Muhammad of Ghor: Difference between revisions
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'''Rev:''' Simple rendition of recumbent bull with long snout facing left, Devnagari Legends: ' Sri Mahamada Same ' in arc.]] |
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Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori ([[Persian language|Persian]]: محمد شہاب الدین غوری), also spelled ''Mohammad Ghauri'', originally named '''Mu'izzuddin Muhammad Bin Sam''' but famously known as '''Muhammad of [[Ghor]]''' (1162-1192), was a governor and general under the [[Ghurids|Ghorid dynasty]]. He was the governor of [[Ghazni]], a province in modern-day [[Afghanistan]] from 1173 to 1192. His ethnic background is unknown |
Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori ([[Persian language|Persian]]: محمد شہاب الدین غوری), also spelled ''Mohammad Ghauri'', originally named '''Mu'izzuddin Muhammad Bin Sam''' but famously known as '''Muhammad of [[Ghor]]''' (1162-1192), was a governor and general under the [[Ghurids|Ghorid dynasty]]. He was the governor of [[Ghazni]], a province in modern-day [[Afghanistan]] from 1173 to 1192. His ethnic background is unknown.<ref>[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], "Ghurids", [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]], ([http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v10f6/v10f610.html LINK]): ''". . . The Ghurids came from the Šansabānī family. The name of the eponym Šansab/Šanasb probably derives from the Middle Persian name Wišnasp (Justi, Namenbuch, p. 282). . . . The chiefs of Ḡūr only achieve firm historical mention in the early 5th/11th century with the Ghaznavid raids into their land, when Ḡūr was still a pagan enclave. Nor do we know anything about the ethnic stock of the Ḡūrīs in general and the Šansabānīs in particular; we can only assume that they were eastern Iranian Tajiks.</ref><ref>[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: ''"... The Shansabānīs were, like the rest of the <u>Gh</u>ūrīs, of eastern Iranian [[Tajiks|Tājik]] stock. ..."''</ref> |
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== Ghori Emipre == |
== Ghori Emipre == |
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Ghor lay on the western boundary of the Ghaznavid Empire. Before 1160, the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] covered an area running from central [[Afghanistan]] to the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], with capitals at [[Ghazni]] and [[Lahore]]. In 1160, the Ghorids conquered [[Ghazni]] from the Ghaznavids, and in 1173 Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori became governor of the province. In 1186-87 |
Ghor lay on the western boundary of the Ghaznavid Empire. Before 1160, the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] covered an area running from central [[Afghanistan]] to the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], with capitals at [[Ghazni]] and [[Lahore]]. In 1160, the Ghorids conquered [[Ghazni]] from the Ghaznavids, and in 1173 Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori became governor of the province while his brother Ghiyas-ud-din Muhammad of [[Ghor]] became the Sultan of the Ghori Empire. In 1186-87 Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori conquered [[Lahore]], ending the Ghaznavid Empire and bringing the last of Ghaznavid territory under his control. As a result, He managed to push Muslim rule much further east than [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] did. |
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== Indian Conquest == |
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Muhammad attacked the north-western regions of the [[Indian Subcontinent]] two times. The first time he was defeated in the [[First Battle of Tarain]] in present-day [[Haryana]], [[India]] by [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], the [[Hindu]] [[Rajput]] ruler of [[Delhi]] and [[Ajmer]]. He defeated [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] in the [[Second battle of Tarain]] in 1192 and took him captive to back to Afghanistan where he was blinded as a punishment. Prithviraj Chauhan defeated and blinded decided to commit suicide. Sultan Muhammad Ghori spared the son of Prithviraj Chauhan, Kola, who in turn took the oath of loyalty to Ghori. |
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Muhammad attacked the north-western regions of the [[Indian Subcontinent]] twice. In [[1191]], he invaded the territory of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] of [[Ajmer]], who ruled much of present-day [[Rajasthan]] and [[Haryana]], but was defeated at [[Tarain]] in present-day [[Haryana]], by Govinda-raja of [[Delhi]], Prithviraj's vassal. The following year Ghori assembled a large army and once again invaded the Kingdom of Ajmer. The Ghori army met Prithviraj's army again at Tarain, and this time Muhammad Ghori was victorious. Govinda-raja was slain, Prithviraj captured, and Muhammad Ghori marched onwards unchallenged towards [[Ajmer]]. Rajput kingdoms like [[Saraswati]], [[Samana]], Kohram and [[Hansi]] were captured without any difficulty. Finally He advanced on Delhi, capturing it soon after. Within a year Muhammad controlled northern [[Rajasthan]] and the northern part of the Ganges-Yamuna [[Doab]]. |
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Sultan Muhammad Ghori spared the son of Prithviraj Chauhan, Kola, who in turn took the oath of loyalty to Ghori. As a prisoner in Ghor, Prithviraj was brought in chains before Sultan Muhammad Ghori, who ordered for his eyes to be burnt with red hot iron rods as a punishment and threw him in jail for the rest of his life.{{Fact|date=February 2009}} Prithviraj could not bear the disgrace of defeat and the pain of punishment, hence defeated, blinded and humiliated he lost his will to survive and committed suicide in jail. |
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After defeating Prithviraj Chauhan, Muhammad of Gaur established an empire, with its capital at Delhi. He controlled much of Northern and central India. Sultan Muhammad Ghori further expressed his intentions of promoting Islam to convert "The Land Of The Idols". |
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After defeating Prithviraj Chauhan, Muhammad of Gaur established an empire, appointing a regional governor at Delhi. He controlled much of northern and central India. Sultan Muhammad Ghori returned west to Ghazni to deal with the threat to his western frontiers from the [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] and [[Mongol]]s, but his armies, mostly under Turkish generals, continued to advance through northern India, raiding as far east as [[Bengal]].{{Fact|date=February 2009}} |
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== Aftermath == |
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The most profound effect of Ghori's victory was the establishment of [[Muslim]] rule in [[India]] which would last for centuries and have great impact on life and culture of South Asia for centuries. Sultan Muhammad Ghori further expressed his intentions of promoting Islam to convert "The Land Of The Idols"; however, he died before he could extend his conquests further. |
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== Personal Life == |
== Personal Life == |
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Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori was a loyal brother. He refrained from declaring his independence in the [[Indian Subcontinent]], knowing that it would result in civil war between the two brothers. Till the death of Ghiyas-ud-din Muhammad in 1202, After every victory Generals of Ghauri would send the best of the looted items to his elder brother in [[Afghanistan]]. Ghiyas-ud-din reciprocated by never interfering in the affairs of his younger brother. Thus they were each able to concentrate on their own responsibilities. |
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== Heirs Of Sultan == |
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Muhammad Ghori had no heirs and thus he treated his slaves as his sons. It is said that he trained thousands of [[Turkish people|Turkish]] slaves in the art of warfare and administration. Most of his slaves were given excellent education. During his reign many hardworking and intelligent slaves rose to positions of excellence. Once a courtier lamented; that [[Sultan]] has no male heirs. Ghori immediately replied; |
Muhammad Ghori had no heirs and thus he treated his slaves as his sons. It is said that he trained thousands of [[Turkish people|Turkish]] slaves in the art of warfare and administration. Most of his slaves were given excellent education. During his reign many hardworking and intelligent slaves rose to positions of excellence. Once a courtier lamented; that [[Sultan]] has no male heirs. Ghori immediately replied; |
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{{cquote|''Other monarchs may have one son, or two sons; I have thousands of sons, my Turkish slaves who will be the heirs of my dominions, and who, after me, will take care to preserve my name in the Khutba throughout these territories''.}} |
{{cquote|''Other monarchs may have one son, or two sons; I have thousands of sons, my Turkish slaves who will be the heirs of my dominions, and who, after me, will take care to preserve my name in the Khutba throughout these territories''.}} |
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Ghori's prediction proved true when he was succeeded by a dynasty of Turkish Slaves. Upon his death, [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]], Muhammad Ghori's most capable general who had started of by sacking [[Ayodhya]] in 1193 A.D., took control of Muhammad's Indian conquests and declared himself the first Sultan of Delhi thus establishing '''[[Sultanate of Delhi]]''' in [[1206]] CE. |
Ghori's prediction proved true when he was succeeded by a dynasty of Turkish Slaves. Upon his death, [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]], Muhammad Ghori's most capable general who had started of by sacking [[Ayodhya]] in 1193 A.D., took control of Muhammad's Indian conquests and declared himself the first Sultan of Delhi thus establishing '''[[Sultanate of Delhi]]''' in [[1206]] CE. |
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== Pakistan's Nuclear Missle == |
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| ⚫ | In response to [[India]]'s development of its surface to surface missile [[Prithvi missile|Prithvi]], [[Pakistan]] launched its own missile capable of carrying nuclear warheads on [[April 6]], [[1998]] called [[Ghauri (missile)|Ghauri - I]]. It was symbolically named after Sultan Muhammad Ghori, who is highly revered in [[Pakistan]] for his Muslim conquest of the Indian Subcontinent<ref>''The Geography of War and Peace: From Death Camps to Diplomats'' by Colin Robert Flint, Publ Oxford University Press US, 2005, p149</ref>. Pakistan has since developed the [[Ghauri-II|Ghauri - II]] and [[Ghauri-III|Ghauri - III]] as well. |
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== Influence in Modern Politics == |
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| ⚫ | In response to [[India]]'s development of its surface to surface missile [[Prithvi missile|Prithvi]] |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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*[[ |
*[[Ghaurids]] |
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*[[History of Pakistan]] |
*[[History of Pakistan]] |
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*[[History of Afghanistan]] |
*[[History of Afghanistan]] |
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==Notes== |
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== References and footnotes == |
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| author = John Keay |
| author = John Keay |
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| year = 2001 |
| year = 2001 |
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| isbn = 0-8021-3797-0 |
| isbn = 0-8021-3797-0 |
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* Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. [[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]]; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy: [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877] - This online Copy has been posted by: [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List]) |
* Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. [[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]]; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy: [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877] - This online Copy has been posted by: [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List]) |
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Revision as of 05:22, 23 February 2009
Obv: Rider bearing lance on caparisoned horse facing right. Devnagari Legends: Sri /hamirah'. Rev: Simple rendition of recumbent bull with long snout facing left, Devnagari Legends: ' Sri Mahamada Same ' in arc.
Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori (Persian: محمد شہاب الدین غوری), also spelled Mohammad Ghauri, originally named Mu'izzuddin Muhammad Bin Sam but famously known as Muhammad of Ghor (1162-1192), was a governor and general under the Ghorid dynasty. He was the governor of Ghazni, a province in modern-day Afghanistan from 1173 to 1192. His ethnic background is unknown.[1][2]
Ghori Emipre
Ghor lay on the western boundary of the Ghaznavid Empire. Before 1160, the Ghaznavid Empire covered an area running from central Afghanistan to the Punjab, with capitals at Ghazni and Lahore. In 1160, the Ghorids conquered Ghazni from the Ghaznavids, and in 1173 Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori became governor of the province while his brother Ghiyas-ud-din Muhammad of Ghor became the Sultan of the Ghori Empire. In 1186-87 Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori conquered Lahore, ending the Ghaznavid Empire and bringing the last of Ghaznavid territory under his control. As a result, He managed to push Muslim rule much further east than Mahmud of Ghazni did.
Indian Conquest
Muhammad attacked the north-western regions of the Indian Subcontinent twice. In 1191, he invaded the territory of Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer, who ruled much of present-day Rajasthan and Haryana, but was defeated at Tarain in present-day Haryana, by Govinda-raja of Delhi, Prithviraj's vassal. The following year Ghori assembled a large army and once again invaded the Kingdom of Ajmer. The Ghori army met Prithviraj's army again at Tarain, and this time Muhammad Ghori was victorious. Govinda-raja was slain, Prithviraj captured, and Muhammad Ghori marched onwards unchallenged towards Ajmer. Rajput kingdoms like Saraswati, Samana, Kohram and Hansi were captured without any difficulty. Finally He advanced on Delhi, capturing it soon after. Within a year Muhammad controlled northern Rajasthan and the northern part of the Ganges-Yamuna Doab.
Sultan Muhammad Ghori spared the son of Prithviraj Chauhan, Kola, who in turn took the oath of loyalty to Ghori. As a prisoner in Ghor, Prithviraj was brought in chains before Sultan Muhammad Ghori, who ordered for his eyes to be burnt with red hot iron rods as a punishment and threw him in jail for the rest of his life.[citation needed] Prithviraj could not bear the disgrace of defeat and the pain of punishment, hence defeated, blinded and humiliated he lost his will to survive and committed suicide in jail.
After defeating Prithviraj Chauhan, Muhammad of Gaur established an empire, appointing a regional governor at Delhi. He controlled much of northern and central India. Sultan Muhammad Ghori returned west to Ghazni to deal with the threat to his western frontiers from the Turks and Mongols, but his armies, mostly under Turkish generals, continued to advance through northern India, raiding as far east as Bengal.[citation needed]
Aftermath
The most profound effect of Ghori's victory was the establishment of Muslim rule in India which would last for centuries and have great impact on life and culture of South Asia for centuries. Sultan Muhammad Ghori further expressed his intentions of promoting Islam to convert "The Land Of The Idols"; however, he died before he could extend his conquests further.
Personal Life
Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori was a loyal brother. He refrained from declaring his independence in the Indian Subcontinent, knowing that it would result in civil war between the two brothers. Till the death of Ghiyas-ud-din Muhammad in 1202, After every victory Generals of Ghauri would send the best of the looted items to his elder brother in Afghanistan. Ghiyas-ud-din reciprocated by never interfering in the affairs of his younger brother. Thus they were each able to concentrate on their own responsibilities.
Heirs Of Sultan
Muhammad Ghori had no heirs and thus he treated his slaves as his sons. It is said that he trained thousands of Turkish slaves in the art of warfare and administration. Most of his slaves were given excellent education. During his reign many hardworking and intelligent slaves rose to positions of excellence. Once a courtier lamented; that Sultan has no male heirs. Ghori immediately replied;
Other monarchs may have one son, or two sons; I have thousands of sons, my Turkish slaves who will be the heirs of my dominions, and who, after me, will take care to preserve my name in the Khutba throughout these territories.
Ghori's prediction proved true when he was succeeded by a dynasty of Turkish Slaves. Upon his death, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, Muhammad Ghori's most capable general who had started of by sacking Ayodhya in 1193 A.D., took control of Muhammad's Indian conquests and declared himself the first Sultan of Delhi thus establishing Sultanate of Delhi in 1206 CE.
Pakistan's Nuclear Missle
In response to India's development of its surface to surface missile Prithvi, Pakistan launched its own missile capable of carrying nuclear warheads on April 6, 1998 called Ghauri - I. It was symbolically named after Sultan Muhammad Ghori, who is highly revered in Pakistan for his Muslim conquest of the Indian Subcontinent[3]. Pakistan has since developed the Ghauri - II and Ghauri - III as well.
See also
Notes
- ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, (LINK): ". . . The Ghurids came from the Šansabānī family. The name of the eponym Šansab/Šanasb probably derives from the Middle Persian name Wišnasp (Justi, Namenbuch, p. 282). . . . The chiefs of Ḡūr only achieve firm historical mention in the early 5th/11th century with the Ghaznavid raids into their land, when Ḡūr was still a pagan enclave. Nor do we know anything about the ethnic stock of the Ḡūrīs in general and the Šansabānīs in particular; we can only assume that they were eastern Iranian Tajiks.
- ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: "... The Shansabānīs were, like the rest of the Ghūrīs, of eastern Iranian Tājik stock. ..."
- ^ The Geography of War and Peace: From Death Camps to Diplomats by Colin Robert Flint, Publ Oxford University Press US, 2005, p149
Further reading
- John Keay (2001). India: A history. Grove Press; 1 Grove Pr edition. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy: The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877 - This online Copy has been posted by: The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List)