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2011 Norway attacks

Coordinates: 59°54′54″N 10°44′48″E / 59.9149776°N 10.746544°E / 59.9149776; 10.746544 (2011 Oslo explosion)
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2011 Norway terrorist attacks
View soon after the explosion in Oslo
2011 Norway attacks is located in Buskerud
Utøya
Utøya
Oslo
Oslo
2011 Norway attacks (Buskerud)
Locations of the incidents in the Oslo and Buskerud counties of Norway
LocationOslo and Utøya, Norway
Coordinates59°54′54″N 10°44′48″E / 59.9149776°N 10.746544°E / 59.9149776; 10.746544 (2011 Oslo explosion)
Date22 July 2011 (2011-07-22)
15:25[1] (CEST)
TargetNorway Labour Party[2]
Attack type
Bombing
Shooting spree
Political terrorism
WeaponsCar bomb (ANFO)
Ruger Mini-14 Carbine
Glock 17 pistol
Deaths8 (Oslo)[3]
68 (Utøya)[3] Total: 76
Injured30 (Oslo)
66 (Utøya)[4][5] Total: 96
PerpetratorsAnders Behring Breivik

The 2011 Norway attacks were two sequential terrorist[citation needed] attacks against the civilian population, the government, and a political summer camp in Norway on 22 July 2011. The first was a car bomb explosion in Regjeringskvartalet, the executive government quarter of Oslo, at 15:25:19 (CEST),[6] outside the office of Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and other government buildings.[7] The explosion killed eight people and wounded several others, with more than 10 people critically injured.

The second attack occurred less than two hours later at a youth camp organized by the youth organization (AUF) of the Norwegian Labour Party (AP) on the island of Utøya in Tyrifjorden, Buskerud. A gunman disguised as a policeman opened fire at the participants, killing 68 attendees,[3][8][9] including personal friends of Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and the stepbrother of Norway's crown princess Mette-Marit.[10] The Norwegian Police Service arrested Anders Behring Breivik, a 32-year-old Norwegian right-wing extremist,[11] for the mass shootings in Utøya[12] and subsequently charged him with both attacks.[13] The European Union, NATO and several countries around the world expressed their support for Norway and condemned the attacks.

Preparation for the attacks

Breivik had participated for years in debates in Internet forums and spoke against Islam and immigration.[14] He was preparing for the attacks from at least as early as 2009, though he concealed his violent intentions.[15][16][17]

Failed attempt to buy weapons in Prague

Breivik spent six days in Prague in late August and early September 2010. He chose the Czech Republic because the country has some of the most relaxed laws regarding guns and drugs in Europe. Following his Internet inquiry, Breivik noted that "Prague is known for maybe being the most important transit site point for illicit drugs and weapons in Europe". Despite the fact that Prague has one of the lowest crime rates[18] among European capitals, Breivik observed that he was not looking forward to his trip to the Central European capital, because he has "heard that there are very brutal and cynical criminals".[19]

He hollowed out the rear seats of his Hyundai Atos in order to have enough space for the firearms he hoped to buy. After two days, he got a prospectus for a mineral extraction business printed, which was supposed to give him an alibi in case someone suspected him of preparing a terrorist attack.[19] He wanted to buy an AK-47 assault rifle (this firearm is however not very common in the country, unlike the Vz. 58[20]), a Glock pistol, hand-grenades and a rocket-propelled grenade, stating that getting the latter two would be a "bonus".[17][19]

Breivik had paid for prostitutes in Prague[19] and had several fake police badges printed to wear with a police uniform, which he had acquired illegally on the Internet, and which he later wore during the attack.[21] Contrary to his expectations, he was completely unable to get any firearms in the Czech Republic, commenting that it was the "first major setback in [his] operation". In the end, he concluded that Prague was "far from a ideal city to buy guns" and nothing like "what the BBC reported", and that he had felt "safer in Prague than in Oslo".[17][19][22]

Arming in Norway and through the Internet

Originally, Breivik intended to try to obtain weapons in Berlin or Serbia if his mission in Prague failed. The Czech disappointment, however, led him to procure his weapons through legal channels.[22] He decided to obtain a semi-automatic rifle and a Glock pistol legally in Norway, noting that he had had a "clean criminal record, hunting license, and a pump action shotgun Benelli Nova already for seven years", and that obtaining the guns legally should therefore not be a problem.[17]

Upon returning to Norway, Breivik obtained a legal permit for a Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic carbine, ostensibly for the purpose of hunting deer. He bought it in late 2010 for €1,400. In his manifesto he said he was going to use soft-point rifle bullets, injected with 99% pure liquid nicotine, to make them even more lethal. Forensics tests to determine whether nicotine was used are underway.[23]

Getting a permit for the pistol proved more difficult, as he had to demonstrate regular attendance at a sport shooting club.[19] He also bought 10 30-round magazines from a US supplier. From November 2010 to January 2011 he went through 15 training sessions at the Oslo Pistol Club, and by mid-January his application to purchase a Glock pistol was approved.[24][25]

Breivik claimed in his manifesto that he bought 300 g of sodium nitrite from a Polish shop for €10 in December 2010, in order to make a bomb fuse.[26] In March 2011,[27] he legally bought 100 kg of chemicals from a small internet-based Wrocław company. The Polish ABW interviewed the company owner on 24 July 2011.[26] Breivik's Polish purchases initially led to him being put on the watch list of the Norwegian intelligence, which did not act because they did not believe it was relevant.[28]

Following his encounter with prostitutes in Prague, Breivik had decided to save €2,000 for obtaining a "luxury prostitute" before the attacks, which was supposed to help him with morale and motivation. He had also planned a last martyr service in Frogner Church before the attack.[19]

According to his manifesto, Breivik ordered the fertiliser for making explosives on 27 April 2011.[29] He started making the explosives in early May, noting how ironic it was that he lived near the largest army compound in the country, and that "borrowing" explosives from the army would "save him a lot of trouble". On 13 June 2011, he made the first experimental explosion at an unspecified desolate location. On 15 July he rented a car; on 18 July he rigged a car with explosives. His last note from 22 July stated that he had enough material for at least 20 explosions.[30]

Oslo bombing

Placement of the car bomb near the entrance of the main governement building (the H block.) The R block houses the Ministries of Petroleum and Energy; Trade and Industry. S block: Ministry of Health and Care Services
Main article: Timeline of the 2011 Norway attacks

On 22 July 2011 at 15:25:19[6] (CEST) a bomb placed in a Volkswagen Crafter[31] was detonated in the parking lot in front of the H-blokka[32] in Regjeringskvartalet, downtown Oslo, near the offices of the Prime Minister of Norway (H-blokka) and several other governmental buildings, such as the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (R4) and Ministry of Finance.[1][33]

The explosion started fires in H-blokka and R4, and the shock wave blew out the windows on all floors as well as in the VG house and other buildings on the other side of the square.[31] The streets in the area were filled with glass and debris following the explosion. The wreckage of a car was sighted near one of the affected buildings. A cloud of white smoke was reported as a fire continued to burn at the Ministry of Petroleum. The blast was heard at least 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) away.[33]

At 15:26 the police received the first message about the explosion,[31] and at 15:28 the first police patrol reported that it had arrived at the scene.[31] At the same time, news agency NTB was told that the Prime Minister was unhurt and safe.[31]

Following the explosion, police cleared the area and searched for any additional explosive devices.[34] Through media outlets, police urged citizens to evacuate central Oslo.[35]

Police later announced that the bomb was composed of a mixture of fertiliser and fuel oil (ANFO), similar to that used in the Oklahoma City bombing.[36][37]

Casualties

The building housing the Office of the Prime Minister and Ministry of Justice and the Police with blown-out windows shortly after the explosion.

Eight people were killed in the explosion,[38] with eleven seriously wounded,[39] and fifteen suffering minor injuries.[40][41] A doctor at the Oslo University Hospital said the hospital staff were treating head, chest and abdominal wounds.[42]

Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg was at his official residence near the Royal Palace, preparing the speech he was scheduled to give at Utøya the next day.[43] Norway’s finance minister, Sigbjørn Johnsen, was on holiday in Denmark at the time.[44]

Fewer people than usual were in the area because the bombing took place during July, the usual vacation month for Norwegians,[45] which may have averted a higher death toll.

Impact on transportation

Immediately after the explosion, the area surrounding the damaged buildings was cordoned off and evacuated. People were asked to remain calm and leave the city center if possible, but there was no general evacuation. The subway system remained operational, and most of the tram network was also running except for the line through Grensen (the street between Prof. Aschehoug's plass and Stortorvet).[46] Buses also continued to run, although at least one articulated bus on the #37 line, which stops outside the Ministry of Finance, was commandeered to evacuate the walking wounded.

An e-mail communication with the BBC from a traveller indicated that police were conducting searches in cars on the road to Oslo Airport, Gardermoen,[47] which remained open.[48][49]

The Gardermoen Line between Lillestrøm and Oslo Airport was shut down after a suspicious package was found close to the tracks.[50] The same happened at the offices of TV 2 which were evacuated after a suspicious package was found outside the building.[51]

Utøya massacre

Attack

Approximately one and a half hours after the Oslo explosion,[38] a man wearing a police uniform, confirmed to be Anders Behring Breivik,[52] boarded a ferry at Tyrifjorden, a lake some 40 kilometres (25 miles) northwest of Oslo, to the island of Utøya,[53] the location of the Norwegian Labour Party's annual AUF youth summer camp, which is organised there every summer[54] and which was attended by approximately 600 teenagers.[55]

Former prime minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, whom Breivik said he hated and referred to in his writings as "the murderer of the nation",[56] had been on the island earlier in the day to give a speech to the camp. After the attack Breivik stated that he originally wanted to target her especially; but because of delays related to the ongoing renovation of Oslo Central railway station, she was already gone when the shooting started.[57][58]

When Breivik arrived on the island, he presented himself as a police officer who had come over for a routine check following the bombing event in Oslo. He signalled and asked people to gather around him[59] before pulling weapons and ammunition from a bag and indiscriminately firing his weapons,[60][61][62] killing and wounding numerous people. He first shot people on the island and later started shooting at people who were trying to escape by swimming across the lake.[63] Survivors on the island described a scene of terror.[60] In one example, 21-year-old survivor Dana Berzingi described how several victims wounded by Breivik pretended to be dead to survive; but he later came by to shoot them again in the head with a shotgun.[60] He did relent in his executions on two occasions: First, when an 11-year-old boy who had just lost his father during the shooting, stood up against him and said he was too young to die; and later, when a 22-year-old male begged for his life.[64]

A spokesman for the National Police Directorate under the Ministry of Justice and the Police reported that most of the casualties were youths about 15 or 16 years old.[65] Trond Berntsen, an off-duty, unarmed police officer and step-brother of Norway's crown princess Mette-Marit, was among the dead.[10] Some witnesses on the island were reported to have hidden in the undergrowth, and in lavatories, communicating by text message to avoid giving their positions away to the gunman.[66] The mass shooting reportedly lasted for around an hour and a half, ending when a police special task force arrived and the gunman surrendered, despite having ammunition left, at 18:35.[67] It is also reported that the shooter used hollow-point[68] or frangible bullets[69] (dum-dums[70]) which increase tissue damage.[69]

Local residents in a flotilla of little motorboats and fishing dinghies sailed out to rescue the survivors who were pulled out shivering and bleeding from the water and picked up from hiding places in the bushes and behind rocks around the island's shoreline. Some survived by pretending to be dead.[71] 47 of the campers sought refuge in Skolestua ("the School House") together with personnel from the Norwegian People's Aid. Although Breivik shot two bullets through the door, he did not get through the locked door, and the people inside this building survived.[72][73]

Rescue and emergency response

Initially, as the besieged people from Utøya tried to call the emergency services, they were told to keep off the line unless they were calling about the Oslo bomb.[74][75]

The first person to arrive on the scene was Marcel Gleffe, a German resident of Ski vacationing at a holiday camp on the mainland. Recognizing gunshots, he piloted his boat to the island and began throwing lifejackets to young people in the water, rescuing as many as he could in four or five trips, after which the police asked him to stop. The Daily Telegraph credited him with saving up to 30 lives.[76]

At 17:27 the local police district learned about the shooting, and two minutes later the police in Oslo were informed.[31] By 17:38, the Norwegian central anti-terrorist unit Beredskapstroppen was dispatched to Utøya from their headquarters in Oslo.[31] However special forces in Oslo did not have an operative helicopter available that could take them straight to the island. The only helicopter available to the Oslo-based unit was a military one parked 60 km south of the capital at Moss Airport in Rygge, and thus the special unit had to reach the location by cars.[77] They reached the ferry crossing at 18:09, but had to wait a few minutes for a boat to take them across. They reached Utøya at 18:25. Within two minutes of police arriving the gunman surrendered.[31]

When the police arrived at the scene, they were met by survivors begging the officers to throw away their weapons, as they were afraid that the men in uniforms would again open fire on them.[78]

Shortage of transport capacity

The Norwegian police does not have any helicopters that are suitable for transporting groups of police for an airdrop; the one they have is useful only for surveillance. When helicopter transport is needed, the Norwegian police have to rely on assistance from the military. The lack of full transport capacity for the anti-terrorism unit has long been criticized by some within the police force. When at the shore, the police could not find a suitable boat to reach the island. The boat they finally located almost sank because their equipment was so heavy; they had to continuously bail out water as they made the crossing.[77]

All the crews of the police surveillance helicopter were on vacation. [79]

Suspect

Main article: Anders Behring Breivik

Public broadcaster NRK and several other Norwegian media outlets identified the suspected attacker as Anders Behring Breivik. He was arrested in Utøya for the shootings and also linked to the Oslo bombings.[80][81][82] He has been charged with terrorism for both attacks.[13] According to his attorney, Breivik has acknowledged that he is responsible for both the bomb and the shooting during interrogation but denies culpability, as he asserts that his actions were “atrocious but necessary”.[83] At his initial arraignment on 25 July, Breivik was remanded into custody for eight weeks, the first half to be in solitary confinement.[84] Breivik wanted to have an open hearing, and attend it wearing a uniform of his own design, but both requests were denied by the presiding judge.[85]

Political and religious views

File:Anders Behring Breivik in diving suit with gun (self portrait).jpg
Breivik posing in a compression garment in a photo released six hours before the attacks. The insignia on his left shoulder reads: "Marxist Hunter - Norway - Multiculti traitor hunting permit".[86]

Breivik's militantly far-right ideology is outlined in an online 1,518-page manifesto 2083 – A European Declaration of Independence, posted on the day of the attacks under the anglicised pseudonym Andrew Berwick.[87][88] His ultranationalist manifesto lays out his xenophobic worldview, which contains an array of political concepts; including support for varying degrees of cultural conservatism, right-wing populism, anti-Islamization and Serbian paramilitarism;[89][90] while arguing for the violent annihilation of Islam, "cultural Marxism", and multiculturalism, to preserve a Christianized Europe.[8][16][90][91][92][93]

Among other things, in the manifesto he identified the Beneš Decrees, which facilitated the Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after the Second World War, as an example for committing that act on European Muslims.[94] He demands the gradual deportation of all Muslims from Europe from 2011 to 2083.[95]

Breivik's writings mention the anti-Islam English Defense League, describing their 'noble intentions', while dismissing them as 'naïve fools' because in his words the EDL 'harshly condemns any and all revolutionary conservative movements that employ terror as a tool'. Breivik wrote that he had contact with members of the EDL, and that a Norwegian version of the group, was 'in the process of gaining strength'.[96][97][98][99]

After being apprehended, Breivik was characterized by officials as being a right-wing extremist and an Islamophobe.[8] Breivik is described by the newspaper Verdens Gang as considering himself a conservative nationalist.[82] According to The Australian, Breivik was highly critical of Muslim immigration into Christian societies, is pro-Israel and an admirer of the US Tea Party movement.[100] Deputy police chief Roger Andresen initially told reporters that "We have no more information than... what has been found on [his] own websites, which is that it goes towards the right and that it is, so to speak, Christian fundamentalist."[13][101][102] Subsequently, others have disputed Andresen's characterization of Breivik as a Christian fundamentalist.[103][104][105] According to the International Business Times, in his manifesto, he "did not see himself as religious", but he did identify as a cultural Christian and wrote about the differences between cultural and religious Christians, but stressed that both were Christians, and shared the same identity and goals.[106] He has written many posts on the far-right[107] website document.no.[108] He attended meetings of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the Document.no website.[109] He is a former member of the Progress Party (FrP) and its youth wing FpU. According to the current FpU leader Ove Vanebo, Breivik was active early in the 2000s, but he left the party as his viewpoints became more extreme.[110]

In his online Youtube video, he expressed admiration of several historic crusader leaders such as Charles Martel, Richard Lionheart, El Cid, Vlad III the Impaler, Jacques de Molay, Tsar Nicholas and John III Sobieski.[111] A recently created social media website bearing Breivik's name and picture but of unknown authorship refers to him as an admirer of Winston Churchill and Max Manus,[112][113] and also of Dutch politician Geert Wilders, whose anti-Islam political party, the Party for Freedom, he describes as "the only true party of conservatives".[114]

Attorney

The police initially kept the choice of counsel secret after request from the attorney. Attorney Geir Lippestad elected to act on behalf of Breivik's defense, confirming to the Dagbladet newspaper that Breivik had requested him personally.[115] Lippestad said "I thought carefully about it. Everyone is entitled to a lawyer, even in a case like this, and I decided to accept."[83]

Possible accomplices

Several witnesses at the youth camp expressed doubt that there was only one shooter.[116] The police have received descriptions of a second gunman, and are currently working to confirm or deny the accuracy of this new information. Due to the uncertainty surrounding these witness descriptions and the chaotic nature of the events, the police have, as a matter of precaution, yet to make an official comment on the matter.[117][118] Breivik has claimed that he acted alone and that he had no accomplices.[119] On 24 July, six more people were arrested in Oslo in connection with the attacks and then released as they are said to be no longer suspected of involvement.[120]

Casualties

At approximately 03:50 (CEST) on 23 July 2011, NRK and TV2, the two primary Norwegian television networks, broadcast a live press conference from the Sentrum politistasjon in Oslo where Norway's National Police Commissioner Øystein Mæland stated the number of fatalities at Utøya to have reached "at least 80" with the count expected to increase.[1][121][122][123]

On 25 July 2011, a police spokesperson revealed that the death toll of the victims on Utøya had been revised downwards to 68 after the casualties had been counted on their return to the mainland.[124] They added that the number of people missing was still high and that the number of casualties could be as high as 86.

On 26 July 2011, the Norwegian police began releasing the names and dates of birth of the victims on their website. As work progresses, the list is updated at 18:00 CEST every day once the bereaved have been notified and have consented to publication. As of 28 July, a total of 44 names have been published. [125]

On 28 July 2011, the Norwegian police announced that the search for victims would end as the last shooting victim had been found.[126]

Reactions

Flowers laid in front of Oslo Cathedral, 25 July 2011

Domestic

At a press conference on the morning after the attacks, Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and Justice Minister Knut Storberget addressed the country. Stoltenberg called the attack a "national tragedy" and the worst atrocity in Norway since World War II. Stoltenberg further vowed that the attack would not hurt Norwegian democracy, and said the proper answer to the violence was "more democracy, more openness, but not naivety".[127] In his speech at the memorial service on 24 July 2011, he returned to the subject of what would be a proper reaction in saying: "No one has said it better than the AUF girl who was interviewed by CNN: 'If one man can show so much hate, think how much love we could show, standing together.'"[128][129] The girl in question is Stine Renate Håheim, who was interviewed by CNN's Richard Quest on 23 July 2011.[130]

Eskil Pedersen of the Workers' Youth League vowed to "return to Utøya" and urged Norway to continue its tradition of openness and tolerance.[131]

King Harald sent his condolences to the victims and their families, and urged unity.[132]

The seven political parties in the Norwegian Parliament agreed to postpone the electoral campaign for the local elections, which will be held in September, until mid-August.[133] The leaders of all major Norwegian parties expressed shock and grief and sent condolences in public statements.[134][135][136][137][138][139][140]

Flower march in Sentrum, Oslo, on 25 July 2011 in the aftermath of the attacks. An estimated 200,000 attended the flower march.

On 25 July 2011, at noon (CEST), each of the Nordic countries held a one-minute silence to dignify the victims of the two attacks.[141] In Oslo, a city of approximately 600,000 inhabitants, an estimated 200,000 people attended a "flower march".[142][143][144]

The Norwegian media reported great local anger in Norway against Fox News and the American commentator Glenn Beck for their coverage of the attacks.[145] Beck's comparison of the AUF to the Hitler Youth[146] created particular anger, leading Professor Frank Aarebrot to call Beck a "fascist" and "swine".[147]

International

Main article: International reactions to the 2011 Norway attacks

The European Union, NATO, and governments around the world expressed their condemnation of the attacks, condolences, and solidarity with Norway. However, there have also been reports of European politicians giving support to the killings or excusing them as a result of multi-culturalism. Interviewed on a popular radio show, the Italian politician Francesco Speroni, a leading member of the Lega Nord, the junior partner in Berlusconi's conservative coalition, said: "Breivik's ideas are in defence of western civilisation."[148] When interviewed by the Finnish press, Finnish member of parliament James Hirvisaari, of the right-wing True Finns party, condemned the killings but then argued that it was a "side effect" of Norwegian immigration policy.[149]

Effects

In the days following the attacks, youth organisations of all political parties noticed a significant increase in political interest from youth. The Norwegian Young Conservatives received forty new members by Tuesday, compared to just two the entire previous week, and the Progress Party's Youth got at least thirty new members. The Workers' Youth League (AUF) also got a "significant number" of new members, while its general secretary Tonje Brenna expressed her delight in the increased political activity among youth, regardless of which party they chose. This increase in political activity was seen in the context of youth wanting to reject the violence and not let the actions of Breivik influence youth activity, by engaging themselves more in democratic political activity.[150]

See also

References

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  129. ^ "Address by Prime Minister in Oslo Cathedral". Norwegian government. 24 July 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011. No one has said it better than the Labour Youth League girl who was interviewed by CNN: If one man can create that much hate, you can only imagine how much love we as a togetherness can create.
  130. ^ "Norway Island survivor: CNN's Richard Quest talks to Stine Renate Haheim". CNN. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011. If one man can create that much hate, you can only imagine how much love we as a togetherness can create.
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  134. ^ "- En nasjonal tragedie" (in Norwegian). Conservative Party.
  135. ^ "- En nasjonal tragedie" (in Norwegian). Progress Party.
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  145. ^ Nordmenn provosert av Fox News' terrordekning, Aftenposten 26.07.11
  146. ^ Norway shooting: Glenn Beck compares dead teenagers to Hitler youth, The Telegraph, 25 Jul 2011
  147. ^ Glenn Beck sammenligner AUF med Hitlerjugend, Bergens Tidende, 26.07.2011
  148. ^ Ex-Berlusconi minister defends Anders Behring Breivik
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