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Reformed Baptists, Particular Baptists and Calvinistic Baptists,[1] are Baptists that hold to a Calvinist soteriology (salvation belief).[2] Depending on the denomination, Calvinistic Baptists adhere to varying degrees of Reformed theology, ranging from simply embracing the Five Points of Calvinism, to accepting a modified form of federalism; all Calvinistic Baptists reject the classical Reformed teaching on infant baptism as a sign and seal of the covenant of grace. The first Calvinistic Baptist church was formed in the 1630s.[1] The 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith is a significant summary of the beliefs of Reformed Baptists.[1] The name "Reformed Baptist" dates from the latter part of the 20th century to denote Baptists who retained Baptist ecclesiology, but adopted elements of Reformed doctrine, such as covenant theology.

Reformed Baptist Denominations

Strict Baptists

See also: List of Strict Baptist churches and Grace Baptist

Groups calling themselves Strict Baptists are often differentiated from those calling themselves "Reformed Baptists", sharing the same Calvinist doctrine, but differing on ecclesiastical polity;[3] "Strict Baptists" generally prefer a congregationalist polity.[3]

The group of Strict Baptists called Strict and Particular Baptists are Baptists who believe in a Calvinist interpretation of Christian salvation.[4] The Particular Baptists arose in England in the 17th century and took their name from the doctrine of particular redemption,[4] while the term "strict" refers to the practice of closed communion.

Primitive Baptists

Main article: Primitive Baptists

Primitive Baptists adhere to a Reformed soteriology.[5] Primitive Baptists emphasize the teaching that "God alone is the author of salvation and therefore any effort by human beings to make salvation happen or compel others to conversion is simply a form of 'works righteousness' that implies that sinners can affect their own salvation."[6] As such, they have rejected the concept of missions.[6]

Regular Baptists

Main article: Regular Baptists

Regular Baptists adhere to a Reformed soteriology.[5] Those who are Old Regular Baptists largely hold to the tenets of Calvinism, "but maintain that God never predestined anyone to hell and that only those who do not heed the Word of God will be lost."[7]

United Baptists

Certain denominations of United Baptists teach a Reformed soteriology.[5]

Sovereign Grace Baptists

Sovereign Grace Baptists in the broadest sense are any "Calvinistic" Baptists that accept God's sovereign grace[8] in salvation and predestination. In the narrower sense, certain churches and groups have preferred "Sovereign Grace" in their name, rather than using the terms "Calvinism", "Calvinist", or "Reformed Baptist". This includes some who prefer the 1644 Baptist Confession of Faith to the 1689 Confession, and who are critical of covenant theology.[9]

All of these groups generally agree with the Five Points of Calvinism – Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, and Perseverance of the Saints. Groups calling themselves "Sovereign Grace Baptists" have been particularly influenced by the writings of John Gill in the 18th century.[10] Among American Baptists who have revived such Calvinist ideas were Rolfe P. Barnard and Henry T. Mahan, who organised the first Sovereign Grace Bible Conference in Ashland, Kentucky, in 1954,[11][12] though groups designated as Sovereign Grace are not necessarily connected to them.

Current status

Calvinistic baptist groups presently using the term Sovereign Grace include the Sovereign Grace Baptist Association,[13] the Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada, and some among the growing Calvinist strand of Independent Baptists,[14] including several hundred Landmark Independent Baptist churches.[15]

By region

United Kingdom

Reformed Baptist churches in the UK go back to the 1630s.[1] Notable early pastors include the author John Bunyan (1628–88),[1] Benjamin Keach (1640–1704), the theologian John Gill (1697–1771),[1] John Brine (1703–64), Andrew Fuller, and the missionary William Carey (1761–1834).[1] Charles Spurgeon (1834–92), pastor to the New Park Street Chapel (later the Metropolitan Tabernacle) in London, has been called "by far the most famous and influential preacher the Baptists had."[16] The Metropolitan Tabernacle itself has been particularly influential in the Reformed Baptist movement in the UK. Benjamin Keach, John Gill, John Rippon (1751–1836), Charles Spurgeon, and Peter Masters (mentioned below) have all pastored this same congregation. Their characteristic traits may be the founder (Keach, signer of the 1689), theologian (Gill), hymnist (Rippon), preacher (Spurgeon), and restorer (Masters).

The 1950s saw a renewed interest in Reformed theology among Baptists in the UK.[3]

Peter Masters, pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle in London, created the London Reformed Baptist Seminary in 1975.[3]

United States

Baptist churches in the United States continued to operate under the confessional statement, the 1689 London Baptist, but they renamed it according to the local associations in which it was adopted, first the Philadelphia Confession (1742, which includes two new chapters),[17] then the Charleston Confession (1761, adopted from the London without changes). When the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary was founded, its governing confession, the abstract of principles, was summarized form of the 1689 London Baptist Confession, and its founding president, James P. Boyce wrote his *Abstract of Systematic Theology* from an evident Calvinist position. The first major shift at the seminary away from Calvinism came at the leadership of E. Y. Mullins, president from 1899 to 1928.[18] Many of the developments in the U.K. mentioned above during the 1950s and following also made an impact on Baptists in America, seen especially in the Founders Movement (which was connected to the so-called "Conservative Resurgence" in the SBC) and in the works of men such as Walter Chantry,[19] Roger Nicole, and Ernest Reisinger.

In March 2009, noting the resurgence of Calvinism in the United States, Time listed several Baptists among current Calvinist leaders.[20] Albert Mohler, president of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, is a strong advocate of Calvinism, although his stand has received opposition from inside the Southern Baptist Convention.[21] John Piper, who was pastor at Bethlehem Baptist Church in Minneapolis for 33 years, is one of several Baptists who have written in support of Calvinism.[21]

While the Southern Baptist Convention remains split on Calvinism,[22] there are a number of explicitly Reformed Baptist groups in the United States, including the Confessional Baptist Association,[13] the Continental Baptist Churches,[13] the Sovereign Grace Baptist Association of Churches,[13] and other Sovereign Grace Baptists.[10] Such groups have had some theological influence from other Reformed denominations, such as the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.[23] An example of this is the 1995 adaptation of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church's Trinity Hymnal which was published for Reformed Baptist churches in America as the Trinity Hymnal (Baptist Edition).[24]

By 2000, Reformed Baptist groups in the United States totaled about 16,000 people in 400 congregations.[25]

Several Reformed Baptist Seminaries currently operate in the US; International Reformed Baptist Seminary (IRBS), Covenant Baptist Theological Seminary, Grace Bible Theological Seminary, & Reformed Baptist Seminary are four that each subscribe to the 1689 London Baptist Confession in some form.[26][27][28][29]

Sovereign Grace Baptist Association of Churches

The Sovereign Grace Baptist Association of Churches (SGBA), which was organized in 1984,[13] sponsors an annual national conference and churches cooperate in missions, publications, retreats, camps and other activities. The Missionary Committee serves under the Executive Committee to screen candidates and recommend them to the churches for support. They currently (2009) are supporting one missionary endeavour. The Publication Committee reviews and approves submissions, and supplies literature to the churches. Grace News is published quarterly. A Confession of Faith was adopted in 1991. Membership in the SGBA is open to any Baptist church subscribing to the Constitution and Articles of Faith. There are 12 member churches, half of which are located in Michigan.[30] The association is recognised as an endorsing agent for United States military chaplains.[31]

Africa

Notable Reformed Baptist figures in Africa include Conrad Mbewe in Zambia, who has been compared to Spurgeon; Kenneth Mbugua and John Musyimi of Emmanuel Baptist Church Nairobi, Kenya.[32]

In South Africa, the Afrikaanse Baptiste Kerke's 34 churches follow reformed doctrine, as opposed to the mainly English speaking Baptist Union of Southern Africa, which does not.

Europe

There is a small but growing network of Reformed Baptist churches in Europe. The Italian churches are organized in the Evangelical Reformed Baptist Churches in Italy association; several French speaking churches sprung from the work of English missionary Stuart Olyott at the Église réformée baptiste de Lausanne, VD, CH, started in the 1960s.[33] There is a growing network of Reformed Baptist Churches in Ukraine. There are few small communities churches in Germany, where the largest is in Frankfurt am Main.[34] In March 2023, a new national association of churches formed in the United Kingdom, organized as the "Association of Confessional Baptist Churches in the United Kingdom".[35]

Brazil

In Brazil there is a modest association, the Comunhão Reformada Batista do Brasil, sprung mostly from the work of US missionary Richard Denham at São José dos Campos, SP.[36] As it did not correspond to expectations of dynamism and effectiveness, it is being supplanted by a newer Convention, the Convenção Batista Reformada do Brasil.

Canada

Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada

Main article: Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada

The Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada (SGF) is a fellowship for Baptist churches in Canada[37] holding to either the Baptist Confession of 1644 or 1689.[38] SGF had 10 member churches when it was formally inaugurated, located in New Brunswick and Ontario.[39] As of 2012, there were 14 churches, including the Jarvis Street Baptist Church in Toronto.[40] SGF is one of the Baptist groups associated with the Toronto Baptist Seminary and Bible College.[41]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Ward, Rowland; Humphreys, Robert (1995). Religious Bodies in Australia: A comprehensive Guide (3rd ed.). New Melbourne Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-646-24552-2.
  2. ^ Leonard, Bill J. (2009). Baptist Questions, Baptist Answers: Exploring the Christian Faith. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-664-23289-4. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d Weaver 2008, p. 224.
  4. ^ a b Newman, Albert Henry (1911). "Baptists" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 03 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 370–378, see page 372.
  5. ^ a b c Scott, Morgan (1901). History of the Separate Baptist Church: With a Narrative of Other Denominations. Hollenbeck Press. p. 103.
  6. ^ a b Leonard, Bill J. (1 April 2005). Baptists in America. Columbia University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-231-50171-2.
  7. ^ Hill, Samuel S.; Lippy, Charles H.; Wilson, Charles Reagan (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion in the South. Mercer University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-86554-758-2.
  8. ^ Stevenson, William R. (1999). Sovereign Grace: The place and significance of Christian freedom in John Calvin's political thought. Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-19-512506-1. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  9. ^ Brackney 2009, p. 472.
  10. ^ a b Weaver 2008, p. 220.
  11. ^ McBeth, H. Leon (1987). The Baptist Heritage: Four Century of Baptist Witness. Broadman Press. p. 771. ISBN 0-8054-6569-3. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  12. ^ Mead, Frank Spencer; Hill, Samuel S.; Atwood, Craig D. (2001). Handbook of Denominations in the United States (11th ed.). Abingdon Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-687-06983-1. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  13. ^ a b c d e Jonas, William Glenn, ed. (2006). The Baptist river: essays on many tributaries of a diverse tradition. Mercer University Press. p. 273. ISBN 0-88146-030-3.
  14. ^ Crowley, John G. (1998). Primitive Baptists of the Wiregrass South: 1815 to the Present. University of Florida Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-8130-1640-5. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  15. ^ Wardin, Albert W. (2007). The Twelve Baptist Tribes in the United States: A historical and statistical analysis. Baptist History and Heritage Society. ISBN 978-1-57843-038-3. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  16. ^ Parsons, Gerald (1988). Religion in Victorian Britain: Traditions. Manchester University Press. p. 107. ISBN 0-7190-2511-7.
  17. ^ Philadelphia Baptist Confession of Faith (1742), The Reformed Reader
  18. ^ Mohler, Albert R. "E.Y. Mullins: The Axioms of Religion". Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  19. ^ Walter Chantry
  20. ^ Van Biema, David (12 March 2009). "The New Calvinism". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  21. ^ a b Wills, Gregory (2009). Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1859–2009. Oxford University Press. p. 542. ISBN 978-0-19-983120-3. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  22. ^ Lawless, Chuck (2010). The Great Commission Resurgence: Fulfilling God's Mandate in Our Time. B&H. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4336-6970-5. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  23. ^ Brackney 2009, p. 473.
  24. ^ Music, David W; Richardson, Paul Akers (2008). "I will sing the wondrous story": a history of Baptist hymnody in North America. Mercer University Press. p. 491. ISBN 978-0-86554-948-7. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  25. ^ Johnson, Robert E. (2010). A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches. Cambridge University Press. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-521-70170-9.
  26. ^ "Reformed Baptist Seminary". Reformed Baptist Seminary. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  27. ^ "IRBS Theological Seminary". IRBS Theological Seminary. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  28. ^ "Covenant Baptist Theological Seminary". Covenant Baptist Theological Seminary. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  29. ^ "About GBTS". Grace Bible Theological Seminary. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  30. ^ "Sovereign Grace Baptist Association Website: Churches". Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  31. ^ "Armed Forces Chaplains Board Endorsements". US Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  32. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (2010). The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church. Vol. 7. Our Own Time. William B Eerdmans. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-8028-1771-6. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  33. ^ Église réformée baptiste de Lausanne [Lausanne Reformed Baptist Church] (in French).
  34. ^ "Evangelisch-Reformierte Baptisten" (in German). Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  35. ^ "Association of Confessional Baptist Churches in the United Kingdom". Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  36. ^ Comunhão reformada batista do Brasil [Brazilian Reformed Baptist Communion] (in Portuguese), Google blogger.
  37. ^ Bramadat, Paul; Seljak, David (2009). Christianity and ethnicity in Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 2008. ISBN 978-0-8020-9584-8. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  38. ^ "Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada Website: Constitution". Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  39. ^ "Introduction". Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  40. ^ "Member Churches". Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  41. ^ "Mission". Toronto Baptist Seminary and Bible College. Retrieved 17 November 2012.

Bibliography

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