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McCutcheon v. FEC

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McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued October 8, 2013
Decided April 2, 2014
Full case nameShaun McCutcheon, et al., Appellants v. Federal Election Commission
Docket no.12-536
Citations572 U.S. 185 (more)
134 S. Ct. 1434; 188 L. Ed. 2d 468
ArgumentOral argument
Case history
Prior893 F. Supp. 2d 133 (D.D.C. 2012)
Holding
Limitations on aggregate contributions to campaign finances violate the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Section 441 of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 is unconstitutional.
Court membership
Chief Justice
John Roberts
Associate Justices
Antonin Scalia · Anthony Kennedy
Clarence Thomas · Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Stephen Breyer · Samuel Alito
Sonia Sotomayor · Elena Kagan
Case opinions
PluralityRoberts, joined by Scalia, Kennedy, Alito
ConcurrenceThomas (in judgment)
DissentBreyer, joined by Ginsburg, Sotomayor, Kagan
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amend. I

McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission, 572 U.S. 185 (2014), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court on campaign finance. The decision held that Section 441 of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, which imposed a limit on contributions an individual can make over a two-year period to all national party and federal candidate committees, is unconstitutional.[1]

The case was argued before the Supreme Court on October 8, 2013,[2] being brought on appeal after the United States District Court for the District of Columbia dismissed the challenge. It was decided on April 2, 2014, by a 5–4 vote,[3] reversing the decision below and remanding. Justices Roberts, Scalia, Kennedy, and Alito invalidated "aggregate contribution limits" (amounts one can contribute over the two-year period) as violating the First Amendment. Justice Thomas provided the necessary fifth vote, but concurred separately in the judgment while arguing that all contribution limits are unconstitutional.

Background

The Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) was first passed in 1971.[4] Amendments to FECA in 1974, after the Watergate Scandal, limited the total amount of direct contributions an individual could make to national political parties and federal candidates in a given year.[5][6] These "aggregate contribution limits" were subsequently upheld in Buckley v. Valeo (1976).[5] The Court's decision in Valeo recognized that independent contributions were protected speech, but also held that the aggregate contribution limits were constitutional because the government had a compelling interest in preventing "corruption" and the "appearance of corruption".[7][8]

In 2002, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) was passed. The BCRA revised the aggregate limits, adjusted them to future (but not past) inflation, and changed the individual limitations from annual to biennial;[9] The aggregate contribution ceiling on individuals during the 2011-2012 election cycle stood at $46,200 for federal candidates and $70,800 for national parties, or a $117,000 aggregate limit.[10]

Plaintiff Shaun McCutcheon is a businessman and electrical engineer from suburban Birmingham, Alabama, who is a campaign contributor and self described activist of the Republican Party.[11][12] The founder and CEO of Coalmont Electrical Development Corporation, McCutcheon began donating to Republican candidates in the late 1990s, and would ultimately join the Jefferson County Republican Party Executive Committee.[13] At a 2011 Young Conservatives Coalition event, McCutcheon met attorney and campaign finance expert Dan Backer, who would play a major role in encouraging McCutcheon to file suit against the FEC.[13] As of September 2012, McCutcheon had given $33,088 to sixteen federal candidates and over $25,000 in non-candidate contributions during the 2011-2012 cycle.[6] McCutcheon intended on donating to an additional twelve federal candidates, bringing his contribution total over the federal aggregate limit on federal candidates.[14] McCutcheon filed suit against the Federal Election Commission (FEC), where he was joined in his lawsuit by the Republican National Committee.[15]

U.S. District Court

On June 22, 2012, the plaintiffs filed a Verified Complaint before the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, asking the court to revisit the precedent set in the Buckley case and calling the limits on contributions to federally elected candidates a "burden on speech and association."[16] The case was heard by a three-judge court, with judges James E. Boasberg, Janice Rogers Brown and Robert L. Wilkins designated to hear the case.[17]

On September 28, 2012, the U.S. District Court granted the FEC's motion to dismiss; upholding the aggregate limits.[18] The court held that:

The government may justify the aggregate limits as a means of preventing corruption or the appearance of corruption, or as a means of preventing circumvention of contribution limits imposed to further its anticorruption interest.[19]

On October 9, 2012, the plaintiffs filed an appeal to the Supreme Court; the Court noted probable jurisdiction on February 19, 2013.[18][20]

Decision

The court heard oral arguments on October 8, 2013.[21] Erin E. Murphy, counsel at Bancroft PLLC, argued for the appellants.[22] Attorney Michael T. Morley was counsel of record for Appellant McCutcheon and was primarily responsible for preparing his principal brief. United States Solicitor General Donald Verrilli Jr. argued for the appellees: the Federal Election Commission and the Obama administration.[22]

On April 2, 2014, the court ruled, 5–4, for the appellants. While the ruling overturned limits on aggregate federal campaign contributions, it did not affect limits on how much individuals can give to an individual politician's campaign, which remain at $2,700 per election.[23][24] Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in the legal opinion, "The government may no more restrict how many candidates or causes a donor may support than it may tell a newspaper how many candidates it may endorse."[25]

Concurrence and dissent

Justice Thomas concurred in the judgment but wished to go further and abolish all campaign contribution limits: "limiting the amount of money a person may give to a candidate does impose a direct restraint on his political communication." He rejected the rationale of Buckley v. Valeo that "[a] contribution serves as a general expression of support for the candidate and his views, but does not communicate the underlying basis for the support" since "this Court has never required a speaker to explain the reasons for his position in order to obtain full First Amendment protection."

Justices Breyer, Ginsburg, Sotomayor and Kagan dissented, arguing that the decision "creates a loophole that will allow a single individual to contribute millions of dollars to a political party or to a candidate's campaign. Taken together with Citizens United v. Federal Election Comm'n, 558 U. S. 310 (2010), today's decision eviscerates our Nation's campaign finance laws, leaving a remnant incapable of dealing with the grave problems of democratic legitimacy that those laws were intended to resolve."[26]

Reactions

In response to the decision, a coalition of environmental, voting rights, labor, and government reform groups rallied outside of the Supreme Court.[27] Environmentalists from Greenpeace and the Sierra Club protested what Phil Radford of Greenpeace called a "legalized system of corruption through money in politics" that had resulted in few major environmental laws passing in the U.S. since 1980.[28]

Writing for The Nation, Ari Berman wrote, "The Court's conservative majority believes that the First Amendment gives wealthy donors and powerful corporations the carte blanche right to buy an election but that the Fifteenth Amendment does not give Americans the right to vote free of racial discrimination."[29]

Countering Berman's quote, Robert J. Samuelson pointed out that "the rich" is not one single block but that it has many different factions. He added that money does not "guarantee victory. After a certain point, more money hits the law of diminishing returns. It can be and is misspent."[30] Samuelson also said that there are poor politicians who cannot communicate and so need money "to hire campaign staff, build a website, buy political spots and the like" to "affect how people behave."[30]

The Center for Competitive Politics, a leading group advocating for deregulation of campaign finance, heralded the decision in a statement: "the Court's conclusion was common sense: the law limited an individual to contributing the legal maximum to just 18 candidates. If the first 18 aren't 'corrupted' by the contribution, why is candidate 19? What's remarkable is that four justices of the Supreme Court continue to believe that such overt limitations on political speech are constitutional. Moreover, to reach that conclusion the dissenters relied on a series of preposterous hypotheticals bearing no resemblance to reality."[31]

In The New Yorker, Jeffrey Toobin wrote that "the language of Chief Justice John Roberts's opinion suggests that the Court remains committed to the project announced most prominently in the Citizens United case, four years ago: the deregulation of American political campaigns."[32]

Only 30 hours after the McCutcheon case came down, Professors Ronald K. L. Collins and David Skover published an 80,000-word narrative account of the history of the case, which included an analysis of the Court's opinion. The e-book is titled When Money Speaks: The McCutcheon Decision, Campaign Finance Laws & the First Amendment (Top Five Books, 2014).

Following the decision, SCOTUSblog published a symposium on the case with a foreword by Collins and Skover as well as commentaries by Floyd Abrams, Jan Baran, Rick Hasen, Burt Neuborne, Ilya Shapiro, Paul M. Smith, and Fred Wertheimer (April 3–4, 2014).

See also

References

  1. ^ "McCutcheon, et al. v. FEC Case Summary". Federal Election Commission. Archived from the original on September 28, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  2. ^ "SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES OCTOBER TERM 2013" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States. July 23, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  3. ^ McCutcheon v. FEC, 572 U.S. 185 (2014).
  4. ^ "The Federal Election Campaign Laws:A Short History". Federal Election Commission. Archived from the original on July 30, 2005.
  5. ^ a b Mutch, Robert E. (2016). Campaign Finance: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-027468-9.
  6. ^ a b United States District Court for the District of Columbia (September 28, 2012). "SHAUN MCCUTCHEON, et al., Plaintiffs, FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
  7. ^ Smith, Bradley A. (February 9, 2009). Unfree Speech: The Folly of Campaign Finance Reform. Princeton University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-4008-2471-7.
  8. ^ Liptak, Adam (October 8, 2013). "Supreme Court Again Weighs Spending Limits in Campaigns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
  9. ^ Joseph E. Cantor, L. Paige Whitaker (January 9, 2004). "Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002: Summary and Comparison with Previous Law" (PDF). United States Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  10. ^ Noah Feldman (2013). "Treat Millionaires Like They're Billionaires". Harvard University Weatherhead Center for International Affairs. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
  11. ^ Ben Jacobs (October 8, 2013). "Meet Shaun McCutcheon, the Republican Activist Trying to Make History at the Supreme Court". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
  12. ^ Shaun McCutcheon (October 6, 2013). "Donation caps hurt democracy". Politico. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
  13. ^ a b Frizell, Same (April 2, 2014). "The Alabama Engineer Who Made History At the Supreme Court". Time. Archived from the original on April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  14. ^ United States District Court for the District of Columbia (June 22, 2012). "MCCUTCHEON et al v. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION Verified Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief" (PDF). justia.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
  15. ^ "Supreme Court of the United States Shaun McCutcheon and Republican National Committee, Plaintiffs-Appellants v. Federal Election Commission" (PDF). James Madison Center for Free Speech. August 16, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
  16. ^ United States District Court for the District of Columbia (June 22, 2012). "Verified Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
  17. ^ "DESIGNATION OF JUDGES TO SERVE ON THREE-JUDGE DISTRICT COURT" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. July 3, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 12, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
  18. ^ a b "McCutcheon v. FEC". Brennan Center for Justice. July 25, 2013. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
  19. ^ McCutcheon v. FEC, 893 F. Supp. 2d 133 (D.D.C. 2012).
  20. ^ Adam Liptak (February 19, 2013). "Justices Take Case on Overall Limit to Political Donations". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  21. ^ Sean Sullivan (October 8, 2013). "Everything you need to know about McCutcheon vs FEC". Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  22. ^ a b Alexander Fullman (October 7, 2013). "McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission: The next Citizens United?". Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 9, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
  23. ^ FEC (February 3, 2015). "Price Index Adjustments for Contribution and Expenditure Limitations and Lobbyist Bundling Disclosure Threshold" (PDF). Federal Register. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  24. ^ Michael Beckel (April 22, 2014). "The 'McCutcheon' decision explained — more money to pour into political process". The Center for Public Integrity. Archived from the original on November 18, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  25. ^ Barnes, Robert (April 2, 2014). "Supreme Court strikes down limits on federal campaign donations". Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  26. ^ "ruling" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 2, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  27. ^ Blair Bowie. "The People Strike Back". Public Interest Research Group. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  28. ^ Brentin Mock. "Greens and voting rights activists: Get big money out of politics". Grist.org. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  29. ^ Ari Berman. "The Supreme Court's Ideology: More Money, Less Voting". The Nation. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  30. ^ a b Samuelson, Robert (April 6, 2014). "In politics, money is speech". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  31. ^ "Center Heralds Win in McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission". Center for Competitive Politics. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
  32. ^ Jeffrey Toobin. "The John Roberts Project". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
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