Earconwald

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Earconwald
Bishop of London
Earconwald teaching monks in a historiated initial from the Chertsey Breviary (c.1300)
ProvinceCanterbury
Installed675
Term ended693
PredecessorWine
SuccessorWaldhere
Other post(s)Prince; Abbot of Chertsey; Saint
Orders
Consecrationc. 675
Personal details
Borncirca 630
Kingdom of Lindsey
Died693
Barking Abbey
BuriedOld St Paul's Cathedral, London through the loction and survival of his relics is debated
DenominationChristianity
Sainthood
Feast day13 May
24 April
30 April
14 November in England
Attributesbishop in a small chariot, which he used for travelling his diocese; with Saint Ethelburga of Barking
Patronageagainst gout, London
ShrinesSt. Paul's, London

Saint Earconwald or Erkenwald[a] (died 693) was a Saxon prince[1] and Bishop of London between 675 and 693.[2] He is the eponymous subject of one of the most important poems in the foundations of English literature[3] (thought to be by the Pearl Poet) and was called Lundoniae maximum sanctus, 'the most holy figure of London',[4][5] and Lux Londonie, 'the light of London".[6] Peter Ackroyd has said of him, "we may still name him as the patron saint of London, [his]... cult survived for over eight hundred years, before entering the temporary darkness of the last four centuries"[7]

In recent times he has been portrayed in novels and films, for example in the work of Bernard Cornwell.

The diocese of London was coterminous with the Kingdom of Essex, making the Bishop of London the Bishop of the East Saxons.[8]

He is associated with a very early Anglo Saxon phase of building at St Paul's Cathedral and William Dugdale says he began the building.[9]

Life

Erkenwald was of royal ancestry.[10]

William Dugdale states that Earconwald was a prince, a son of the house of King Offa, King of the Essex or the East Saxons;[11] a Penguin biographical note[12] has incorrectly stated East Anglia (a likely a misunderstanding of the Latin in Dugdale's History which reads 'Offae Orientalium Saxonum Regis, erat filius', not 'Orientalium Anglorum').

He may have been born in the Kingdom of Lindsey in modern Lincolnshire.[13]

In 666, he established two Benedictine abbeys, Chertsey Abbey in Surrey[14] for men, and Barking Abbey for women.[13][15]

Erkenwald's sister, Æthelburh, later St Æthelburh, was Abbess of Barking,[13][16] succeeding St Hildelith, whom Erkenwald is understood to have asked to instruct his sister Æthelburh in the matters related to this succession and task. According to another account it must have been after the death of Earconwald (693), who died on a visit to his sister. Florence of Worcester, however, gives her accession under 664, but again mentions it under 675 (i. 27, 33).[17]

Erkenwald himself served as Abbot of Chertsey.[18]

A legend says that he often preached to the woodmen in the wild forests that lay to the north of London.[19]

A window in Wells Cathedral. Mostly original glass; the heads depict: Pope Stephen, St Blaise, St Erkenwald, and Pope Marcellus

In 675, Earconwald became the Bishop of London, succeeding Bishop Wine.[20] He was the choice of Archbishop Theodore of Canterbury.[18] It is also said that his selection for the role of Bishop of Lodon was at the insistence of King Sebbi.[21]

Erkenwald was an important contributor to the reconversion of Essex, and the fourth Bishop of London since the restoration of the diocese, and he was present at the reconciliation between Archbishop Theodore and Wilfrith.[21]

While bishop, he contributed to King Ine of Wessex's law code, and is mentioned specifically in the code as a contributor.[22]

The now lost Bishops Gate: a Roman gate in the walls of Roman London, repaired by St Erkenwald and then named after him

Bishopsgate, one of the eastern gates on London's largely lost Roman and Medieval city wall, was said to have been repaired by Earconwald, and to have taken its name from him.[23]

Current historical scholarship credits Earconwald with a large role in the evolution of Anglo-Saxon charters, and it is possible that he drafted the charter of Caedwalla to Farnham.[16]

King Ine of Wessex named Earconwald as an advisor on his laws[24] and called Erkenwald "my bishop" in the preface to his laws.[21]

An ancient epitaph says that Erkenwald served as bishop of London for eleven years.[21]

When St Fursey (a celtic cleric who did much to establish Christianity throughout the British Isles and particularly in East Anglia) died in 650CE he was buried in a church built specially by Erkenwald in Péronne which has claimed Fursey as patron ever since.[25]

Earconwald died at Barking Abbey in 693[20] and his remains were buried at a pilgrimage shrine in St Paul's Cathedral.

Earconwald is said to have bestowed great cost on the fabric of the early building of St Paul's,[clarification needed] and in later times he almost occupied the place of a traditionary, founder; the veneration paid to him was second only to that which was rendered to St. Paul.[26]

Archbishop Matthew Parker, who had the most important records on Erkenwald at the end of the counter Reformation when they may otherwise have been lost

Immediately after the Norman Conquest, St Erkenwald had a period of being marginalised in religious practice.[27]

The most important collection of early materials concerning Erkenwald is the Miracula Sanct Erkenwaldi, preserved as a 12th century Manuscript in the Matthew Parker collection (Parker 161) at Corpus Christi, Cambridge University.[28] The miracle in the poem is not in these materials, suggesting the story post-dates this manuscript.

The poem of St Erkenwald

Priorslee Hall, one of the Shropshire addresses occupied by Sir Humphrey Pitt from whom the only known copy of the poem 'Erkenwald' was recovered

Earconwald was the subject of the alliterative St Erkenwald Poem, written in the fourteenth century, possibly by the unidentified Gawain Poet.

The poem is significant in the way it deals with the spiritual welfare of people who could not hear the Christian message, and critics have compared it to the Beowulf poem in this regard.[29]

The poem survived in only one manuscript, British Library MS Harley 2250.[30] The document was discovered in 1757 by Thomas Percy, the manuscript had been in the possession of Sir Humphrey Pitt of Balcony House Shifnal, and Priorslee, Shropshire.[31] Other important ancient literary materials narrowly avoided being burnt as kindling by household staff in the circumstances in which Percy was discovering this important cultural survival.[32]

The poem has been linked thematically and in plot terms with the Legend of Trajan and the Miracle of St Gregory; that legend itself being referred to in Divine Comedy by Dante Purgatorio (x. 73-75) and Paradiso (xx 106-117).[33]

Another possible inspiration for the plot in the poem belongs to Kaiserchronik, the Middle High German history of Roman and German emperors belonging to around 1150.[34] Some familiarity with the story is also contended for St Thomas Aquinas.[35]

Within pictoral art, the Berne tapestry (copied from paintings by Roger van der Wayden of the Brussels Town Hall mid 1400s for the which have since been lost in conflicts of the 1600s) and apparently repeated in the Cologne Town Hall in the High Medieval period provides a visual expression of the themes.[36] The intention of this art was to remind judges to dispense impartial justice.

Feast day and translation day

Statue of Erkenwald at St Albans Cathedral

His feast day is 30 April, with translations being celebrated on 1 February, 13 May and 14 November.[10][37][38] He is a patron saint of London.[39]

Prior to the Reformation, the anniversaries of his death as well as his translation were observed at St Paul's as feasts of the first class, per an ordinance of Bishop Braybroke in 1386.[21]

The following Antiphon and Collect for the Feast of St Erkenwald is recorded:

"De Sancto Erkenwaldo Episcopo. Antipho: O decus insigne, nostrum pastorumque benigne, O lux Londonie, pater Erkenwalde beate, Quem super astra Deum gaudes spectare per eum, Aspice letantes tua gaudia nos celebrantes, Et tecum vite fac participes sine fine. V. Ora pro nobis beate Erkenwalde. R. Ut digni efficiamur. "Oratio. Omnipotens sempiterne Deus, apud quem est continua semper Sanctorum festivitas Tuorum, presta, quesumus, ut qui memoriam beati Erkenwaldi pontificis agimus, ab hostium nostrorum eruamur nequitia: et ad eternorum nos provehi concedas premiorum beneficia. Per. Pater noster. Ave Ma."[40]

Amongst the Ashmole manuscripts in the Bodleian Library is the following entry in Ashmole's own hand:

"Pondus Cancelli ferrei ante Altare Sancti Erkenwaldi facti Ao Dni. 1448 per manus Stephani Clampard, fabri, sumptibus Decani et Capituli elevati ibidem vi. die Junii anno predicto, 3438 lb. precii cujuslibet lb. cum ferra 4d. Summa 641. 2s.

"Expens. in ferro 3438 lb. precio cujuslibet vs. Summa 8 li. 16 s. 8 d.

Item in vasos ferri ixc precio ut supra. Summa xlv s.

Item in Stannum ad dealban. Summa viij. li."[41]

Relics and shrine

Shrine of St Erkenwald, relics removed 1550, lost as a monument in the Great Fire of London

It is said that on the death of the St Erkenwald, there was a struggle between the canons of St. Paul's and the monks of Chertsey as to who should bury him, during which the people of London brought his body to St. Paul's. The people of London, bringing the the body to the city are supposed to have said:

"We are like strong and vigorous men who will... undermine and overturn cities heavily fortified with men and weapons before we give up the servant of God, our protector... we ourselves intend that such a glorious city nd congregation shall be strengthened and honoured by such a patron."[42]

On the journey to london with the body the River Lee is supposed to have parted to make way for the dead saint.[43]

After a great fire of 1087 (one of several Erkenwald's relics are said to have survived) the relics were put in a silver shrine.[44] This shrine was put in a new, vast crypt, specially built to hold the "valuable remains of St. Erkenwald" in the wider new building which was built to replace the lost St Paul's by Bishop Maurice.[45]

Initially, Erkenwald's relics were put in the crypt of St Paul's, but it was ransferred to a shrine in the cathedral in 1140,[46] subsequently, in 1314, Bishop Gilbert de Segrave laid the first stone of a new shrine to which the relics of St. Erkenwald were translated twelve years later.[47]

By accounts, the relics were sealed in a leaden casket fashioned in the form of "a gabled house or church".[48] By the time his relics were placed behind the high alter of St Paul's they were supposed to have been with the the cart he had used in his declining years, fragments of which were associated with miracles.[49]

It is recorded that the servants of the church could only move the relics of St Erkenwald "clandestinely at night" because to do otherwise would have created hysteria amoung the crowds.[50]

The Curfew Tower of Barking Abbey The Curfew Tower was one of the three gateways to Barking Abbey, founded in 666 by Erkenwald, later Bishop of London.

In the time of Bede, it was recorded that miracles were effected by the couch in which Erkenwald was carried in his declining years.[51]

The shrine was constantly enriched by canons and by the merchants of London, well into the 15th century, and miracles were reported at the site of the shrine into the 16th century.[51] The citizens of London took special pride in the magnificent shrine, and had a special devotion to St Erkenwald.[21]

Ackroyd notes that ‘successful lawyers of London…on nomination as serjeants of law, would walk in procession to St Paul’s in order to venerate the physical presence of the saint.’[52]

Catherine of Aragon made an offering at St Erkenwald's shirne as an act of diplomacy ahead of her first marriage into the House of Tudor

When Catherine of Aragon made her entry into London, two days before her marriage to Prince Arthur, heir to the throne, she visited St Paul's and made an offering there at the shrine of St Erkenwald.[53]

Sir Rowland Hill, in office as Lord Mayor of London, spoke in angish at the shrine of Erkenwald when it was being desecrated

The St Paul's shrine had the relics removed during the Reformation; the empty shrine survived until the Great Fire of London.[54] In late 1549, at the height of the iconoclasm of the reformation, Sir Rowland Hill altered the route of his Lord Mayor's day procession and said a de profundis at the tomb of Erkenwald.[55]

There are differing accounts of what happened to his relics, with suggestions the relics were incinerated,[56] or that he was reburied in St Paul's Cathedral at the east end of the choir,[21] or that they might have been "hidden to be recovered later".[57]

One commentary on the location of his relics summarises the understanding of this point as follows:

"his relics were either destroyed or hidden in a secure place by the faithful from the bloodthirsty iconoclasts. There is a modern speculation that the relics... may still rest at the east end of the present Cathedral choir next to the east altar. Perhaps one day... will reveal the fate of this holy man’s bodily remains."[58]

The burials of both Earconwald and Sebbi were buried in St Paul’s Cathedral; they quickly became the focus of saints’ cults and pilgrimages. This local mania for miracles and relics has been described aa the first evidence that Londoners were becoming enthusiastic about Christianity and that newly returned religion had found its footing in the area.[59]

Erkenwald's grave was a popular place of pilgrimage up to the reformation.[60] After the Great Fire of London, Christopher Wren made archaeological investigations into the ruins to St Paul's Cathedral looking for the Saxon building Erkenwold had had built.[61]

Memorialization of St Erkenwald

Cross in Battersea Park, erected to mark the year 2000. It stands on the site of a manor granted by King Caedwalla to St Erkenwald which is believed to have been the home of St Ethelburga.
St Erkenwald's Church

St Erkenwald has been remembered in the following ways:

In contemporary culture

In 1997 the Royal Shakespeare Company performed a play called "Erkenwald"[71] and it was performed in The Other Place, Stratford-upon-Avon.

Erkenwald is a supporting character in the Bernard Cornwell stories:

and in the associated 2018 television series.

In that fictional world he is in service to King Alfred. The actor Kevin Eldon has portrayed him.[72]

The British children's writer Abi Elphinstone chose "Erkenwald" as the name of a mythical kingdom in her 2021 book "Sky Song".[73]

Erkenwald Neumann is the name of a musical artist with 2022 releases.[74]

Miracles

There are 19 Miracles associated with Erkenwald:[75]

  • a boy, who took refuge from his angry school master at the tomb of St Erkenwald, received a message he had not known until then
  • a man punished with sudden death for scoring the Feast day of the saint
  • concerning a prisoner who was set free
  • how, amid the great burning of the city and church the pall on hid tomb survived unharmed
  • concerning the building of a more splendid church in London, and concerning the mobility impared person, who after journeying to many tombs of famous saints throughout the world, obtained healing from St Erkenwald
  • concerning the man who prevented his wife from honouring the saint, his punishment, and the restoration of his health in accordance with the saint's instructions
  • how he demonstrated, with the wonderful largesse of his merciful acts, that he was pleased with the honour being shown to him
  • concerning the blind girl whose sight was speedily restored
  • concerning the death of the drunken buffoon who got inside the shrine of Erkenwald when it was under construction
  • concerning the doctor, healed of deadly sickness
  • concerning the blind woman who received her sight
  • concerning the man who was cured of hid fever by the saint, who visited him in person
  • how one of the saint's painter's (from when his body was in the crypt) violated his Festival, was punished, the saint himself appertaining to him and declaring the reason for the punishment
  • concerning the deformed nun who was visited by St Ethelburga and St Erkenwald and made whole and undeformed
  • concerning the deaf girl whose hearing was restored
  • Othere miracles associated with an invisible wheel and growing a construction beam ate recorded.[76]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Also Ercenwald, Eorcenwald or Erconwald

Further reading

  • Pearl and St. Erkenwald: Some Evidence for Authorship C. J. Peterson The Review of English Studies. New Series, Vol. 25, No. 97 (Feb., 1974), pp. 49-53
  • BROWETT, R. (2017). Touching the Holy: The Rise of Contact Relics in Medieval England. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 68(3), 493-509. doi:10.1017/S0022046916001494
  • E. Gordon Whatley, 'The Saint of London: The Life and Miracles of St. Erkenwald'. 1989, Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies.
  • Mary Boyle, 'Converting Corpses: The Religious Other in the Munich Oswald and St Erkenwald'. Merton College, Oxford University
  • OLD ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL By WILLIAM BENHAM, D.D., F.S.A.
  • Hagiography into Art: A Study of "St. Erkenwald", T. McAlindon. Studies in Philology. Vol. 67, No. 4 (Oct., 1970), pp. 472-494.
  • Heathens and Saints: St. Erkenwald in Its Legendary Context, Gordon Whatley. Speculum Vol. 61, No. 2 (Apr., 1986), pp. 330-363
  • "New Werke": St. Erkenwald, St. Albans, and the medieval sense of the past. Monica Otta.
  • Saint Erkenwald: Bishop and London archaeologist, John Clark. Published 1980

Citations

  1. ^ "St. Erkenwald". St. Erkenwald Lodge 2808. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  2. ^ Gollancz, Israel (23 April 2018). St. Erkenwald. Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-0-331-84084-1.
  3. ^ "Middle English Alliterative Poetry". mediakron.bc.edu. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  4. ^ Ackroyd, Peter (1 January 1900). London: The Biography (Illustrated ed.). New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-49771-8.
  5. ^ "London in the Not-so-Dark Ages". www.gresham.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  6. ^ "Statutes (Baldock and Lisieux): Pars sexta | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  7. ^ Ackroyd, Peter (1 January 1900). London: The Biography (Illustrated ed.). New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-49771-8.
  8. ^ On the Diocese of London originally serving the East Saxons "Our History". London Diocesan Board for Schools. 7 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  9. ^ William Dugdale, 'The History of St. Paul's Cathedral in London' (London, 2nd ed. 1716), p115.
  10. ^ a b Farmer Oxford Dictionary of Saints p. 175
  11. ^ William Dugdale, 'The History of St. Paul's Cathedral in London' (London, 2nd ed. 1716), p. 115.
  12. ^ The Owl and the Nightingale/ Cleanness/ St Erkenwald. Translated by Stone, Brian. London: Penguin Classics. 27 October 1977. ISBN 978-0-14-044245-8.
  13. ^ a b c Walsh A New Dictionary of Saints p. 182
  14. ^ Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 83
  15. ^ Yorke "Adaptation of the Anglo-Saxon Royal Courts" Cross Goes North pp. 250–251
  16. ^ a b Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 102
  17. ^ Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1891). "Hildilid" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 26. p. 386.
  18. ^ a b Kirby Earliest English Kings pp. 95–96
  19. ^ "St Paul's: To the Great Fire | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  20. ^ a b Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 219
  21. ^ a b c d e f g "St. Erconwald - Encyclopedia Volume - Catholic Encyclopedia". Catholic Online. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  22. ^ Yorke Conversion of Britain p. 235
  23. ^ Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert (1983) The London Encyclopedia
  24. ^ Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 103
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  28. ^ Gollancz, Sir Israel (1923). Selected Early English Poems IV St Erkenwald. Oxford University Press.
  29. ^ Weiskott, Eric, ed. (2016), "The Erkenwald Poet's Sense of History", English Alliterative Verse: Poetic Tradition and Literary History, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 127–147, ISBN 978-1-316-76834-1, retrieved 10 September 2023
  30. ^ London, British Library, MS Harley 2250, ff. 72v to 75v.
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  32. ^ Hales, John W.; Furnivall, Frederick J., eds. (1867). Percy's Folio Manuscript: Ballads and Romances. Vol. I. London: N. Trübner & Co. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
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  34. ^ Gollancz, Sir Israel (1923). Selected Early English Poems IV St Erkenwald. Oxford University Press.
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  38. ^ Ridgway, Claire. "14 November 1532 Archives - The Tudor Society". www.tudorsociety.com. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  39. ^ Farmer Oxford Dictionary of Saints p. 494
  40. ^ "Statutes (Baldock and Lisieux): Pars sexta | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  41. ^ "Statutes (Baldock and Lisieux): Pars sexta | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  42. ^ Ackroyd, Peter (1 January 1900). London: The Biography (Illustrated ed.). New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-49771-8.
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  46. ^ Registrum S. Pauli (ed. W. St. Simpson), 11, 52, 81, 393–5; Newcourt, Repert. ii, 7
  47. ^ "Historyfish.net British Shrines, Wall, Chapter Four, part two". www.historyfish.net. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
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References

  • Andrew, Malcolm. "The Saint of London: The Life and Miracles of St. Erkenwald." Notes and Queries, vol. 41, no. 4, Dec. 1994, pp. 541+.
  • Farmer, David Hugh (2004). Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Fifth ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860949-0.
  • Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
  • Kirby, D. P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24211-8.
  • Thornbury, Walter (1887). Old and New London. Volume 1. London: Cassell.
  • Walsh, Michael J. (2007). A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West. London: Burns & Oats. ISBN 978-0-86012-438-2.
  • Yorke, Barbara (2003). Martin Carver (ed.). The Adaptation of the Anglo-Saxon Royal Courts to Christianity. The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe AD 300–1300. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 244–257. ISBN 1-84383-125-2.
  • Yorke, Barbara (2006). The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c. 600–800. London: Pearson/Longman. ISBN 0-582-77292-3.

External links

Christian titles
Preceded by Bishop of London
675–693 		Succeeded by

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