List of medieval universities: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Mob Quad from Chapel Tower.jpg|thumb|[[Mob Quad]], late medieval quarters of the [[University of Oxford]]]] |
[[File:Mob Quad from Chapel Tower.jpg|thumb|[[Mob Quad]], late medieval quarters of the [[University of Oxford]]]] |
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The '''list of [[Medieval university|medieval universities]]''' comprises all [[University|universities]] which existed in |
The '''list of [[Medieval university|medieval universities]]''' comprises all [[University|universities]] (more precisely, ''[[Studium Generale]]'') which existed in [[Europe]] during the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="Rüegg 1992, XIX–XX">Rüegg 1992, pp. XIX–XX</ref>. It also includes short-lived foundations and European educational institutions whose university status is a matter of debate. The [[Academic degree|degree-awarding]] university with its [[corporate]] organization and relative autonomy is a product of medieval [[Christianity|Christian]] Europe.<ref name="Rüegg 1992, XIX–XX"/> Until 1500 more than eighty universities were established in [[Western Europe|Western]] and [[Central Europe]].<ref name="Verger 1992, 62–65"/> During the subsequent [[Colonization of the Americas]] the [[List of colonial universities in Latin America|university was introduced to the New World]], marking the beginning of its worldwide spread as ''the '' center of [[Higher education|higher learning]] everywhere (see [[List of oldest universities]]).<ref>Roberts, Rodriguez & Herbst 1996, pp. 256–284</ref> |
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== Definition == |
== Definition == |
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A short definition of the university and its defining characteristics as they have been developing from its medieval roots is offered by the multi-volume ''History of the University in Europe'' of the [[European University Association]]: |
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{{quote|The university is a [[Europe]]an institution; indeed, it is the European institution ''par excellence''. There are various reasons for this assertion. As a community of teachers and taught, accorded certain rights, such as [[Academic freedom|administrative autonomy]] and the determination and realization of [[curricula]] (courses of study) and of the objectives of research as well as the award of publicly recognized degrees, it is a creation of [[medieval Europe]], which was the Europe of [[papal]] [[Christianity]]... |
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{{Main|Studium Generale}} |
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No other European institution has spread over the entire world in the way in which the traditional form of the European university has done. The degrees awarded by European universities – the [[bachelor's degree]], the [[licentiate]], the [[master's degree]], and the [[doctorate]] – have been adopted in the most diverse societies throughout the world. The four medieval [[Faculty (division)|faculties]] of ''artes'' – variously called [[philosophy]], [[Literature|letters]], arts, arts and sciences, and [[humanities]] –, [[Jurisprudence|law]], [[medicine]], and [[theology]] have survived and have been supplemented by numerous disciplines, particularly the [[social sciences]] and [[technological]] studies, but they remain none the less at the heart of universities throughout the world. |
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{{Main|Medieval university}} |
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There were many institutions of learning (''Studium'') in the Middle Ages in [[Latin Europe]] - [[cathedral school]]s, "schools of rhetoric" (law faculties), etc. Historians generally restrict the term "Medieval university" to refer to institutions of learning that were referred to as ''[[Studium Generale]]'' in the Middle Ages. |
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Even the name of the ''universitas'', which in the Middle Ages was applied to corporate bodies of the most diverse sorts and was accordingly applied to the corporate organization of teachers and students, has in the course of centuries been given a more particular focus: the university, as a ''universitas litterarum'', has since the 18th century been the intellectual institution which cultivates and transmits the entire corpus of methodically studied intellectual disciplines.<ref name="Rüegg 1992, XIX–XX">Rüegg 1992, pp. XIX–XX</ref>}} |
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There is no official strict definition of a ''Studium generale'', the term having emerged from customary usage. The following properties were common among them, and often treated as criteria:<ref name = Rashdall>Rashdall, H. (1895) ''The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages'', Vol. 1, p.8-12</ref> |
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* (1) that it received students from everywhere (not merely the local district or region); |
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* (2) That it engaged in higher learning, i.e. that it went beyond teaching the [[Seven Liberal Arts|Arts]], and had at least one of the higher faculties ([[Theology]], [[Faculty of Law|Law]] or [[Faculty of Medicine|Medicine]]). |
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* (3) that a significant part of the teaching was done by [[Master's degree|Masters]] (teachers with a higher degree) |
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* (4) that it enjoyed the privilege of ''jus ubique docendi'', i.e. masters of that school were entitled to teach in any other school without a preliminary examination. |
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* (5) that its teachers and students were allowed to enjoy any clerical [[benefice]]s they might have elsewhere without meeting the mandatory residency requirements prescribed by [[Canon Law]]. |
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* (6) that it enjoyed some degree of autonomy from local civil and diocesal authorities. |
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Charters issued by the [[Pope]] or [[Holy Roman Emperor]] were often needed to ensure privileges (4)-(6). The fourth condition (teaching elsewhere without examination) was originally considered by scholars of the time to be the most important criteria, with the result that the appelation "Studium generale" was customarily reserved to refer only the oldest and most prestigious schools - specifically, Salerno, Bologna and Paris and sometimes Oxford - until this oligopoly was broken by papal and imperial charters in the course of the 13th C. <ref name = Rashdall/> The fifth criteria (continued benefices) was the closest there was to an "official" definition of a "Studium generale" used by the Church and academics from the 14th C. onwards, although there were some notable exceptions (e.g. neither Oxford nor Padua received this right, but they were nonetheless universally considered "Studium Generale by custom").<ref name = Rashdall/> |
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Modern historians have tended to focus on the first three requirements (students from everywhere, at least one higher faculty, teaching by masters). This has led to contentions in making lists of Medieval universities. Some Italian universities, for instance, were quick to obtain papal charters and thus the privileges and title a "Studium Generale", but their student catchment never went much beyond the local district or had only a couple of masters engaged in teaching. Whereas other comparable schools (notably the more prestigious [[cathedral school]]s of France), might have had wider student catchment and more masters, but neglected or failed to secure the chartered privileges and thus were never referred to as "Studium generale". It is common to include the former and exclude the latter from lists of "Medieval universities", but some historians have disputed this as arbitrary and unreflective of the state of higher learning in Europe.<ref>Rashdall, H. (1895) ''The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages'', Vol. 2, p.4-5</ref> |
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Some historians have discarded the ''Studium Generale'' definition, and come up with their own criteria for a definition of a "university" - narrowing it by requiring, for instance, that a university have all three higher faculties (Theology, Law, Medicine) in order to be considered a "Medieval university" (very few had all three), whereas others widen it to include some of the more prestigious [[cathedral schools]], [[palace school]]s and universities outside of [[Latin Europe]] (notably in the Greek and Islamic world). |
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There are also contentions on the founding dates of many universities. Using the date of acquisition of a papal and royal/imperial charter is inadequate, as the older universities, believing their status and reputations sufficient and indisputable, refused or resisted stooping to ask for an official charter for a long time. Some historians trace the founding of a university to the first date when evidence of some kind of teaching was done in that locality, even if only local and limited. Others wait until there is evidence of higher learning, a wide student catchment, the emergence of its masters teaching elsewhere or a more definitive mention of it as a "Studium generale". |
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== List == |
== List == |
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Revision as of 01:12, 10 August 2011
The list of medieval universities comprises all universities (more precisely, Studium Generale) which existed in Europe during the Middle Ages.[1]. It also includes short-lived foundations and European educational institutions whose university status is a matter of debate. The degree-awarding university with its corporate organization and relative autonomy is a product of medieval Christian Europe.[1] Until 1500 more than eighty universities were established in Western and Central Europe.[2] During the subsequent Colonization of the Americas the university was introduced to the New World, marking the beginning of its worldwide spread as the center of higher learning everywhere (see List of oldest universities).[3]
Definition
There were many institutions of learning (Studium) in the Middle Ages in Latin Europe - cathedral schools, "schools of rhetoric" (law faculties), etc. Historians generally restrict the term "Medieval university" to refer to institutions of learning that were referred to as Studium Generale in the Middle Ages.
There is no official strict definition of a Studium generale, the term having emerged from customary usage. The following properties were common among them, and often treated as criteria:[4]
- (1) that it received students from everywhere (not merely the local district or region);
- (2) That it engaged in higher learning, i.e. that it went beyond teaching the Arts, and had at least one of the higher faculties (Theology, Law or Medicine).
- (3) that a significant part of the teaching was done by Masters (teachers with a higher degree)
- (4) that it enjoyed the privilege of jus ubique docendi, i.e. masters of that school were entitled to teach in any other school without a preliminary examination.
- (5) that its teachers and students were allowed to enjoy any clerical benefices they might have elsewhere without meeting the mandatory residency requirements prescribed by Canon Law.
- (6) that it enjoyed some degree of autonomy from local civil and diocesal authorities.
Charters issued by the Pope or Holy Roman Emperor were often needed to ensure privileges (4)-(6). The fourth condition (teaching elsewhere without examination) was originally considered by scholars of the time to be the most important criteria, with the result that the appelation "Studium generale" was customarily reserved to refer only the oldest and most prestigious schools - specifically, Salerno, Bologna and Paris and sometimes Oxford - until this oligopoly was broken by papal and imperial charters in the course of the 13th C. [4] The fifth criteria (continued benefices) was the closest there was to an "official" definition of a "Studium generale" used by the Church and academics from the 14th C. onwards, although there were some notable exceptions (e.g. neither Oxford nor Padua received this right, but they were nonetheless universally considered "Studium Generale by custom").[4]
Modern historians have tended to focus on the first three requirements (students from everywhere, at least one higher faculty, teaching by masters). This has led to contentions in making lists of Medieval universities. Some Italian universities, for instance, were quick to obtain papal charters and thus the privileges and title a "Studium Generale", but their student catchment never went much beyond the local district or had only a couple of masters engaged in teaching. Whereas other comparable schools (notably the more prestigious cathedral schools of France), might have had wider student catchment and more masters, but neglected or failed to secure the chartered privileges and thus were never referred to as "Studium generale". It is common to include the former and exclude the latter from lists of "Medieval universities", but some historians have disputed this as arbitrary and unreflective of the state of higher learning in Europe.[5]
Some historians have discarded the Studium Generale definition, and come up with their own criteria for a definition of a "university" - narrowing it by requiring, for instance, that a university have all three higher faculties (Theology, Law, Medicine) in order to be considered a "Medieval university" (very few had all three), whereas others widen it to include some of the more prestigious cathedral schools, palace schools and universities outside of Latin Europe (notably in the Greek and Islamic world).
There are also contentions on the founding dates of many universities. Using the date of acquisition of a papal and royal/imperial charter is inadequate, as the older universities, believing their status and reputations sufficient and indisputable, refused or resisted stooping to ask for an official charter for a long time. Some historians trace the founding of a university to the first date when evidence of some kind of teaching was done in that locality, even if only local and limited. Others wait until there is evidence of higher learning, a wide student catchment, the emergence of its masters teaching elsewhere or a more definitive mention of it as a "Studium generale".
List
The list is sorted by the date of recognition. At places where more than one university was established, the name of the institution is given in brackets.
12th century
| Recognized | University | Modern country |
|---|---|---|
| 12th c.[2] | Salerno[uncertain 1] | Italy |
| End of 12th c.[2] | Bologna | Italy |
| 1188[2] | Reggio EmiliaCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).
|
Italy |
13th century
| Recognized | University | Modern country |
|---|---|---|
| 1204[2] | Vicenza | Italy |
| 1208[2] | PalenciaCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).
|
Spain |
| Beginning of 13th c.[2] | Paris | France |
| Beginning of 13th c.[2] | Oxford | England |
| Beginning of 13th c.[2] | Montpellier | France |
| 1209–25[2] | Cambridge | England |
| 1215[2] | Arezzo | Italy |
| Before 1218/19[2] | Salamanca | Spain |
| 1222[2] | Padua | Italy |
| 1224[2] | Naples | Italy |
| 1228[2] | Vercelli | Italy |
| 1229[2] | Toulouse | France |
| c.1235[2] | Orléans | France |
| 1245[2] | Rome (Roman Curia) | Italy |
| 1246[2] | Siena | Italy |
| 1248[2] | PiacenzaCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).
|
Italy |
| c.1250[2] | Angers | France |
| 1254–60[2] | SevilleCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).
|
Spain |
| 1261[6] | NorthamptonCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).
|
England |
| End of 13th c.[2] | Valladolid | Spain |
| 1290[2] | Lisbon | Portugal |
| 1300[2] | Lleida | Spain |
14th century
| Recognized | University | Modern country |
|---|---|---|
| 1303[2] | Avignon | France |
| 1303[2] | Rome (Sapienza) | Italy |
| 1308[2] | Perugia | Italy |
| 1308[2] | Coimbra | Portugal |
| 1318[2] | Treviso | Italy |
| 1332[2] | Cahors Template:Fr icon | France |
| 1339[2] | Grenoble | France |
| 1339[2] | VeronaCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).
|
Italy |
| 1343[2] | Pisa | Italy |
| 1347[2] | Prague | Czech Republic |
| 1349[2] | Florence | Italy |
| 1350[2] | Perpignan | France |
| 1354[2] | Huesca Template:Es icon | Spain |
| 1361[2] | Pavia | Italy |
| 1364[2] | Cracow | Poland |
| 1365[2] | Orange | France |
| 1365[2] | Vienna | Austria |
| 1367[2] | Pécs | Hungary |
| 1369[2] | LuccaCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). Template:It icon
|
Italy |
| 1379[2] | Erfurt | Germany |
| 1385[2] | Heidelberg | Germany |
| 1388[2] | Cologne | Germany |
| 1389[2] | Budapest | Hungary |
| 1391[2] | Ferrara | Italy |
15th century
Notes
- ^ University status open to dispute
References
- ^ a b Rüegg 1992, pp. XIX–XX
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci Verger 1992, pp. 62–65
- ^ Roberts, Rodriguez & Herbst 1996, pp. 256–284
- ^ a b c Rashdall, H. (1895) The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, Vol. 1, p.8-12
- ^ Rashdall, H. (1895) The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, Vol. 2, p.4-5
- ^ Powicke 1949, p. 200f.
Sources
- Powicke, F. M.: "Ways of Medieval Life and Thought", Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 1949, ISBN 978-0-8196-0137-7
- Roberts, John; Rodriguez Cruz, Agueda M.; Herbst, Jürgen: "Exporting Models", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. II: Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800), Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-521-36106-0, pp. 256–284
- Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. XIX–XX
- Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. 35–76 (62–65)
Further reading
- Jílek, Jubor (ed.): "Historical Compendium of European Universities/Répertoire Historique des Universités Européennes", Standing Conference of Rectors, Presidents and Vice-Chancellors of the European Universities (CRE), Geneva 1984
- Rüegg, Walter (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. III: Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945), Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-36107-1
- Rüegg, Walter (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. IV: Universities Since 1945, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-36108-8