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Legal drinking age in the United States

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The legal drinking age varies from country to country. In the United States, the legal drinking age is currently 21.[1] To curb excessive alcohol consumption by younger persons, instead of raising the drinking age other countries have raised the prices of alcohol beverages and have encouraged the general public to drink less. Setting a legal drinking age of 21 is designed to discourage reckless alcohol consumption by youth, limiting consumption to those who are more mature, who can be expected to make reasonable and wise decisions when it comes to drinking.[2]

History behind alcohol consumption

Fermented alcoholic beverages contain ethanol (C2H5OH), a consumable member of the alcohol class of chemical compounds, often simply called "alcohol." These beverages are legal in most countries.[3]

Currently, alcohol such as red wine is used as a "greeter" at social gatherings and gaming entertainment, as relief from exhaustion in hard labor, as an analgesic for pain, and to reduce risk of coronary artery disease.[3][4]

In Egypt, alcohol is made in the home on an everyday basis and used as a thirst quencher and to provide the majority of nutrients and calories.[5][6] In China, alcohol was used as a "spiritual food" and for ceremonial use.[7] Europe enforces strict alcohol and liquor tax laws that are aimed at targeting young people. They also limit the hours that stores selling alcohol are open. They feel that this contributes to their lower numbers of alcohol-related problems.[8]

The US, along with only a handful of other countries, maintains the highest drinking age worldwide at 21 (known as the Minimum Legal Drinking Age of 21, or MLDA-21).[9] In 1984, the United States Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act (NMDAA), which penalized any state which allowed persons under the age of 21 to purchase alcoholic beverages by reducing that state's annual federal highway apportionment. In 1985, South Dakota challenged the NMDAA, but in 1987 the Supreme Court ruled the Act was constitutional for the purchase of alcoholic beverages. Nevertheless, the Court indicated that the States still had the right to set their own drinking ages. Despite this, the Federal Government can assess a 10% penalty on highway funds for states which choose to set their drinking age lower than 21. Less than a year after the Supreme Court ruling, all 50 states of the United States officially made 21 the minimum legal drinking age.[1] Motor vehicle accidents decreased after the legal drinking age was raised,[1] but the MLDA-21 is not the only variable which can be identified as a reason for the declining accident rate. The shift in demographics, increased enforcement, increased seat belt use, safer cars, increased parental monitoring, and "designated driver" emphasis are also factors which are likely to have played a part in lowering the vehicle accident rate in the U.S.

Epidemiology

Alcohol is the most commonly used and abused drug among youth in the United States, more than tobacco and illicit drugs. Although the purchase of alcohol by persons under the age of 21 is illegal, people aged 12–20 years old drink 11% of all alcohol consumed in the US.[10] Among the 14 million adults aged 21 or older who were classified as having alcohol dependence or abuse in the past year, more than 13 million had started using alcohol before age 21.[11] Since 1984, when the National Minimum Drinking Age Act made the minimum legal drinking age for every state in the nation 21, there has been a steady increase in prevalence of alcohol use, heavy use, and frequent use among underage drinkers as the age increases.[12] Across all ages, highest rates for alcohol abuse occur among persons 19 years old due to illegality of their behavior, and peak alcohol dependence is age 22.[12]

In 2013, more than two thirds of American students had consumed alcohol by the end of high school; and more than half of 12th graders had been drunk at least once in their lifetime.[13]

Socioeconomic effects

The US Economy loses hundreds of billions of dollars from lost productivity and earnings with alcohol-related illness being a primary factor.[14] The most dangerous social problem involved in underage drinking is driving under the influence because of its contribution to fatalities and injury among adolescents. One-third of all car accidents among adolescents have to do with alcohol consumption.[15] Some states have lower alcohol taxes and even made alcohol available to be purchased tax-free at state-owned stores to compete with Maine, Vermont, and Massachusetts.[16] Teen drinking in high school is down 23% since 1983 when the minimum legal drinking age was enacted and binge drinking is down 17%.[17] Alcohol can cause problems throughout life, it is not only young adults that are affected, people into their sixties struggle with alcoholism.[18] The movement of young adults from high school to college shows that 44% of college students were binge drinkers and that binge drinking peaked at age 21.[19] Approximately three quarters of college students aged 18–20 years old drank alcohol in 2009.[20] Within the U.S., youth are being targeted by social media in order to drive sales higher by highlighting alcohol consumption in a positive way. The legal drinking age was set to 21 years of age because studies showed that the leading cause of death of people age 1 to 34 accounted for one third of deaths due to unintentional injury from alcohol consumption.[21]

Psychological effects

The liver is the organ that is most affected by alcohol. The brain is also affected, however, and can be damaged leading to the drinker's behavioral changes and emotional distress. Three noticeable effects of alcohol injury to the brain are memory loss, confusion, and augmentation.[22] An adult is legally considered the age of 18, right to vote, contractual capacity, and financial responsibility.[23] By age 15, adolescents are as capable as adults at logically assessing the likelihood of risk due to their development of emotional and behavioral self-regulation by this age.[23] Studies on adolescent sensitivity to alcohol showed that there were few gross behavioral changes between children (10–15) after they were given a dose of alcohol that would cause intoxication in adults.[24] Good parental communication and high levels of parental nurture can lead to lower levels of alcohol abuse in adolescents.[24]

Physiological effects

Main article: Alcohol and health

Alcohol abuse can lead to many problems, including increased chances of developing certain cardiovascular conditions, depressant effect resulting in decreased attention and slow reaction speed, loss of control of actions, mood changes, addiction, brain deterioration, and pregnancy issues.[25][26][27][28] Alcohol increases flow of insulin, which speeds up glucose metabolism and results in low blood sugar. This could be fatal for diabetics.[29] Peak blood alcohol concentrations are reached in an average time of 0.75 to 1.35 hours depending on dose and last time of meal.[30] Several factors affect a person's intoxication rate, including absorption rate factors such as food intake and drink strength, distribution factors, such as body fat, type, and weight, and Elimination factors, such as rate of consumption, tolerance, and gender differences.[22][31]

Views

There are multiple views on the drinking age and how it should be handled. Most people argue one of three views, whether it should stay 21, lower to 18, or raise to 25.[32] [failed verification] Some people, such as sociology Professor David Hanson, suggest lowering it. Underage drinking is already common, but NHTSA spokeswoman Evelyn Avant believes that lowering the drinking age would lead to even more alcohol use among young people.[33] Many people say they wouldn't mind the high drinking age as long as the enlistment age were also 21. There are also some who believe the age should stay the same for hard liquor, while being lowered for wine and beer.

References

  1. ^ a b c Searles, J. S..The Minimum Legal Drinking Age: A Data-Based Perspective. Vermont Department of Health. "Source 4 Archived 17 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine", February 8, 2011
  2. ^ Lovenheim, Michael F.; Slemrod, Joel (1 January 2010). "The fatal toll of driving to drink: The effect of minimum legal drinking age evasion on traffic fatalities". Journal of Health Economics. 29 (1): 62–77. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.10.001. PMID 19945186.
  3. ^ a b Boffeta, Paolo, and Garfinkel, Lawrence. "Alcohol drinking and mortality among men enrolled in an American Cancer Society prospective study" Epidemiology 1990; 1, 342-348. "[Source 21]"
  4. ^ Razay, G.; Heaton, K. W.; Bolton, C. H.; Hughes, A. O. (1992). "Alcohol consumption and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors in British women". British Medical Journal. 304 (6819): 80–83. doi:10.1136/bmj.304.6819.80. PMC 1881014.
  5. ^ "This History of Alcohol." National Drug and Alcohol Abuse Helpline. Drug Rehabs.org, 2002. Web. "Source 17", March 24, 2011
  6. ^ Marciniak, Marek L. Filters, Strainers and Siphons in Wine and Beer Production and Drinking Customs in Ancient Egypt. Paper presented at Annual Alcohol Epidemiology Symposium of the Kettil Bruun Society for Social and Epidemiological Research on Alcohol. Toronto, Ontario: May 30-June 5, 1992. "[Source 18]"
  7. ^ Hucker, Charles 0. China's Imperial Past. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1975. "[Source 19]"Fei-Peng, Zhang. Drinking in China. The Drinking and Drug Practice Surveyor, 1982, No. 18, 12-15. "[Source 20]"
  8. ^ The Globe. (2006; 2). Alcohol In Europe, A Public Health Perspective. Global Alcohol Policy Alliance. "Source 11", March 24, 2011
  9. ^ Minimum Legal Age Limits. International Alliance for Responsible drinking. "Source10 Archived 4 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine", June 23, 2016
  10. ^ Alcohol and Public Health. (2010, July 10). "Source 15", March 14, 2011
  11. ^ Alcohol Dependence or Abuse and Age at First Use. (2004). The National Survey on Drug Use and Health Report. "[Source 16]"
  12. ^ a b Flewelling, RL., Paschall, MJ., & Ringwalt, C. (2004). The epidemiology of underage drinking in the united states: an overview. National Academy of Sciences, "Source 1" March 24, 2011
  13. ^ Johnston, Lloyd D.; O'Malley, Patrick M.; Miech, Richard A.; Bachman, Jerald G.; Schulenberg, John E. (January 2017). Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2016: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use. Institute for Social Research.
  14. ^ Harwood, H. (2000) Updating Estimates of the Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse in the United States: Estimates, Update Methods, and Data. Report prepared by The Lewin Group for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. "[Souce 27]"
  15. ^ Wagenaar, A. C.; Wolfson, M. (1994). "Enforcement of the Legal Minimum Drinking Age in the United States". Journal of Public Health Policy. 15 (1): 37–53. doi:10.2307/3342606. JSTOR 3342606. PMID 8027360.
  16. ^ Cook, Philip; Moore, Michael (2002). "The Economics of Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol Control Policies". Health Affairs. 21 (2): 120–133. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.120.
  17. ^ 21is the Legal Drinking Age. (2007). We Don't Serve Teens. from "Source 30 Archived 19 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine", March 24, 2011
  18. ^ Atkinson, R. M. (1994). "LATE ONSET PROBLEM DRINKING IN OLDER ADULTS". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 9 (4): 321–326. doi:10.1002/gps.930090409.
  19. ^ Barnes, G. M.; Welte, J. W.; Hoffman, J. H.; Tidwell, M. O. (2010). "Comparisons of Gambling and Alcohol Use Among College Students and Noncollege Young People in the United States". Journal of American College Health. 58 (5): 443–452. doi:10.1080/07448480903540499. PMC 4104810. PMID 20304756.
  20. ^ Wechsler, H.; Nelson, T. F. (2010). "Will Increasing Alcohol Availability By Lowering the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Decrease Drinking and Related Consequences Among Youths?". American Journal of Public Health. 100 (6): 986–992. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178004. PMC 2866588. PMID 20395573.
  21. ^ Charles Atkin; John Hocking & Martin Block (February 2006). "Teenage Drinking: Does Advertising Make a Difference?". Journal of Communication. 34 (2): 157–167. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1984.tb02167.x.
  22. ^ a b Dunlap, M. P. (n.d.). Biological Impacts Of Alcohol Use: An Overview. "Source 14", March 14, 2011
  23. ^ a b Brown, SA, McGue, M, Maggs, J, Schulenberg, J, & Hingson, R. (2008). Underage alcohol use: summary of developmental processes and mechanisms: ages 16-20. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 32(1). "Source 3", March 14, 2011
  24. ^ a b Windle, M, Spear, LP, Fuligni, AJ, Angold, A, & Brown, JD. (2009). Transitions into underage and problem drinking: summary of developmental processes and mechanisms: ages 10-15. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 32(1). "Source 2", March 20, 2011
  25. ^ Klatsky, A.L. The epidemiology of alcohol and cardiovascular diseases. The Permanente Journal, 1997, 1, 14-20. "[Source 23]"
  26. ^ Meyer, Jerold S. and Linda F. Quenzer. Psychopharmacology: Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior. Sinauer Associates, Inc: Sunderland, Massachusetts. 2005. Page 228. "[Source 24]"
  27. ^ Scribner, R. A.; MacKinnon, D.; Dwyer, J. (1995). "The risk of assaultive violence and alcohol availability in Los Angeles County". American Journal of Public Health. 3 (85): 335–340. doi:10.2105/ajph.85.3.335. PMC 1614881. PMID 7892915.
  28. ^ Institute of Medicine (IOM), Stratton, K.R., Howe, C.J., & Battaglia, F.C. (1996). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. "[Source 26]"
  29. ^ Alcohol and Nutrition Symptoms, Causes, Treatment - How Does Alcohol Affect Your Blood Sugar on MedicineNet. "Source 12", March 28, 2011
  30. ^ Alcohol and the Human Body." Intoximeters Home Page. Web "Source 13", March 26, 2011
  31. ^ Campus Alcohol Abuse Prevention Center of Virginia Tech University. (1999). Alcohol's Effects. "[Virginia Tech Alcohol Abuse Prevention: www.alcohol.vt.edu]", February 7, 2011
  32. ^ "The Legal Drinking Age: 18, 21, or 25?". 22 January 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  33. ^ Jacinto, Leela. "Should Drinking Age Stay at 21?". ABC.com. ABC News. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
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