Centenarian: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Centenarians in ancient times: composition, benefit of the doubt for the spinner
Line 71: Line 71:
While the density of centenarians per capita was much lower in ancient times than today, the data suggest that reaching the age of 100 was not unheard of. However, ancient demographics are biased in favor of wealthy or powerful individuals rather than the ordinary person. Grmek and Gourevitch speculate that during the [[Ancient Greece|Classical Greek period]], anyone who made it past the age of five years – surviving all the common childhood illness of that day – had a reasonable chance of living to a relatively old age. The average life expectancy in 400 BC was estimated to be around 30 years. One demographer of ancient civilizations reported that Greek men lived to 45 years (based on a sample size of 91), while women lived to 36.2 years (based on a sample size of 55). Curiously, the gender statistics are inverted compared to today, since childbirth was a much more traumatic experience at that time than now, and it certainly skewed female statistics downward. It was common for average citizens to take great care in their hygiene (sanitation), Mediterranean diet (fish, figs, olive oil, wine, etc.), and exercise program (sports/gymnasium), although there was much more male trauma per capita than today, due to military service being virtually universal for citizens. This also biased the statistics for men downward.<ref>Mirko Grmek and Danielle Gourevitch. ''Illness in Antiquity'' (Fayard; 1998)</ref>
While the density of centenarians per capita was much lower in ancient times than today, the data suggest that reaching the age of 100 was not unheard of. However, ancient demographics are biased in favor of wealthy or powerful individuals rather than the ordinary person. Grmek and Gourevitch speculate that during the [[Ancient Greece|Classical Greek period]], anyone who made it past the age of five years – surviving all the common childhood illness of that day – had a reasonable chance of living to a relatively old age. The average life expectancy in 400 BC was estimated to be around 30 years. One demographer of ancient civilizations reported that Greek men lived to 45 years (based on a sample size of 91), while women lived to 36.2 years (based on a sample size of 55). Curiously, the gender statistics are inverted compared to today, since childbirth was a much more traumatic experience at that time than now, and it certainly skewed female statistics downward. It was common for average citizens to take great care in their hygiene (sanitation), Mediterranean diet (fish, figs, olive oil, wine, etc.), and exercise program (sports/gymnasium), although there was much more male trauma per capita than today, due to military service being virtually universal for citizens. This also biased the statistics for men downward.<ref>Mirko Grmek and Danielle Gourevitch. ''Illness in Antiquity'' (Fayard; 1998)</ref>


[[Diogenes Laertius]] (c. 250 AD) gives one of the earliest references regarding ''plausible'' centenarian longevity given by a scientist, the astronomer [[Hipparchus]] of Nicea (c. 185 – c. 120 BC), who, according to the doxographer, ''assured'' that the philosopher [[Democritus of Abdera]] (c. 470/460 – c. 370/360 BC) lived 109 years. All other accounts about Democritus given by the ancients appear to agree on the fact that the philosopher lived at least 90 years. Such longevity would not be dramatically out of line with that of other ancient Greek philosophers thought to have lived beyond the age of 90 (e.g.: [[Xenophanes of Colophon]], c. 570/565 – c. 475/470 BC; [[Pyrrho]] of Ellis, c. 360 – c. 270 BC; [[Eratosthenes]] of Cirene c. 285 – c. 190 BC, etc.). The case of Democritus differs from the case of, for example, [[Epimenides]] of Crete (7th, 6th centuries BC), who is said to have lived an implausible 154, 157 or 290 years, depending on the source.
[[Diogenes Laertius]] (c. 250 AD) gives one of the earliest references regarding ''plausible'' centenarian longevity given by a scientist, the astronomer [[Hipparchus]] of Nicea (c. 185 – c. 120 BC), who, according to the doxographer, ''assured'' that the philosopher [[Democritus of Abdera]] (c. 470/460 – c. 370/360 BC) lived 109 years. All other accounts about Democritus given by the ancients appear to agree on the fact that the philosopher lived at least 90 years. However, such longevity would not be dramatically out of line with that of other ancient Greek philosophers thought to have lived beyond the age of 90 (e.g.: [[Xenophanes of Colophon]], c. 570/565 – c. 475/470 BC; [[Pyrrho]] of Ellis, c. 360 – c. 270 BC; [[Eratosthenes]] of Cirene c. 285 – c. 190 BC, etc.). The case of Democritus differs from the case of, for example, [[Epimenides]] of Crete (7th, 6th centuries BC), who is said to have lived an implausible 154, 157 or 290 years, depending on the source.


The [[Sixth dynasty of Egypt|sixth dynasty]] Egyptian ruler [[Pepi II]] is believed by some Egyptologists to have lived to the age of 100 or more (c. 2278 BC - c. 2184 BC), as he ruled for 94 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/98-030/hist1.pdf |title=A Short History of Egypt: Part I: From the Predynastic Period to the Old Kingdom |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-11-04}}</ref> However this is under dispute, as others claim the length of his reign was actually 64 years.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jacques Kinnaer |url=http://www.ancient-egypt.org/index.html |title=The Ancient Egypt site - Pepi II |publisher=Ancient-egypt.org |date= |accessdate=2010-11-04}}</ref>
The [[Sixth dynasty of Egypt|sixth dynasty]] Egyptian ruler [[Pepi II]] is believed by some Egyptologists to have lived to the age of 100 or more (c. 2278 BC - c. 2184 BC), as he ruled for 94 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/98-030/hist1.pdf |title=A Short History of Egypt: Part I: From the Predynastic Period to the Old Kingdom |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-11-04}}</ref> However this is under dispute, as others claim the length of his reign was actually 64 years.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jacques Kinnaer |url=http://www.ancient-egypt.org/index.html |title=The Ancient Egypt site - Pepi II |publisher=Ancient-egypt.org |date= |accessdate=2010-11-04}}</ref>

Revision as of 14:25, 10 February 2013

102-year-old Samuel Downing, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, in 1864.

A centenarian is a person who lives to or beyond the age of 100 years. Because current average global life expectancies are less than 100, the term is invariably associated with longevity. A supercentenarian is a person who has lived to the age of 110 or more, something only achieved by about one in 1,000 centenarians. Even rarer is a person who has lived to age 115 – as of January 2013, there are only 29 people in recorded history who have indisputably reached this age, of whom only Jiroemon Kimura is still living.[1][2][3] In 2009, the United Nations estimated that there were 455,000 living centenarians worldwide;[4] however, in 2012, this estimate was reduced to 316,600.[5]

Current incidence

Canadian centenarian Muriel Duckworth, photographed in honor of her 100th birthday in 2008.

The United States currently has the greatest number of known centenarians of any nation, with 53,364 according to the 2010 Census, or 1.73 per 10,000 people. 82.8% of US centenarians were female.[6]

Japan has the second-largest number of centenarians, with an estimated 51,376 as of September 2012.[7] Japan started its surveys in 1963, at which time the number of Japanese centenarians was found to be 153. This number surpassed the 10,000 mark in 1998, 20,000 in 2003, and 40,000 in 2009. According to a UN demographic survey, Japan is expected to have 272,000 centenarians by 2050.[8] However, some sources suggest that the number could be closer to 1 million.[9] Many experts attribute Japan's high life expectancy to the Japanese diet, which is particularly low in refined simple carbohydrates, and to hygienic practices. In addition, the number of centenarians in relation to the total population was, in September 2010, 114% higher in Shimane Prefecture than the ratio for the whole of Japan. This ratio was also 92% higher in Okinawa Prefecture.[10][11] In addition to diet, there are four other factors that have been found to increase the life expectancy for Okinawans, as noted later in the "research into centenarians" section of this article.[12] The incidence of centenarians in Japan was one per 3,522 people in 2008,[13] although Okinawa again exceeded this average, with one per 1,838 people in 2006.

Centenarian populations

The total number of centenarians in the world remains uncertain. It has been estimated by the Population Division of the United Nations as 23,000 in 1950, 110,000 in 1990, 150,000 in 1995, 209,000 in 2000 and 324,000 in 2005.[14] The UN estimated there to be 455,000 centenarians in the world in 2009.[4] However, these older estimates did not take into account the contemporary downward adjustments of national estimates made by several countries, such as the United States;[15] thus, in 2012, the UN estimated there to be only 316,600 centenarians worldwide.[5] The following tabulated lists estimated centenarian populations by country, including both the latest and the earliest known estimates, where available.

Country Latest estimate (year) Earliest estimate (year) Centenarians per
100,000 people (2010)
Argentina 3,487 (2010 census)[16] – 8.69
Australia 4,252 (30 June 2011)[17] 203 (30 June 1971) 18.75
Belgium 1,559 (1 January 2010)[18] 546 (1990) 14.24
Brazil 23,760 (17 September 2010)[19] 13,865 (1991) 12.46
Canada 7,569 (1 July 2011)[20] 3,125 (2001) 21.71
China 17,800 (2007);[21]
48,921 (1 July 2011)[22]		 – 1.32–3.63
Czech Republic 625 (30 Sept. 2011)[23] – 5.92
France 20,106 (1 January 2013)[24] 7,754 (1 January 1999) 27.01[25]
Germany 8,839 (2006)[26] 232 (1885)[27] 10
Hungary 799 (2009)[28] 227 (1990) 7.98
Italy 6,313 (2001)[29] – 10.38
Japan 51,376 (September 2012)[7] 155 (1960)[30] 34.85
Netherlands 1,743 (2010)[31] 10 (1900) 10.41
Peru 1,682 (7 February 2011)[32] – 5.58
Poland 2,414 (25 July 2009) 500 (1970)[33] 6.27
South Korea 961 (2005)[34] – 1.92
Spain 5,891 (1 January 2009)[35] – 12.76
Sweden 1,500 (2009)[36] – 15.80
Switzerland 796 (2000)[37] 10 (1860) 10.01
United Kingdom 12,640 (mid-2010)[38] 102 (1911)[39] 20.30
United States 53,364 (2010)[40] 2,300 (1950)[41] 17.3
World 316,600 (2012 UN estimate)[5] – 4.51

Traditions

An 1895 photograph of a Chaldean man from Mosul, Iraq, said to be 107 years old.

In many countries, people receive a gift or congratulations on their 100th birthday. In the United States, centenarians traditionally receive a letter from the President, congratulating them for their longevity. NBC's The Today Show show has also named new centenarians on air since 1983. In the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth Realms, the Queen sends greetings (formerly as a telegram) on the 100th birthday and on every birthday starting with the 105th. Centenarians born in Ireland receive a €2,540 "Centenarians' Bounty" and a letter from the President of Ireland, even if they are resident abroad.[42] Japanese centenarians receive a silver cup and a certificate from the Prime Minister of Japan upon their 100th birthday, honouring them for their longevity and prosperity in their lives. Swedish centenarians receive a telegram from the King and Queen of Sweden.[43] Centenarians born in Italy receive a letter from the President of Italy. In Japan, a "National Respect for the Aged Day" has been celebrated every September since 1966.

An aspect of blessing in many cultures is to offer a wish that the recipient lives to 100. Among Hindus, people who touch the feet of elders are often blessed with "May you live a hundred years". In Sweden, the traditional birthday song states, May he/she live for one hundred years. In Judaism, the term May you live to be 120 years old is a common blessing. In Poland, Sto lat, a wish to live a hundred years, is a traditional form of praise and good wishes, and the song "sto lat, sto lat" is sung on the occasion of the birthday celebrations--arguably, it is the most popular song in Poland and among Poles around the globe. Chinese emperors were hailed to live ten thousand years, while empresses were hailed to live a thousand years. In Italy, "A hundred of these days!" (cento di questi giorni) is an augury for birthdays, to live to celebrate 100 more birthdays.[44] Some Italians say "Cent'anni!", which means "a hundred years", in that they wish that they could all live happily for a hundred years. In Greece, wishing someone Happy Birthday ends with the expression να τα εκατοστήσεις (na ta ekatostisis), which can be loosely translated as "may you make it one hundred birthdays".

Centenarians in ancient times

While the density of centenarians per capita was much lower in ancient times than today, the data suggest that reaching the age of 100 was not unheard of. However, ancient demographics are biased in favor of wealthy or powerful individuals rather than the ordinary person. Grmek and Gourevitch speculate that during the Classical Greek period, anyone who made it past the age of five years – surviving all the common childhood illness of that day – had a reasonable chance of living to a relatively old age. The average life expectancy in 400 BC was estimated to be around 30 years. One demographer of ancient civilizations reported that Greek men lived to 45 years (based on a sample size of 91), while women lived to 36.2 years (based on a sample size of 55). Curiously, the gender statistics are inverted compared to today, since childbirth was a much more traumatic experience at that time than now, and it certainly skewed female statistics downward. It was common for average citizens to take great care in their hygiene (sanitation), Mediterranean diet (fish, figs, olive oil, wine, etc.), and exercise program (sports/gymnasium), although there was much more male trauma per capita than today, due to military service being virtually universal for citizens. This also biased the statistics for men downward.[45]

Diogenes Laertius (c. 250 AD) gives one of the earliest references regarding plausible centenarian longevity given by a scientist, the astronomer Hipparchus of Nicea (c. 185 – c. 120 BC), who, according to the doxographer, assured that the philosopher Democritus of Abdera (c. 470/460 – c. 370/360 BC) lived 109 years. All other accounts about Democritus given by the ancients appear to agree on the fact that the philosopher lived at least 90 years. However, such longevity would not be dramatically out of line with that of other ancient Greek philosophers thought to have lived beyond the age of 90 (e.g.: Xenophanes of Colophon, c. 570/565 – c. 475/470 BC; Pyrrho of Ellis, c. 360 – c. 270 BC; Eratosthenes of Cirene c. 285 – c. 190 BC, etc.). The case of Democritus differs from the case of, for example, Epimenides of Crete (7th, 6th centuries BC), who is said to have lived an implausible 154, 157 or 290 years, depending on the source.

The sixth dynasty Egyptian ruler Pepi II is believed by some Egyptologists to have lived to the age of 100 or more (c. 2278 BC - c. 2184 BC), as he ruled for 94 years.[46] However this is under dispute, as others claim the length of his reign was actually 64 years.[47]

Ultimately, there is no reason to believe that centenarians did not exist 2500 years ago, even if they were not commonplace.[48]

Hosius of Córdoba, the man who convinced Constantine the Great to call the First Council of Nicaea, reportedly lived to age 102.

The Chronicon of Bernold of Constance records the death in 1097 of Azzo marchio de Longobardia, pater Welfonis ducis de Baiowaria, commenting that he was iam maior centenario.[49]

Research into centenarians

Main article: Research into centenarians

Research carried out in Italy suggests that healthy centenarians have high levels of vitamin A and vitamin E and that this seems to be important in guaranteeing their extreme longevity.[50] Other research contradicts this, however, and has found that these findings do not apply to centenarians from Sardinia, for whom other factors probably play a more important role.[51] A preliminary study carried out in Poland showed that, in comparison with young healthy female adults, centenarians living in Upper Silesia had significantly higher red blood cell glutathione reductase and catalase activities and higher, although insignificantly, serum levels of vitamin E.[52] Researchers in Denmark have also found that centenarians exhibit a high activity of glutathione reductase in red blood cells. In this study, those centenarians having the best cognitive and physical functional capacity tended to have the highest activity of this enzyme.[53]

Other research has found that people having parents who became centenarians have an increased number of naïve B cells. It is well known that the children of parents who have a long life are also likely to reach a healthy age, but it is not known why, although the inherited genes are probably important.[54] A variation in the gene FOXO3A is known to have a positive effect on the life expectancy of humans, and is found much more often in people living to 100 and beyond - moreover, this appears to be true worldwide.[55]

Men and women who are 100 or older tend to have something else in common, an extraverted personality, says Thomas T. Perls, M.D., M.P.H., the director of the New England Centenarian Study at Boston University. Centenarians will often have many friends, strong ties to relatives and a healthy dose of self-esteem.[56] In addition, some research suggests that centenarian offspring are more likely to age in better cardiovascular health than their peers.[57]

In John W. Santrock's book "A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development", there are five factors that research has suggested are most important to longevity in centenarians:[12]

  1. heredity and family history
  2. health, i.e. weight, diet, whether or not a person smokes, amount of exercise
  3. education level
  4. personality
  5. lifestyle[12]

Santrock's book also noted that the largest group of centenarians are women who have never been married.[12] Also, people who have been through traumatic life events, such as Holocaust survivors, learn to cope better with stress and poverty and are more likely to reach centenarian status.[12]

In Okinawa, Japan, studies have shown five factors that have contributed to the large number of centenarians in that region:[12]

  1. A diet that is heavy on grains, fish, and vegetables and light on meat, eggs, and dairy products.
  2. Low-stress lifestyles, which are proven significantly less stressful than that of the mainland inhabitants of Japan.
  3. A caring community, where older adults are not isolated and are taken better care of.
  4. High levels of activity, where locals work until an older age than the average age in other countries, and more emphasis on activities like walking and gardening to keep active.
  5. Spirituality, where a sense of purpose comes from involvement in spiritual matters and prayer eases the mind of stress and problems.[12]

Although these factors vary from those mentioned in the previous study, the culture of Okinawa has proven these factors to be important in its large population of centenarians.[12]

A historical study from Korea found that male eunuchs in the royal court had a centenarian rate of over 3%, and that eunuchs lived on average 14 to 19 years longer than uncastrated men.[58]

Centenarian controversy in Japan

The number of Japanese centenarians was called into question in 2010, following a series of reports showing that hundreds of thousands of elderly people had gone "missing" in the country. The deaths of many centenarians had not been reported, casting doubt on the country's reputation for having a large population of centenarians.[59][60][61][62]

In July 2010, a centenarian listed as the oldest living male in Tokyo, registered to be aged 111, was found to have died some 30 years before; his body was found mummified in its bed,[63] resulting in a police investigation into centenarians listed over the age of 105. Soon after the discovery, the Japanese police further found that at least 200 other Japanese centenarians were missing, with the total likely to rise amid a nationwide search that began in early August 2010.[64] In one case, the remains of a mother thought to be 104 had been stuffed into her son's backpack for nearly a decade.[65]

There are growing concerns that Japan's welfare system can be exploited by unscrupulous family members keen to continue receiving benefits after the pensioners die.[64] In one case, a man received around 9.5 million yen in pension payments despite his wife having died six years previously.[64]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Emergence of supercentenarians in low-mortality countries. North American Actuarial Journal, 2002, Vol.6, No.3, pages 54-63" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-11-04.
  2. ^ "Supercentenarians.org". Supercentenarians.org. doi:10.1016/S0531-5565. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
  3. ^ "Supercentenarians by H. Maier, J. Gampe, B. Jeune, J.-M. Robine and J.W. Vaupel. Springer 2010". Springerlink.com. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
  4. ^ a b P.27 in United Nations "World Population Ageing 2009", ST/ESA/SER.A/295, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York, Oct. 2010, liv + 73 pp.
  5. ^ a b c "Chapter 1: Setting the Scene" (PDF). 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
  6. ^ Meyer, Julie (December 2012). "Centenarians: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  7. ^ a b "Japan's centenarian population reaches more than 50,000". The Guardian. September 14, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  8. ^ "Demographics of older persons". UN. 1998-10-01. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
  9. ^ "Japan centenarians at record high". BBC News. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
  10. ^ Japan Times (September 15, 2010). "Centenarians to Hit Record 44,000". Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  11. ^ In 2006, official data from the Okinawa Prefectural government were slightly inflated because of a methodological flaw. See Willcox, D. Craig; Willcox, Bradley J.; He Qimei; Wang Nien-chiang and Suzuki Makoto."They Really Are That Old: A Validation Study of Centenarian Prevalence in Okinawa". The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, Vol. 63. 2008. pp. 338-349.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Santrock, John. (2008). Physical Development and Biological Aging. In Mike Ryan, Michael J. Sugarman, Maureen Spada, and Emily Pecora (Eds.), A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development (pp. 129-132). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
  13. ^ De plus en plus de centenaires au Japon (PDF). Agence France Presse. 12 September 2008.
  14. ^ United Nations "World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision".
  15. ^ The UN estimate for Japan (76,000 in 2009) is nearly twice the official Japanese figure (40,399).
  16. ^ [1], Indec 2010 Cuadro P 5. Total del país. Población total por país de nacimiento, según sexo y grupo de edad. Año 2010
  17. ^ ABS Article1Jun 2011 "3101.0 - Australian Demographic Statistics, Jun 2011". Australian Bureau of Statistics, 10 Dec. 2010, which gives an estimate of 3 598 centenarians on 30 June 2010.slightly less than the earlier estimate (3,700) provided by ABS “3201.0 - Population by Age and Sex, Australian States and Territories, Jun 2010”. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 21 Dec. 2010.
  18. ^ Structure de la population selon l'âge et le sexe : centenaires, Direction générale Statistique et Information économique (DGSIE).
  19. ^ ABS IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.
  20. ^ "Population estimates by sex and age group as of July 1, 2011, Canada". Statcan.gc.ca. 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2012-03-21. (6,530 on 1 July 2010: "Population estimates by sex and age group as of July 1, 2010, Canada". Statcan.gc.ca. 2011-07-05. Retrieved 2012-03-21.)
  21. ^ Lee, Sharon. "17.8 thousand centenarians in China". Rednet.cn. 30 December 2007.
  22. ^ China Daily. "China has over 48,000 centenarians". 8 November 2011; People's Daily Overseas Edition "China boasts nearly 50,000 centenarians". 8 November 2011; Xinhua. "China has over 48,000 centenarians: survey". 8 November 2011.
  23. ^ Prague Daily Monitor "Number of centenarians rising in Czech Republic", 14 October 2011 (against 404 in Nov. 2006: Horaova, Pavla "Number of Centenarians Rising as Population Ageing Continues". Radio Praha, 15 Nov. 2006).
  24. ^ Mayotte excluded. See Insee "Pyramide des âges au 1er janvier 2013". January 2013 (data)
  25. ^ 25, 83 on 1st Jan. 2010 (Insee Pyramide des âges au 1er janvier 2010, Jan. 2013); 28.19 on 1st Jan. 2011 (Insee Pyramide des âges au 1er janvier 2011, Jan. 2013); simple arithmetic average : 27,01. The estimate is 30,66 on 1st January 2013.
  26. ^ "EUROPEAN PAPERS ON THE NEW WELFARE » The number of centenarians in Europe" (in Template:It icon). Eng.newwelfare.org. 2009-10-10. Retrieved 2010-11-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  27. ^ [ Displaying Abstract ] (2010-10-25). "CENTENARIANS IN GERMANY. - Article - NYTimes.com". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
  28. ^ "Csak 89 ember el, aki a 19. szazdban szuletett". Zona.hu. 27 February 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  29. ^ Marziali, Maria Teresa "MERI - Mapping Existing Research and Identifying Knowledge Gaps Concerning the Situation of Older Women in Europe. Italy", Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources. Key Action 6: The ageing population and disabilities, July 2004, 29 pp.
  30. ^ Kannisto, Väinö "Development of Oldest-Old Mortality, 1950–1990: Evidence from 28 Developed Countries". Monographs on Population Aging, No.1, Odense University Press, Odense, Denmark, 1994, 108 pp. Updated by V. Castanova, 1-Feb-1999. Table5.
  31. ^ Garssen, Joop and Harmsen, Carel "More Male Centenarians". Statistics Netherlands (CBS). 16 September 2010.
  32. ^ EleccionesPeru and Elcomercio.pe 1,682 electors are over 100 years. Lima, Peru. 7 February 2011.
  33. ^ "Specemerytura dla stulatka (in Polish)". Money.pl. 30 August 2006. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  34. ^ www.korea.net 2006-06-21[dead link]
  35. ^ Indicadores demográficos - G1.2. Pirámide de población a nivel nacional, a 1 de enero de 2009.
  36. ^ "Det kryllar av hundraåringar". DN.se. 25 December 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  37. ^ Robine, Jean-Marie et Paccaud, Fred (2004). « La démographie des nonagénaires et des centenaires en Suisse ». Cahiers québécois de démographie, vol. 33, n° 1, 2004, p. 51-81.
  38. ^ Office for National Statistics "Older People’s Day 2011" 29 Sept. 2011, 17 pp. Office for National Statistics "Estimates of centenarians in the UK" 29 Sept. 2011 (against 11,600 in mid-2009: Office for National Statistics Record Number of Centenarians in UK. Press release, 30 September 2010; Centenarians. Number of Centenarians Grows. National Statistics, 30 Sep. 2010; United Kingdom Mid-2002 to Mid-2009 Population Estimates of the Very Elderly (Including Centenarians)).
  39. ^ [2][dead link]
  40. ^ Meyer, Julie (December 2012). "Centenarians: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  41. ^ Krach, Constance A. and Velkoff, Victoria A. "Centenarians in the United States". Current Population Reports, Series P23-199RV, U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.., 1999, iii + 18 pp.
  42. ^ "ireland.com - Breaking News - Centenarians abroad to get birthday bonus". Irishtimes.com. 2006-03-03. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
  43. ^ Göteborgs-Posten: Fler 100-åringar ger hovet merarbete, 2009-12-29
  44. ^ Italian Translation. AllExperts, 21 June 2007. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
  45. ^ Mirko Grmek and Danielle Gourevitch. Illness in Antiquity (Fayard; 1998)
  46. ^ "A Short History of Egypt: Part I: From the Predynastic Period to the Old Kingdom" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-11-04.
  47. ^ Jacques Kinnaer. "The Ancient Egypt site - Pepi II". Ancient-egypt.org. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
  48. ^ Postel-Vinay O (Jul–Aug 1999). "Histoire Le Cas de la Grèce Antique". La Recherche Special (in French). 322: 90.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
    Note: La Recherche is the French equivalent of Scientific American in the English-speaking world.
  49. ^ Bernoldi Chronicon 1097, MGH SS V, p. 465.
  50. ^ Mecocci P, Polidori MC, Troiano L; et al. (2000). "Plasma antioxidants and longevity: a study on healthy centenarians". Free Radic Biol Med. 28 (8): 1243–8. doi:10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00246-X. PMID 10889454. Retrieved 2011-01-18. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ Polidori MC, Mariani E, Baggio G; et al. (2007). "Different antioxidant profiles in Italian centenarians: the Sardinian peculiarity". Eur J Clin Nutr. 61 (7): 922–4. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602596. PMID 17228351. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ Kłapcińska B, Derejczyk J, Wieczorowska-Tobis K, Sobczak A, Sadowska-Krepa E, Danch A (2000). "Antioxidant defense in centenarians (a preliminary study)" (PDF). Acta Biochim Pol. 47 (2): 281–92. PMID 11051193.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  53. ^ Andersen HR, Jeune B, Nybo H, Nielsen JB, Andersen-Ranberg K, Grandjean P (1998). "Low activity of superoxide dismutase and high activity of glutathione reductase in erythrocytes from centenarians". Age Ageing. 27 (5): 643–8. doi:10.1093/ageing/27.5.643. PMID 12675104. Retrieved 2011-01-18. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  54. ^ Blood tests 'could be used to predict lifespan' Daily Telegraph, UK. Published June 25, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008.
  55. ^ Living longer thanks to the 'longevity gene' Physorg.com. Published February 3, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  56. ^ Tweed, Katherine (September 2009). "Healthy Living to 100 and Beyond". AOL Health. Retrieved September 2009. {{cite web}}: Check |authorlink= value (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); External link in |authorlink= (help)[dead link]
  57. ^ Adams ER, Nolan VG, Andersen SL, Perls TT, Terry DF (2008). "Centenarian offspring: start healthier and stay healthier". J Am Geriatr Soc. 56 (11): 2089–92. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01949.x. PMC 2892731. PMID 18811609. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  58. ^ "Upside to castration? Eunuchs lived longer, study finds". Reuters via NBC. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  59. ^ Fackler, Martin (September 10, 2010). "Japan's Elderly Count Was Off by 234,000". New York Times.
  60. ^ "BBC News - More than 230,000 Japanese centenarians 'missing'". Bbc.co.uk. 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
  61. ^ Font size Print E-mail Share 2 Comments (2010-09-10). "More Than 230,000 Centenarians Missing in Japan". CBS News. Retrieved 2010-11-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  62. ^ "234,000 centenarians listed in registries missing | The Japan Times Online". Search.japantimes.co.jp. 2010-09-11. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
  63. ^ Tokyo's 'oldest man' dead for 30 years. The Daily Telegraph, 29 July 2010.
  64. ^ a b c Nearly 200 of Japan's oldest citizens 'missing'. AFP, August 11, 2010.
  65. ^ Japanese man kept dead mother in backpack, 20 Aug 2010, Telegraph

Further reading

  • Koch, Tina; Kralik, Debbie; Power, Charmaine (2005). 100 Years Old: 24 Australian Centenarians Tell Their Stories. Camberwell, Vic: Viking. ISBN 0-670-02872-X.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&oldid=537545281"