2014–15 Perth Glory FC season

Perth Glory
2014–15 season
	Perth Glory training prior to a home game in 2015
Chairman	Tony Sage
Manager	Kenny Lowe
Stadium	nib Stadium, Perth
A-League	7th
A-League Finals Series	Disqualified
FFA Cup	Runners-up
Top goalscorer	League: Andy Keogh (12); All: Andy Keogh (17)
Highest home attendance	12,271 vs Melbourne Victory; 25 January 2015
Lowest home attendance	5,821 vs Melbourne City; 19 April 2015
Home colours	Away colours
	← 2013–14 2015–16 →

The 2014–15 Perth Glory FC season was the club's 18th season since its establishment in 1996. They participated in the A-League for the 10th time and the FFA Cup for the first time.

Players[edit]

Squad information[edit]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


No.	Pos.	Nation	Player
1	GK	AUS	Danny Vukovic
4	DF	AUS	Riley Woodcock
5	MF	AUS	Rostyn Griffiths
6	DF	AUS	Dino Djulbic
7	MF	NED	Youssouf Hersi
8	MF	AUS	Ruben Zadkovich
9	FW	IRL	Andy Keogh
10	MF	SRB	Nebojša Marinković
11	MF	AUS	Richard Garcia
13	MF	AUS	Diogo Ferreira
14	FW	AUS	Chris Harold
15	FW	AUS	Jamie Maclaren


No.	Pos.	Nation	Player
16	FW	BRA	Sidnei
18	GK	AUS	Jack Duncan
19	DF	AUS	Josh Risdon
20	MF	AUS	Daniel De Silva (on loan from Roma)
21	DF	AUS	Scott Jamieson
23	DF	AUS	Michael Thwaite (Captain)
25	MF	AUS	Mitchell Oxborrow (Youth)
27	MF	GER	Dragan Paljić
28	DF	SVN	Denis Kramar (on loan from Getafe B)
30	GK	AUS	Jordan Thurtell
31	MF	AUS	Jacob Collard (Youth)

Transfers in[edit]

No.	Pos.	Name	Age	Moving from	Type	Transfer window	Ends	Transfer fee	Source
1	GK	Danny Vukovic	29	Vegalta Sendai	End of loan	Pre-season	2016	Free	perthglory.com.au
7	MF	Youssouf Hersi	31	Western Sydney Wanderers	Transfer	Pre-season	2016	Free	perthglory.com.au
6	DF	Dino Djulbic	31	Al Wahda	Transfer	Pre-season	2016	Free	perthglory.com.au
9	FW	Andy Keogh	28	Millwall	Transfer	Pre-season	2017		footballaustralia.com.au
17	MF	Mitch Nichols	25	Cerezo Osaka	Loan	Pre-season	2015	Free	footballaustralia.com.au
30	GK	Jordan Thurtell	17	FFA Centre of Excellence	Transfer	Pre-season	2016	Free	footballaustralia.com.au
13	MF	Diogo Ferreira	24	Brisbane Roar	Transfer	Pre-season	2016	Free	perthglory.com.au
8	MF	Ruben Zadkovich	28	Newcastle Jets	Transfer	Pre-season	2016	Free	perthglory.com.au
11	MF	Richard Garcia	32	Minnesota United FC	Transfer	Pre-season	2016	Free	perthglory.com.au
25	MF	Mitchell Oxborrow	19	Newcastle Jets	Transfer	Pre-season	2015	Free	perthglory.com.au
27	MF	Dragan Paljić	31	Heracles	Injury Replacement	Mid-season	2015		a-league.com.au
28	DF	Denis Kramar	23	Getafe B	Loan	Mid-season	2015		a-league.com.au

Transfers out[edit]

N	Pos.	Name	Age	Moving to	Type	Transfer window	Transfer fee	Source
7	MF	Jacob Burns	36		Retired	Pre-season		footballaustralia.com.au
13	MF	Travis Dodd	34		Retired	Pre-season		footballaustralia.com.au
14	MF	Steven McGarry	34		Retired	Pre-season		au.news.yahoo.com/thewest
4	MF	Ryan Edwards	20	Reading	End of loan	Pre-season	Free	footballaustralia.com.au
28	FW	Darvydas Šernas	29	Gaziantepspor	End of loan	Pre-season	Free	footballaustralia.com.au
11	MF	Adrian Zahra	23	Valletta	End of contract	Pre-season	Free	footballaustralia.com.au
9	FW	Shane Smeltz	32	Sydney FC	Transfer	Pre-season	Free	footballaustralia.com.au
2	DF	Jack Clisby	22	Melbourne City	Transfer	Mid-season	Free	melbournecityfc.com.au
3	DF	Brandon O'Neill	20		Released	Mid-season		a-league.com.au
26	MF	Harry O'Brien	20		Released	Mid-season		perthglory.com.au
24	DF	Matthew Davies	20	Pahang	Released	Mid-season		perthglory.com.au
17	MF	Mitch Nichols	25	Cerezo Osaka	Loan terminated	Mid-season		a-league.com.au
22	MF	Cameron Edwards	23	Putrajaya SPA	Released	Mid-season		news.com.au

Technical staff[edit]

Position	Name
Manager	Kenny Lowe
Assistant manager	Andrew Ord
Youth Team Manager	Gareth Naven
Goalkeeping coach	Danny Milosevic
Strength & Conditioning Coach	Warren Andrews
Physiotherapist	Chris Hutchinson

Statistics[edit]

Squad statistics[edit]

N	Pos.	Nat.	Name	Total					A-League					FFA Cup
N	Pos.	Nat.	Name	Apps	Goals				Apps	Goals				Apps	Goals
1	GK		Danny Vukovic	32	0	0	0	0	27	0	0	0	0	5	0	0	0	0
4	DF		Riley Woodcock	1	0	0	0	0	0+1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
5	MF		Rostyn Griffiths	29	3	9	0	0	24+1	3	8	0	0	4	0	1	0	0
6	DF		Dino Djulbic	31	3	4	0	1	26	3	3	0	1	5	0	1	0	0
7	MF		Youssouf Hersi	11	0	1	0	0	7+1	0	0	0	0	3	0	1	0	0
8	MF		Ruben Zadkovich	15	1	4	0	1	8+5	1	4	0	1	1+1	0	0	0	0
9	FW		Andy Keogh	32	17	3	0	0	27	12	3	0	0	5	5	0	0	0
10	MF		Nebojša Marinković	30	10	4	0	0	22+3	5	4	0	0	4+1	5	0	0	0
11	MF		Richard Garcia	30	2	5	0	0	20+5	2	4	0	0	5	0	1	0	0
13	MF		Diogo Ferreira	10	0	1	0	0	2+5	0	0	0	0	2+1	0	1	0	0
14	FW		Chris Harold	19	4	1	0	0	9+8	3	1	0	0	0+2	1	0	0	0
15	FW		Jamie Maclaren	23	10	1	0	0	7+13	9	1	0	0	1+2	1	0	0	0
16	FW		Sidnei	12	1	2	0	0	6+4	1	2	0	0	1+1	0	0	0	0
18	GK		Jack Duncan	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
19	DF		Josh Risdon	30	1	4	1	0	25	1	4	0	0	4+1	0	0	1	0
20	MF		Daniel De Silva	21	4	1	0	0	13+5	3	1	0	0	2+1	1	0	0	0
21	DF		Scott Jamieson	30	1	4	0	0	24+2	1	4	0	0	4	0	0	0	0
23	DF		Michael Thwaite	31	0	5	0	0	27	0	5	0	0	4	0	0	0	0
25	MF		Mitchell Oxborrow	2	0	1	0	0	2	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
27	MF		Dragan Paljić	12	0	1	0	0	6+6	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
28	DF		Denis Kramar	6	1	2	1	0	4+2	1	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
30	GK		Jordan Thurtell	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
31	MF		Jacob Collard	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Players no longer at the club:
2	DF		Jack Clisby	7	0	2	0	0	1+4	0	0	0	0	2	0	2	0	0
3	DF		Brandon O'Neill	5	0	0	0	0	0+3	0	0	0	0	0+2	0	0	0	0
17	MF		Mitch Nichols	17	0	3	1	0	10+4	0	2	1	0	3	0	1	0	0
22	MF		Cameron Edwards	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
24	DF		Matthew Davies	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
26	MF		Harry O'Brien	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Last updated: 25 April 2015
Source: au.soccerway.com
= Number of bookings; = Number of sending offs after a second yellow card; = Number of sending offs by a direct red card.

Pre-season and friendlies[edit]

15 July 2014 Kramer Memorial Cup	Inglewood United	1–1 (4–3 p)	Perth Glory	Perth, Australia
18:30 AWST (UTC+08:00)	Clarke 11'	Report	Keogh 28'	Stadium: Intiga Stadium

20 July 2014	Adelaide United	1–0	Perth Glory	Sydney, Australia
14:30 AWST (UTC+08:00)	Boogaard 72'	Report		Stadium: Belmore Sports Ground

27 July 2014 LFP World Challenge	Perth Glory	1–1	Málaga	Perth, Australia
15:00 AWST (UTC+08:00)	Keogh 56'	Report	Horta 31'	Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 9,000 Referee: Alan Milliner

13 August 2014 Call to Arms Cup	Perth Glory	1–2	WA State Team	Perth, Australia
19:00 AWST (UTC+08:00)	Sidnei 85'	Report	Solomons 71' Boi 84'	Stadium: Dalmatinac Park Attendance: 800 Referee: Adam Fielding

17 August 2014	Gosnells City	0–6	Perth Glory	Perth, Australia
15:00 AWST (UTC+08:00)			Chris Harold ?', ?', ?' De Silva ?' Maclaren ?' D. Ferreira ?' (pen.)	Stadium: Walter Padbury Reserve

27 August 2014	Cockburn City	0–3	Perth Glory	Perth, Australia
19:00 AWST (UTC+08:00)			Keogh 45' (pen.), 55' O'Neill 80'	Stadium: Dalmatinac Park Referee: David Bruce

31 August 2014	Rockingham City	0–10	Perth Glory	Perth, Australia
15:00 AWST (UTC+08:00)			Maclaren 5', 20', 23' Harold 12', 15', 30', 36' Nichols 41' Sam 70' Clarke 80'	Stadium: Lark Hill

4 September 2014	Adelaide United	1–1	Perth Glory	Adelaide, Australia
15:00 ACST (UTC+09:30)	Cirio 32'	Report	Thwaite 38'	Stadium: Coopers Stadium Attendance: 0 (Behind closed doors) Referee: Rick Schneider

7 September 2014	Melbourne Victory	3–0	Perth Glory	Melbourne, Australia
14:00 AEST (UTC+10:00)	Finkler 35' Berisha 69', 75' (pen.)	Report		Stadium: AAMI Park Attendance: 0 (Behind closed doors) Referee: Shaun Evans

20 September 2014 Todd Harnwell's Testimonial	Sorrento	1–5	Perth Glory	Perth, Australia
14:00 AWST (UTC+08:00)	Vittiglia 80'		Edwards 5' Harold 10', 22' Knowles 82' Collard 85'	Stadium: Percy Doyle Reserve Referee: Mathew Cheeseman

26 September 2014	Melbourne City	2–1	Perth Glory	Melbourne, Australia
	Koren 15' (pen.) Dugandzic 62'	Report	Maclaren 88'	Stadium: AAMI Park Attendance: 0 (Behind closed doors)

Competitions[edit]

Overall[edit]

Competition	Started round	Final position / round	First match	Last match
A-League	—	7th^{[nb 1]}	12 October 2014	25 April 2015
FFA Cup	Round of 32	Runners-up	5 August 2014	16 December 2014

A-League[edit]

League table[edit]

Pos	Team v t e	Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	Pts	Qualification
1	Melbourne Victory (C)	27	15	8	4	56	31	+25	53	Qualification for 2016 AFC Champions League group stage and Finals series
2	Sydney FC	27	14	8	5	52	35	+17	50
3	Adelaide United	27	14	4	9	47	32	+15	46	Qualification for 2016 AFC Champions League qualifying play-off and Finals series
4	Wellington Phoenix^[a]	27	14	4	9	45	35	+10	46	Qualification for Finals series
5	Melbourne City	27	9	8	10	36	41	−5	35
6	Brisbane Roar	27	10	4	13	42	43	−1	34
7	Perth Glory^[b]	27	14	8	5	45	35	+10	50
8	Central Coast Mariners	27	5	8	14	26	50	−24	23
9	Western Sydney Wanderers	27	4	6	17	29	44	−15	18
10	Newcastle Jets	27	3	8	16	23	55	−32	17

Source: A-League
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions
Notes:

^ Wellington Phoenix cannot qualify for the AFC Champions League as they are not recognised as an AFC club.
^ Perth Glory disqualified from the Finals series and given a compulsory 7th-place finish due to salary cap violations.^[2]

Results summary[edit]


Overall								Home						Away
Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	Pts	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD
27	14	8	5	45	35	+10	50	8	2	4	29	24	+5	6	6	1	16	11	+5

Last updated: 25 April 2015.
Source: ultimatealeague.com

Results by round[edit]

Round	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27
Ground	A	H	A	H	A	H	H	A	A	H	H	A	A	H	H	H	A	A	H	A	H	A	H	A	H	H	A
Result	W	W	L	W	W	W	W	D	W	W	W	D	W	L	D	L	D	D	D	D	L	D	W	W	L	W	W
Position	3	1	5	4	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	4	4	4	2	3	3	7^{[nb 1]}

Updated to match(es) played on 25 April 2015. Source: ultimatealeague.com
A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss

Matches[edit]

12 October 2014 1	Wellington Phoenix	1–2	Perth Glory	Wellington
Sunday 17:00 NZDT	McGlinchey 73'	Report	Keogh 32' Maclaren 86'	Stadium: Westpac Stadium Attendance: 7,767 Referee: Alan Milliner

19 October 2014 2	Perth Glory	3–2	Brisbane Roar	Perth
Sunday 14:00 AWST	Keogh 49' (pen.), 74', 90+2'	Report	Kurtiši 39' Henrique 55'	Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 8,789 Referee: Shaun Evans

26 October 2014 3	Adelaide United	2–0	Perth Glory	Adelaide
Sunday 16:30 ACDT	Cirio 18' Mabil 68'	Report		Stadium: Coopers Stadium Attendance: 11,473 Referee: Kris Griffiths-Jones

1 November 2014 4	Perth Glory	2–1	Newcastle Jets	Perth
Saturday 16:30 AWST	Maclaren 77', 79'	Report	Jerónimo 74'	Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 8,624 Referee: Ben Williams

9 November 2014 5	Central Coast Mariners	0–1	Perth Glory	Gosford
Saturday 17:00 AEDT		Report	Marinković 43'	Stadium: Central Coast Stadium Attendance: 6,399 Referee: Peter Green

15 November 2014 6	Perth Glory	2–1	Western Sydney Wanderers	Perth
Saturday 18:45 AWST	Djulbic 9' Jamieson 78'	Report	Sotirio 85'	Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 12,166 Referee: Shaun Evans

21 November 2014 7	Perth Glory	2–1	Wellington Phoenix	Perth
Friday 18:45 AWST	De Silva 2' Keogh 60'	Report	Krishna 84' (pen.)	Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 9,233 Referee: Lucien Laverdure

29 November 2014 8	Brisbane Roar	1–1	Perth Glory	Brisbane
Saturday 16:00 AEST	Henrique 86'	Report	Djulbic 20'	Stadium: Suncorp Stadium Attendance: 13,043 Referee: Strebre Delovski

4 December 2014 9	Sydney FC	1–2	Perth Glory	Sydney
Thursday 19:30 AEDT	Smeltz 57' (pen.)	Report	R. Griffiths 83' Keogh 87' (pen.)	Stadium: Allianz Stadium Attendance: 11,280 Referee: Alan Milliner

12 December 2014 10	Perth Glory	2–0	Newcastle Jets	Perth
Friday 18:45 AWST	Garcia 11' Marinković 86'	Report		Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 9,716 Referee: Kris Griffiths-Jones

20 December 2014 11	Perth Glory	4–1	Central Coast Mariners	Perth
Saturday 18:45 AWST	Harold 33', 79' Keogh 35' De Silva 71'	Report	Simon 49'	Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 9,660 Referee: Peter Green

26 December 2014 12	Melbourne City	1–1	Perth Glory	Melbourne
Saturday 17:30 AEDT	Mooy 48'	Report	Garcia 62'	Stadium: AAMI Park Attendance: 9,550 Referee: Alan Milliner

2 January 2015 13	Melbourne Victory	1–2	Perth Glory	Geelong
Friday 19:40 AEDT	Berisha 58' (pen.)	Report	Keogh 9' Harold 16'	Stadium: Simonds Stadium Attendance: 21,289 Referee: Shaun Evans

5 January 2015 14	Perth Glory	1–2	Adelaide United	Perth
Monday 17:00 AWST	Marinković 11'	Report	Goodwin 31' Jeggo 48'	Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 9,699 Referee: Strebre Delovski

25 January 2015 15	Perth Glory	3–3	Melbourne Victory	Perth
Sunday 17:00 AWST	Keogh 21' R. Griffiths 78' Maclaren 89'	Report	Ben Khalfallah 18' Berisha 42' Barbarouses 57'	Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 12,271 Referee: Peter Green

7 February 2015 16	Perth Glory	1–3	Sydney FC	Perth
Saturday 19:00 AWST	Kramar 73'	Report	Janko 30' Dimitrijević 69' Ibini 89'	Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 11,637 Referee: Kris Griffiths-Jones

15 February 2015 17	Adelaide United	1–1	Perth Glory	Adelaide
Thursday 16:30 ACDT	Sánchez 11'	Report	Marinković 53'	Stadium: Coopers Stadium Attendance: 9,711 Referee: Ben Williams

22 February 2015 18	Melbourne City	0–0	Perth Glory	Melbourne
Sunday 17:00 AEDT		Report		Stadium: AAMI Park Attendance: 6,486 Referee: Jarred Gillett

28 February 2015 19	Perth Glory	2–2	Brisbane Roar	Perth
Saturday 17:00 AWST	De Silva 26' Djulbic 84'	Report	Solórzano 59' McKay 62'	Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 10,422 Referee: Ben Williams

7 March 2015 20	Melbourne Victory	1–1	Perth Glory	Melbourne
Saturday 19:30 AEDT	Georgievski 63'	Report	Keogh 43'	Stadium: AAMI Park Attendance: 22,525 Referee: Kris Griffiths-Jones

14 March 2015 21	Perth Glory	1–2	Wellington Phoenix	Perth
Saturday 18:45 AWST	Zadkovich 29'	Report	Krishna 23', 78'	Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 9,178 Referee: Chris Beath

22 March 2015 22	Central Coast Mariners	1–1	Perth Glory	Gosford
Sunday 15:00 AEDT	Montgomery 90+2'	Report	Maclaren 79'	Stadium: Central Coast Stadium Attendance: 5,338 Referee: Ben Williams

28 March 2015 23	Perth Glory	3–2	Western Sydney Wanderers	Perth
Saturday 18:45 AWST	Sidnei 55' R. Griffiths 68' Risdon 87'	Report	Castelen 13' Bulut 72'	Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 9,415 Referee: Stephen Lucas

6 April 2015 24	Newcastle Jets	0–2	Perth Glory	Newcastle
Monday 17:00 AEDT		Report	Keogh 50' Marinković 84'	Stadium: Hunter Stadium Attendance: 4,162 Referee: Peter Green

10 April 2015 25	Perth Glory	0–3	Sydney FC	Perth
Friday 19:45 AWST		Report	Brosque 35', 65' Ibini 60'	Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 7,426 Referee: Kris Griffiths-Jones

19 April 2015 26	Perth Glory	3–1	Melbourne City	Perth
Sunday 19:30 AWST	Maclaren 42', 65', 87'	Report	Mooy 52'	Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 5,821 Referee: Chris Beath

25 April 2015 27	Western Sydney Wanderers	1–2	Perth Glory	Parramatta
Saturday 17:00 AEST	Youlley 53'	Report	Maclaren 17' Keogh 66'	Stadium: Pirtek Stadium Attendance: 8,852 Referee: Matthew Conger

FFA Cup[edit]

5 August 2014 Round of 32	Newcastle Jets	0–2	Perth Glory	Newcastle
19:30 AEST		Report	Keogh 20', 88'	Stadium: Wanderers Oval Attendance: 2,877 Referee: Kris Griffiths-Jones

23 September 2014 Round of 16	St Albans Saints	1–4	Perth Glory	Melbourne
19:30 AEST	McGuffie 68' (pen.)	Report	Marinković 37', 90+4' Maclaren 62' Keogh 72'	Stadium: Knights Stadium Attendance: 3,500 Referee: Lucien Laverdure

29 October 2014 Quarter final	Perth Glory	4–2 (a.e.t.)	Melbourne Victory	Perth
19:00 AWST	Keogh 15' (pen.), 82' De Silva 103' Marinković 111'	Report	Ben Khalfallah 8' Finkler 90+2'	Stadium: nib Stadium Attendance: 3,899 Referee: Alan Milliner

11 November 2014 Semi-final	Bentleigh Greens	0–3	Perth Glory	Melbourne
19:30 AEDT		Report	Marinković 29', 50' Harold 84'	Stadium: Kingston Heath Soccer Complex Attendance: 3,300 Referee: Kris Griffiths-Jones

16 December 2014 Final	Adelaide United	1–0	Perth Glory	Adelaide
19:00 ACDT	Cirio 67'	Report		Stadium: Coopers Stadium Attendance: 16,142 Referee: Chris Beath

Awards[edit]

NAB Young Footballer of the Month (April) – Jamie Maclaren^[3]

Footnotes[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Perth were disqualified from the Finals series and given a compulsory 7th place finish due to salary cap violations.^[1]^[2]

References[edit]

^ Bossi, Dominic (10 April 2015). "Perth Glory fined $269,000 and booted out of A-League finals series for salary cap breaches". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ ^a ^b "Perth Glory banned from A-League finals". Australian Associated Press. Sports Yahoo (Australia). 10 April 2015. Archived from the original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
^ "NAB Young Footballer of the Year nominee for April". Football Federation Australia. 30 April 2015.

External links[edit]

Official Website

[table_note_WEL0.54032118503951-4] Wellington Phoenix cannot qualify for the AFC Champions League as they are not recognised as an AFC club.

[table_note_PER0.54032118503951-5] Perth Glory disqualified from the Finals series and given a compulsory 7th-place finish due to salary cap violations.^[2]

[Salary-cap_Breach-3] Perth were disqualified from the Finals series and given a compulsory 7th place finish due to salary cap violations.^[1]^[2]

[finalsBan-1] Bossi, Dominic (10 April 2015). "Perth Glory fined $269,000 and booted out of A-League finals series for salary cap breaches". The Sydney Morning Herald.

[Perth_banned-2] "Perth Glory banned from A-League finals". Australian Associated Press. Sports Yahoo (Australia). 10 April 2015. Archived from the original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.

[6] "NAB Young Footballer of the Year nominee for April". Football Federation Australia. 30 April 2015.

[nb 1]

[a]

[b]

[2]

[3]

[1]