Unless stated otherwise, his views on these issues have remained consistent throughout his career.

Regarding Trotsky and Trotskyism

Hitchens favored Trotsky and supported Trotskyism. Also, he considered Trotskyism as a bulwark against both Stalinism and the capitalist West. Though no longer a Trotskyist either philosophically or politically, Hitchens wrote two years ago, in a review of Isaac Deutscher's multi-volume biography of the revolutionary leader, that he was one of the great moralists of the twentieth century.

Regarding nuclear weapons

Hitchens regarded the employment of nuclear weapons as the compulsory enlistment of civilians in a war and, as such, a violation of individual sovereignty.

Regarding Vietnam

He regarded America’s intervention (and that of its allies) in Vietnam as a shameful continuation of European colonialism, betraying the enlightenment principles of liberal democracy and human emancipation. Today, he also views it as a betrayal of the American Revolution.

Regarding Cyprus

He is highly critical of the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus, and he blames the current situation largely on Turkish policies. He outlines his views in a book Cyprus: Hostage to History which he wrote shortly after the invasion of the island.

Regarding the Israel-Palestine Conflict

Hitchens regards the occupation of Palestine as an example of colonialism and an unjustifiable subjugation of another people. He has described Zionism as being based on "lies" but supports Israel's right to exist.

Regarding the Collapse of Yugoslavia

Hitchens argued that the choice in Yugoslavia was between what he perceived as multi-ethnic plural democracy in Bosnia and fascist, religiously inspired ethnic cleansing driven by Slobodan Milošević and that defending multi-ethnic democracy was morally essential and of far greater importance than any leftish concerns about a ‘new imperialism’.

Regarding Iraq

Hitchens opposed the 1991 Gulf War and wrote passionately against the George H. W. Bush administration's intervention in Saudi Arabia and argued that Saddam Hussein had been supported by the United States throughout the 1980s.[3] Hitchens debated actor Charlton Heston on CNN in early February 1991 on this topic; part of the debate was described in the Toronto Star: "Heston was simply no match for Hitchens, who has written brilliantly on the forces leading to war in the Persian Gulf. After a while, Hitchens got a little show-offy. He challenged Heston, who professed to be so knowledgeable about the Middle East, to name Iraq's neighbors. Clockwise. It was awful to watch. Heston stumbled and sputtered, totally humiliated, before finally blurting out: 'Bahrain. The Soviet Union....'"[4]

Hitchens supported the 2003 war in Iraq and has regarded Operation Iraqi Freedom as a critical front in the conflict between secular democracy and theocratic fascism. He also argued that it was a moral necessity to support Iraqi and Kurdish left-wing secularists. He drew parallels with the left's response to the Spanish Civil War and argued that neutrality was not an option. In his view, the anti-war left has abandoned the principles of secularism, liberal democracy and feminism. Hitchens has written a number of articles praising the secular Iraqi politician, Ahmed Chalabi.

He has continued to unabashedly support the Iraq invasion and its subsequent occupation even in the face of troubles and scandals on the ground:

  • In a September 2005 articles entitled "A War To Be Proud Of", he stated "Prison conditions at Abu Ghraib have improved markedly and dramatically since the arrival of Coalition troops in Baghdad".
  • In a June 5th, 2006 article on the alleged killings of Iraqi civilians by US Marines in Haditha, he said, "all the glib talk about My Lai is so much propaganda and hot air".
  • In a variety of articles and interviews over a long period of time, he has asserted that British intelligence was correct in claiming that Saddam Hussein had attempted to buy uranium from Niger and that US envoy Joseph Wilson had been dishonest in his public denials of it. He has also defiantly pointed to discovered munitions in Iraq that violated U.N. Security Council Resolutions 686 and 687, the cease-fire agreements ending the 1991 Iraq-Kuwait conflict.

Today, Hitchens regards himself as a 'single-issue voter', concerning himself with what he sees as the battle between the forces of secular democracy and those of theocratic fascism.

Despite his involvement with neoconservatism, Hitchens is sometimes seen as part of the self-styled "pro-liberation left", comprising left wingers who supported Operation Iraqi Freedom. This informal grouping includes Nick Cohen, David Aaronovitch, Francis Wheen and Julie Burchill. Neoconservatives of the last decade are hesitant to embrace Hitchens as one of their own, in part because of his criticisms of Ronald Reagan, one of the standard-bearers of the movement.

Regarding specific individuals

Mother Teresa

In 1992, Hitchens wrote an article for the US left-wing journal, The Nation, in which he called Mother Teresa "The Ghoul of Calcutta". He later produced a television documentary on the subject and expanded his criticism in a 1995 book, The Missionary Position. He despised the unquestioning adoration of the vast majority of Western commentators, which he felt judged her actions by her reputation, not her reputation by her actions. His particular qualms were with her lack of treatment for people — particularly children — placed in her care; her strong religious views on contraception, abortion (which she described as "the biggest threat to world peace"); and her "acceptance" of poverty (which took the form of encouraging the poor to embrace their poverty). He also criticized her for what he considers to be less-than-honorable financial dealings: the pursuit and acceptance of donations from third world dictators, large donations accepted from Charles Keating, who was later convicted of fraud, racketeering and conspiracy; and the allocation of these donations away from treatment and towards furthering what Hitchens considered "fundamentalist" views. Hitchens's writings have earned him the ire of conservative Roman Catholics — Brent Bozell, for example, called Hitchens a "notoriously vicious anti-Catholic".

During Mother Teresa's beatification process, Hitchens was called by the Vatican to argue the case against her. His testimony took place in Washington. This role was previously known as the devil's advocate, but the position was abolished under John Paul II. Hitchens has satirically referred to his work in the case as "representing the devil pro bono".

Mel Gibson

During an arrest for driving under the influence Mel Gibson allegedly made anti-Semitic remarks to the arresting officers. Gibson allegedly asked the officer if he was Jewish and stated that "Fucking Jews... The Jews are responsible for all the wars in the world."[5] The Los Angeles Times and The New York Times reported that unnamed sources confirmed the leaked arrest reports as authentic[14][15]

Hitchens criticised Gibson, stating, "Many conservative Jews, from David Horowitz to Rabbi Daniel Lapin, stuck up for Gibson as a man who defended family values against secular nihilism. " "I was just in the middle of writing a long and tedious essay, about how to tell a real anti-Semite from a person who too-loudly rejects the charge of anti-Semitism, when a near-perfect real-life example came to hand. That bad actor and worse director Mel Gibson, pulled over for the alleged offense of speeding and the further alleged offense of speeding under the influence, decided that he needed to demand of the arresting officer whether he was or was not Jewish and that he furthermore needed to impart the information that all the world's wars are begun by those of Semitic extraction. Call me thin-skinned if you must, but I think that this qualifies."[16]

Daniel Pipes

Hitchens severely criticized Daniel Pipes, upon Pipes' nomination to the U.S. government-sponsored U.S. Institute of Peace. Hitchens expressed "bafflement" at this appointment in a Slate essay entitled "Daniel Pipes is not a man of peace".[6] Hitchens claimed that Pipes "employs the fears and insecurities created by Islamic extremism to slander or misrepresent those who disagree with him," and that this contradicts the USIP's position as "a somewhat mild organization [...] devoted to the peaceful resolution of conflict." Hitchens concluded his opposition to Pipes' nomination by claiming that Pipes "confuses scholarship with propaganda" and pursues "petty vendettas with scant regard for objectivity."

Cindy Sheehan

Main article: Support_and_criticism_of_Cindy_Sheehan § Criticism

In a column,[7] Hitchens states that Cindy Sheehan "has obviously taken a short course in the Michael Moore/Ramsey Clark school of Iraq analysis and has not succeeded in making it one atom more elegant or persuasive." Hitchens commented upon the fact that Sheehan had told Nightline that her son "was killed for lies and for a PNAC Neo-Con agenda to benefit Israel. My son joined the Army to protect America, not Israel." However, Hitchens used the alleged statement to denounce Sheehan for allegedly positing a "Jewish cabal" and for attracting the support of David Duke.

Juan Cole

Main article: Views_and_controversies_concerning_Juan_Cole § Iranian_President_Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad.27s_comments_on_Israel

Hitchens, in an article in Slate, criticized Juan Cole's interpretation of a speech of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as an attempt to minimize the Iranian threat.[8][9]

International journalism

Hitchens spent part of his early career as a foreign correspondent in Cyprus. In the past several years, he has continued journeying to and writing essay-style correspondence pieces from a variety of locales, including Iraq, Iran, North Korea, Chad, Uganda and the Darfur region of Sudan.

Literary review

Hitchens regularly contributes literary reviews to the Atlantic Monthly. One of his books, Unacknowledged Legislation: Writers in the Public Sphere, is a collection of such works. Works he has recently reviewed include Shalimar the Clown by Salman Rushdie; Saturday by Ian McEwan; the D. J. Enright translation of In Search of Lost Time by Marcel Proust; the Alfred Appel Jr. annotated version of Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov (whom he named as on par with James Joyce); and John Updike's Terrorist.

Television Appearances

Hitchens has appeared on mainstream news programs with greater regularity in recent years. His appearances have often been characterized as overtly polemical, if not outright belligerent. While debating on the MSNBC program Hardball, Hitchens called Richard Armitage a bitch [17]. Similarly, while on Real Time with Bill Maher, he told Maher's audience to "fuck off," while giving them the finger [18] in discussion of Saddam Hussein's alleged collaboration with Zarkawi prior to the U.S. invasion of Iraq. Hitchens has also appeared on the Daily Show a number of times, recently to promote his book about Thomas Jefferson, however, he was primarily engaged in a heated debate with Jon Stewart over the legitimacy of invading Iraq for the duration of his appearance. [19]

Praise for and criticism of Hitchens

Hitchens is the subject of considerable praise as well as of severe criticism. In September 2005, Hitchens was named as one of the "Top 100 Public Intellectuals" [20] by Foreign Policy and Britain's Prospect magazine. Prior to Hitchens' ideological shift, the American writer Gore Vidal had declared Hitchens his "dauphin" or heir.

Some criticize Hitchens for his frequent television appearances and claim that he is egotistic and has changed his political views for personal gain. Among his most severe critics is one-time colleague and friend Alexander Cockburn. Cockburn has frequently alluded to Hitchens's tendency to tipple. In a column for August 20, 2005 [21], Cockburn wrote:

"What a truly disgusting sack of shit Hitchens is [-- a] guy who called Sid Blumenthal one of his best friends and then tried to have him thrown into prison for perjury; a guy who waited [until] his friend Edward Said was on his death bed before attacking him in the Atlantic Monthly; a guy who knows perfectly well the role Israel plays in US policy but who does not scruple to flail Cindy Sheehan as a LaRouchie and anti-Semite because, maybe, she dared mention the word Israel".

Hitchens's reply is:

In a recent effusion in the Huffington Post, Cindy Sheehan repeats the lie that her letter to ABC News Nightline was doctored, and says that a colleague of hers inserted the offending words in furtherance of his own "anti-Semitic" agenda. If she regards her own words as anti-Jewish, it's not up to me to correct her. I have not said that she is anti-Jewish, only that she shows a sinister ineptness in handling the wild idea of a PNAC/JINSA pro-Sharon secret government in the United States. [22].

There is speculation that Hitchens was the inspiration for Tom Wolfe's character, Peter Fallow, in the 1987 novel The Bonfire of the Vanities, but others believe it to be Spy Magazine's "Ironman Nightlife Decathlete" Anthony Haden-Guest.

In April 2005 William A. Donohue of the Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights denounced Hitchens as an "anti-Catholic bigot". According to the Catholic League website, Hitchens admitted during a debate with Donohue:

"I might have to admit for debate purposes that when religion is attacked in this country that the Catholic Church comes in for little more than its fair share. I may say that I probably contributed somewhat to that and I am not ashamed of my part in it." [23]

UCLA Law Professor Stephen Bainbridge claimed that Hitchens has participated in "anti-Catholicism ... the last form of bigotry respectable amongst the elite".

Hitchens has also been criticized for his heavy and public use of alcohol, which causes many to discount his opinions. Juan Cole, for example, wrote the following after being attacked by Hitchens in Slate: "I don't think it is any secret that Hitchens has for some time had a very serious and debilitating drinking problem. He once showed up drunk to a talk I gave and heckled me. I can only imagine that he was deep in his cups when he wrote, or had some far Rightwing think tank write, his current piece of yellow journalism. I am sorry to witness the ruin of a once-fine journalistic mind."[10] Hitchens has never attempted to hide his alcoholism; in 2003 he wrote that his daily intake of alcohol was enough "to kill or stun the average mule." Noting that his doctor expressed amazement at his alcohol consumption, Hitchens wrote that "in my time I've met more old drunks than old doctors." He noted that many great writers "did some of their finest work when blotto, smashed, polluted, shitfaced, squiffy, whiffled, and three sheets to the wind."[11]

Personal

Family Status

Was married to Eleni Meleagrou until June 1981. With her he had two children, Alexander and Sophia. He has one daughter, Antonia, with his current wife Carol Blue, whom he married in 1991.

Ethnic identity

In an article in the Guardian Unlimited on April 14, 2002, Hitchens says he is Jewish because Jewish descent is matrilineal. According to Hitchens, when his brother, Peter, took his new bride to meet their maternal grandmother, Dodo, who was then in her nineties, Dodo said, 'She's Jewish, isn't she?' and then announced: 'Well, I've got something to tell you. So are you'. She said that her real surname was Levin, not Lynn and that her ancestors were Blumenthals from Poland [24]. According to The Observer of 14 April 2002, Christopher "insists that he is Jewish," and explored the issue in depth in the title essay of his book Prepared for the Worst.

In a column he wrote for the Los Angeles Times on February 9, 2006, Hitchens wrote, "my grandmother told me as an adult that both she and my mother were Jewish, and it sent me looking for my forebears on the German-Polish border". Hitchens's brother, Peter, disputes that the brothers have significant Jewish ancestry and considers himself a Christian.

Relationship with brother, Peter Hitchens

Hitchens's younger brother by two-and-a-half years, Peter Hitchens, is also a journalist, author and critic. The brothers had a protracted falling-out after Peter wrote that Christopher had once joked that he "didn't care if the Red Army watered its horses at Hendon" (a suburb of London). Christopher denied having ever said this and broke off contact with his brother. He then referred to his brother as "an idiot" in a letter to Commentary, and the dispute spilled into other publications as well. However, after the birth of Peter's third child and some secret diplomacy by Peter, Christopher expressed a willingness to reconcile and to meet his new nephew; shortly thereafter Christopher and Peter gave several interviews together in which they said their personal disagreements had been resolved.

Quotes

"Faith is the surrender of the mind, it's the surrender of reason, it's the surrender of the only thing that makes us different from other mammals. It's our need to believe, and to surrender our skepticism and our reason. Our yearning to discard that, and put all our trust or faith in someone or something - that is the sinister thing to me. Of all the virtues, or all the supposed virtues, faith must be the most overrated."[12]

Bibliography

As Sole Author

  • 1984. Cyprus, Quartet, (revised editions as Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger, 1989 (Farrar Straus & Giroux) and 1997 (Verso))

As Co-Author or Editor

As a Contributor

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Christopher Hitchens.

Biographical

Hitchens's work

Others

Criticisms

References

  1. ^ Johann Hari, "In Enemy Territory: An Interview with Christopher Hitchens"", The Independent 23 Sept. 2004.
  2. ^ Christopher Hitchens, "The End of Fukuyama", Slate 1 Mar. 2006.
  3. ^ See, for example, Christopher Hitchens, "Realpolitik in the Gulf," New Left Review 186 (March-April 1991).
  4. ^ Linda Diebel, "Pressure is Strong to Toe Line on Patriotism," Toronto Star 10 Feb. 1991: H4.
  5. ^ "Gibson's Anti-Semitic Tirade — Alleged Cover Up". tmz.com. AOL. Retrieved 2006-07-29.
  6. ^ Christopher Hitchens, "Daniel Pipes is not a man of peace", Slate 11 Aug. 2003.
  7. ^ Christopher Hitchens, Cindy Sheehan's Sinister Piffle, Slate 15 Aug. 2005.
  8. ^ Christopher Hitchens, The Cole Report, Slate 2 May 2006.
  9. ^ Juan Cole, "Hitchens the Hacker; And, Hitchens the Orientalist And, "We don't Want Your Stinking War!" Informed Comment 3 May 2006.
  10. ^ Juan Cole, "Hitchens the Hacker," Informed Comment 3 May 2006.
  11. ^ Christopher Hitchens, "Living Proof," Vanity Fair (March 2003).
  12. ^ Christopher Hitchens, "Penn & Teller: Bullshit" Holier Than Thou (April 2005).
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