9th millennium BC
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2009) |
| Millennia: | |
|---|---|
| Centuries: |
|
(1) Upper Palaeolithic cultures.
(2) Mesolithic cultures.
(3) Swiderian cultures.
(4) Pontic Tardenoisian cultures.
(5) Iberian Capsian cultures.
(6) Oranian cultures.
(7) Lower Capsian cultures.
(8) The Fertile Crescent.
| The Stone Age |
|---|
| ↑ before Homo (Pliocene) |
|
| ↓ Chalcolithic |
The 9th millennium BC spanned the years 9000 through 8001 BC. This marks the beginning of the Neolithic period.
Agriculture spread throughout the Fertile Crescent and use of pottery became more widespread. Larger settlements like Jericho arose along salt and flint trade routes. Northern Eurasia was resettled as the glaciers of the last glacial maximum retreated. World population at this time was more or less stable, at Mesolithic level reached during the Last Glacial Maximum, at roughly 5 million.[1]
Events
- c. 9000 BC—Mediterranean—Settling on Mediterranean isles started[citation needed]
- c. 9000 BC—Laacher See, northwest of Frankfurt, formed when a volcano blows out to form a caldera
- c. 9000 BC—Neolithic culture begins in Ancient Near East
- c. 9000 BC—Neolithic Revolution Agriculture starts
- c. 9000 BC—Göbekli Tepe—Carved stone hilltop sanctuary in southeastern Turkey[2]
- c. 10000 – 8000 BC—Kermanshah region was also one of the first places in which human settlements emerged, including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh
- c. 9000 BC—Jericho is founded
- c. 9000 BC—Estonia—Pulli is inhabited as the first known settlement in Estonia
- c. 8700 BC – 8400 BC—Britain—Star Carr site in Yorkshire, Britain inhabited by Maglemosian peoples
- c. 8500 BC—Great Britain—Mesolithic hunters camp at Cramond, Prehistoric Scotland
- c. 8000 BC—Wall of Jericho is built in the city of Jericho, which is already over 1,000 years old
- c. 8000 BC—Norway—Øvre Eiker of Norway inhabited
Inventions and discoveries
- c. 9000 BC—The first evidence of the keeping of sheep, in northern Iraq[3][page needed]
- c. 9000 BC—Discovery of copper in Middle East
- c. 8500 BC—Natufian culture of Western Mesopotamia is harvesting wild wheat with flint-edged sickles (1967 McEvedy) About this time, boats are invented, and dogs domesticated in Europe (1967 McEvedy)
- c. 8500 BC—Andean peoples domesticate chili peppers and two kinds of bean
- c. 8000 BC—Mesopotamia—Agriculture in Mesopotamia
- c. 8000 BC—Asia—Domestication of the pig in China and Anatolia
- c. 8000 BC—Middle East—Domestication of goats
- c. 8000 BC—Asia—Evidence of domestication of dogs from wolves
- c. 8000 BC—Middle East—Ancient flint tools from north and central Arabia belong to hunter-gatherer societies
- c. 8000 BC—Middle East—Clay vessels and modeled human and animal terracotta figurines are produced at Ganj Dareh in western Iran
- c. 8000 BC—People of Jericho were making bricks out of clay, then hardened them in the sun; the settlement had grown to 8–10 acres of houses and had substantial walls[3][page needed]
Environmental changes
| Subdivisions of the Quaternary Period | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| System/ Period |
Series/ Epoch |
Stage/ Age |
Age | |
| Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | 0 | 4,200 |
| Northgrippian | 4,200 | 8,200 | ||
| Greenlandian | 8,200 | 11,700 | ||
| Pleistocene | 'Upper' | 11,700 | 129ka | |
| Chibanian | 129ka | 774ka | ||
| Calabrian | 774ka | 1.80Ma | ||
| Gelasian | 1.80Ma | 2.58Ma | ||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | 2.58Ma | 3.60Ma |
Subdivision of the Quaternary Period according to the ICS, as of January 2020.[4]
For the Holocene, dates are relative to the year 2000 (e.g. Greenlandian began 11,700 years before 2000). For the beginning of the Northgrippian a date of 8,236 years before 2000 has been set.[5] The Meghalayan has been set to begin 4,250 years before 2000.[4] 'Tarantian' is an informal, unofficial name proposed for a stage/age to replace the equally informal, unofficial 'Upper Pleistocene' subseries/subepoch. In Europe and North America, the Holocene is subdivided into Preboreal, Boreal, Atlantic, Subboreal, and Subatlantic stages of the Blytt–Sernander time scale. There are many regional subdivisions for the Upper or Late Pleistocene; usually these represent locally recognized cold (glacial) and warm (interglacial) periods. The last glacial period ends with the cold Younger Dryas substage. | ||||
- c. 9000 BC: Temporary global chilling, as the Gulf Stream pulls southward, and Europe ices over (1990 Rand McNally Atlas)
References
- ^ Jean-Noël Biraben, "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes", Population 34-1 (1979), 13-25, estimates 40 million at 5000 BC and 100 million at 1600 BC, for an average growth rate of 0.027% p.a. over the Chalcolithic to Middle Bronze Age.
- ^ Curry, Andrew (November 2008). "Gobekli Tepe: The World's First Temple?". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Roberts, J: History of the World. Penguin, 1994.
- ^ a b c Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J.-X. (January 2020). "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
- ^ a b Mike Walker; et al. (December 2018). "Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period)" (PDF). Episodes. 41 (4). Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS): 213–223. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016. Retrieved 11 November 2019. This proposal on behalf of the SQS has been approved by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and formally ratified by the Executive Committee of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS).