Jump to content

Spotted lanternfly

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 2600:1700:8dfe:c800:5858:450b:3bff:dcf2 (talk) at 12:52, 6 October 2023 (→top: Removed vandalism). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Spotted lanternfly
At Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
Infraorder: Fulgoromorpha
Family: Fulgoridae
Genus: Lycorma
Species:
L. delicatula
Binomial name
Lycorma delicatula
(White, 1845)
Subspecies[1]
  • L. d. delicatula Stal, 1863
  • L. d. jole Stal, 1863
  • L. d. operosa Walker 1858
Synonyms
  • Aphaena delicatula White, 1845

The spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is a planthopper indigenous to parts of China and Vietnam. It has spread invasively to Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Its preferred host is tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), but it infests crops including soybean, grapes, stone fruits, and Malus spp.[2] In its native habitat, L. delicatula populations are regulated by parasitic wasps.

The spotted lanternfly's life cycle is often centered on its preferred host, Ailanthus altissima, but L. delicatula can associate with more than 173 plants. Early life stages (instars) of the spotted lanternfly are characterized by spotted black and white nymphs that develop a red pigmentation and wings as they mature. Early life instars have a large host range that narrows with maturation. Adult spotted lanternflies have a black head, grey wings, and red hind wings. Adults do not have any specialized feeding associations with herbaceous plants but cause extensive damage to crops and ornamental plants. The piercing wounds caused by their mouthparts and the honeydew waste they excrete are harmful to the health of host plants. Spotted lanternflies lay egg masses containing 30–50 eggs, often covered with a grayish mud-like coating.[3] In temperate climates, these egg masses overwinter.[citation needed]

The species was accidentally[citation needed] introduced into South Korea in 2006 and Japan in 2009, and has since been considered a pest. In September 2014, L. delicatula was first recorded in the United States, and as of 2022, it is an invasive species in much of Northeastern United States and is rapidly spreading south and west.[4] L. delicatula's egg masses are the primary vector of spread, with Ailanthus altissima populations seen as a risk factor for further infestation globally. Ongoing pest control efforts have sought to limit population growth, due to the threat L. delicatula poses to global agricultural industries.

Taxonomy and discovery

Spotted lanternfly displaying underwing
Spotted lanternfly showing underwing

Lycorma delicatula is a species in the genus Lycorma, in the planthopper family Fulgoridae, subfamily Aphaeninae. Species within this genus are found in Asia.[5] L. delicatula was originally described by Adam White in 1845 as Aphaena delicatula, and the first scientific collections were made outside of Nanking, China.[6] White described the species as similar to Aphaena variegata, another planthopper species native to Asia, and referenced prior descriptions by George Tradescant Lay in his initial classification of the spotted lanternfly.[6]

In 1863, the species was reclassified by Carl Stål as Lycorma delicatula delicatula, with two additional subspecies described: Lycorma delicatula jole and Lycorma delicatula operosa.[7][8] Taxonomic classification places two other species (L. imperialis and L. meliae) as closely related to the spotted lanternfly.[9][10] The name Lycorma delicatula derives from lyc/lyco, meaning "lamp" and delicatula, meaning "luxurious".[11] L. delicatula is also referred to as the spot clothing wax cicada ("chu-ki" or "banyi-la-chan" in Chinese) and the Chinese blistering cicada ("ggot-mae-mi" 꽃매미 in Korean).[12][13]

In 2019, the genome of L. delicatula was fully sequenced,[14] with Aphaena amabilis, and Pyrops candelaria both being classified as close relatives.[15]

Description

Spotted lanternfly in New York, where it is an invasive species

Adult L. delicatula measure about 25 millimetres (1 in) long and 12 millimetres (1⁄2 in) wide. Adult lanternflies have a black head and gray-brown forewings adorned with black spots.[16] White's original account identified L. delicatula as having a minimum of 20 black spots, with 6 spots located on the anterior margin of the forewings.[6]

When resting, the crimson hind wings are partially visible through the semi-translucent forewings, giving the lanternfly a red cast. Neatly spaced black rectangular markings color the tips of the forewings in a pattern sometimes likened to brick and mortar. In flight, the spotted lanternfly displays red hind wings with black spots on the proximal third, a white wedge in the middle of the wing, and a solid black wing tip. The abdomen is yellowish with black and white bands on the top and bottom.[16] L. delicatula displays orange, bulbous antennae covered in needle-like tips.[17] The spotted lanternfly is sexually dimorphic. Females have a set of red valvifers at the distal end of the abdomen, which males lack. When gravid (mated), the females' abdomens swell to the point where they have difficulty moving.[18] Adult females, when measured from head to wing tip, have a body length of 20 to 27 millimetres (13⁄16 to 1+1⁄16 in) while males are a smaller size, between 21 and 22 millimetres (53⁄64 and 55⁄64 in). Females also have longer legs as compared to those of their male counterparts.[19]

The lanternfly is a planthopper, and uses its wings to assist these jumps rather than making sustained flights.[20] The spotted lanternfly will perform a number of "successive collisions" upon jumping, employing both passive and active righting as it falls. This bouncing provides nymphs, and to a lesser extent adults, multiple opportunities to repeatedly attempt righting themselves following a jump. Additionally, the spotted lanternfly will also perform aerial reorientation and terrestrial righting as means to right itself, collectively giving the spotted lanternfly the ability to land on a variety of surfaces and spread rapidly through an environment.[21]

Host associations

Spotted lanternfly nymphs on Vitis labrusca in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States, in early July 2018

Ailanthus altissima is a tree native to China and invasive to many other areas worldwide. It is considered to be the key host for L. delicatula and plays an important role in the lanternfly life cycle.[22][23] This tree is the preferred host at all documented locations where the lanternfly and A. altissima co-occur.[24] The spotted lanternfly has a host range of over 173 plant species worldwide, including grape vines, fruit trees, ornamental trees, and woody trees, including apple trees and several Rosaceae with stone fruits.[25] Depending on the life stage of L. delicatula is in, it may prefer other hosts, such as Juglans nigra, instead of A. altissima.[26]

The spotted lanternfly has feeding behavior associated with 103 plant taxa, accounting for 33 families and 17 orders, with 56 of these occurring in the United States.[2] This host range includes many agricultural crops – most significantly soybean (Glycine max)[2] – and common forest plants, as the nymphs are known to associate with other plants beyond A. altissima.[24] The lanternfly has also been recorded causing serious damage on at least 12 ornamental plants such as Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Phellodendron amurense, and Toona sinensis. In the United States, high populations are seen infesting common forest trees, such as maple, birch, and walnut; in Pennsylvania alone, L. delicatula has been found on more than 20 newly recorded host species of woody plants.[24]

L. delicatula feeds on woody and nonwoody plants, piercing the phloem tissue of foliage and stems with specialized mouthparts, and sucking the sap;[25] it does not eat the fruit or the leaves per se.[20] The sugary waste fluid they produce can coat leaves and stems, which encourages mold growth and can impede photosynthesis.[27]

Lycorma delicatula feed on sap from the trunk or branches of their host plants; because they can appear in such large numbers on a single plant, they can directly cause substantial damage to, and effectively kill parts or the whole of the host.[28]

L. delicatula also indirectly affects the health and productivity of their hosts and nearby plants through the production of large amounts of honeydew, the lanternfly's sugary secretions of excess waste and sap, as well as by leaving feeding scars in the host plant's branches that continue to drip sap.[29] The accumulation of this thick honeydew and tree sap on leaves below the host plant canopy can lower plants' photosynthetic potential and affect their health; this reduction is even more pronounced by the possible growth of molds over the sugary compound, which further limits light available to affected plants. The accumulation of sap and honeydew also attracts many species of ants, bees, and wasps; infestations of L. delicatula may thus be hinted at by unusual amounts of molds or stinging insects around specific plants.[30]

Life cycle

Spotted lanternfly's life cycle (instars) with size comparison to a U.S. quarter (24 mm, 1.0 in)

Beginning in late April to early May, nymphs hatch from their egg cases. A nymph passes through several immature stages, all of which are wingless. In the first instar, it is black with white spots. Later instars have red patches in addition to the white spots. The final nymphal instar has red wing pads and a red upper body, before molting to the adult form, with a black head and grayish wings with black spots.[25] Nymphs hop or crawl to search for plants on which to feed.[16] Young nymphs (first through third instars) appear to have a wider host range early on, which narrows as they grow older.[25][31] Though lanternflies have been recorded feeding on several herbaceous plants, this is most likely due to early-instar nymphs climbing or falling onto these plants; late-instar nymphs and adult lanternflies have no reliable association with herbaceous plants.[24]

As early as July, adults can be seen, and they mate and lay eggs from late September through the onset of winter.[25] During mating periods, spotted lanternflies will perform migratory flights. During these migrations, adult L. delicatula will perform a brief courtship and copulation which will last for up to 4 hours.[32] In their native Indomalayan habitat, they lay their eggs preferably on tree of heaven (A. altissima), which has toxic metabolites, and is an introduced invasive tree in North America. This host choice is thought to have evolved as a mechanism of protection from natural enemies.[25]

The spotted lanternfly has been found to be capable of completing its life cycle with hosts other than A. altissima, but generally fail to thrive unless A. altissima is present.[33] Many hypotheses are given as to why L. delicatula may have preferences for feeding on certain plants. Two examples of possible factors being investigated are the contribution of the overall sugar composition in the plant[34] and the presence of toxic chemicals.[31] The lanternfly lays eggs upon any smooth-trunked tree, stone, or vertical smooth surface, including man-made items such as vehicles, yard furniture, farm equipment, or other items stored outside.[16]

The egg masses contain 30–50 eggs[35] covered in a yellowish-brown, waxy deposit, often referred to as an egg case.[25] L. delicatula eggs undergo diapause during embryonic development, requiring two weeks of warm temperatures following winter before hatching is induced. Eggs overwintered for five months or longer demonstrate higher hatch rates and more synchronous hatching, suggesting that cold temperatures increase overall egg survival rates.[32] The lanternfly's life expectancy is one year and the majority of adults die off by the end of December.[25][18]

Closeup of "brick and mortar" wing structure

Testing has been done to determine how overwintering affects the eggs of the species. The highest temperature that will still kill eggs was estimated by South Korean researchers to be between −12.7 and −3.4 °C (9.1 and 25.9 °F) on the basis of mean daily temperatures during their winter of 2009–2010.[36] This estimate contrasts with eggs having survived the much colder winter 2013–14 temperatures in Pennsylvania, United States.[37] Another study done at Rutgers University suggested that −25 °C (−13 °F) is about the temperature at which no eggs are hatched, while −15 °C (5 °F) still had limited hatching, depending upon how long they were chilled and where they were kept.[38]

Distribution

Native range

The spotted lanternfly is native to subtropical regions of Southeast Asia.[31][27] Fossil evidence indicates L. delicatula evolved between 55 and 51.6 myr, during the Ypresian Era.[39][40] Phylogenomic analysis has shown that L. delicatula originally evolved in southwest China, eventually diverging into six phylogeographic lineages. One of these lineages then moved northward, following the Yangtze River during the late Pleistocene Era.[41]

In the 1930s, L. delicatula was known to inhabit the Northern Provinces of Shanxi, Shandong and Hebei. Since then, it has expanded its range to include Anhui, Beijing, Guangdong, Henan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang. In traditional Chinese medicine, the spotted lanternfly is believed to be poisonous, and has been used since the 1100s for topical relief from swelling.[25][17] L. delicatula has also been reported in Taiwan, Vietnam, and India, but ongoing research has yet to conclude whether the species is native to these regions.[42]

Accidental introduction

Projected map by the US Department of Agriculture and Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography on potentially suitable habitats for the spotted lanternfly globally.

Lycorma delicatula normally uses A. altissima for feeding and laying eggs, but if it is not present, the insect can lay its eggs on any stationary object, natural or man-made, and feeds on a wide variety of plants. Eggs can easily be moved from place to place without being noticed, giving them an easy way to spread to new areas. Its initial introduction to the United States is believed to have been through this pathway, hitchhiking on an object imported from Asia into Pennsylvania. Adults of L. delicatula jump around the area to find new host plants. As nymphs, they feed on whatever host plant the egg was laid on before moving to another in the area. L. delicatula is capable of surviving and completing its life cycle in environments without its preferred host, A. altissima, albeit with greatly reduced fitness.[33]

In South Korea

In 2006, the spotted lanternfly was introduced in Korea, and has been considered a pest since about 2007. It has since expanded its host range, attacking at least 65 plant species, uninhibited by natural predators.[20] The distribution of L. delicatula has since been predicted using a modeling approach, which showed that this pest has the potential to occur in the majority of South Korea.[43]

A correlation seems to exist between the widespread distribution of A. altissima and overall damage to grapevines.[24] The tree is commonly found growing on the peripheries of Korean vineyards and L. delicatula has been documented as a pest to grapevines, leading to a decline in the total number and overall quality of the harvested grapes. No quantitative data has been published supporting this correlation, but it has been widely hypothesized.[44][24]

In Japan

In 2009, Japan reported its first confirmed presence of the spotted lanternfly, in Komatsu city (Ishikawa Prefecture). In 2013, it was confirmed to have spread into the Fukui Prefecture.[10] Researchers have estimated that the spotted lanternfly may have been entering the country sporadically since the 1930s, but only established a reproducing population around the beginning of the twenty-first century. Specimens found in Japan are genetically identical to populations in Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao, and Shanghai, China.[42]

In the United States

Adult spotted lanternflies on an Acer rubrum in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in mid-October 2019

On 29 September 2014, the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (PDA) and the Pennsylvania Game Commission first confirmed the presence of the spotted lanternfly in Berks County, Pennsylvania, northwest of Philadelphia.[28][45] Based on its host affinities, it presents a threat to the state's grape, fruit tree, and logging industries. The greatest risk of spread was seen in transportation of materials containing egg masses laid on smooth bark, stone, and other vertical surfaces.[16]

The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture banned the transport of items that could harbor the egg masses, including firewood, lawn mowers, outdoor chairs, trucks, and recreational vehicles from seven municipalities on 1 November 2014.[16] Considering the old egg masses that were found, it was estimated that the spotted lanternfly may have been in the United States since at least 2012 and had survived the unusually cold 2013–14 winter.[37] By March 2021, lanternflies had been found in 34 of the 67 counties in Pennsylvania.[46][47]

In 2019, Pennsylvania State University estimated statewide costs of the spotted lanternfly to be $99.1 million in agricultural losses, and $236.3 million to the forestry industry, annually. Models of the spotted lanternfly's spread projected an annual loss of $554.0 million, with an additional loss of 4,987 jobs, should it continue to spread to the entirety of Pennsylvania.[48] A national working group led by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, consisting of Penn State Researchers and USDA scientists, was organized "to determine what is known about the lanternfly and what research is needed, including DNA analysis to pinpoint where the infestation originated."[20]

Other states began seeing spotted lanternflies as soon as 2018, and by 2021, they were also confirmed to be established in at least parts of Connecticut,[49] Maryland,[49] Massachusetts,[50] Delaware,[51] New Jersey,[52] New York,[53] Ohio,[54] Indiana,[55] Virginia,[56] and West Virginia,[49] with several of these states issuing quarantine orders.[49] In 2022, the species was confirmed to be present in North Carolina,[57] Michigan[58][59] and Rhode Island,[60]. In late September 2023, the State of Tennessee confirmed the detection of a spotted lanternfly (SLF) in Davidson County, making Tennessee the 16th state to detect the Spotted Lanternfly.[61]

A large potential range exists for the spotted lanternfly to become established in almost all of the eastern part of the country, as well as critical wine- and hop-growing valleys of the Pacific coastal states.[62]

Dead spotted lanternfly specimens have been reported in Kansas,[63][64] Oregon[65] and California,[66] although no live sightings have been reported from these states as of September 2023. The discoveries of dead specimens have increased concerns for possible accidental introduction of the insect to yet more states where they can potentially become established.[67]

In Canada

Canadian Food Inspection Agency has identified a risk of the Spotted Lanternfly entering the country and has previously intercepted adult lanternflies traveling to Ontario in shipping crates. The primary concern is the potential damage the lanternflies could cause to the wine, fruit, and vegetable industries.[68][62] The Canadian government and agricultural industries are concerned about maintaining quarantine and have expressed hope that quarantine efforts in the United States are successful.[69] Although most of Canada is an unsuitable habitat for L. delicatula, southwestern Ontario and southerly parts of other provinces are modeled to have low suitability for inhabitation.[62] L. delicatula has been theorized to be capable of maintaining a small population in the region although no specimens have yet been discovered.[62]

In Europe

The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization classifies L. delicatula as an A1 pest and anticipates it becoming invasive in Europe.[70] CLIMEX modeling of potential habitats for L. delicatula has found that the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Spain, and Italy may be capable of supporting small L. delicatula populations.[71] Risk analysis of the spotted lanternfly to become established in Europe has been classified as a moderate to high risk, predominately due to the pervasiveness of A. altissima.[24]

In Australia

Modeling for the life cycle of the spotted lanternfly in Australia has found that development and survival may vary throughout the country, should the spotted lanternfly be introduced. Australia's southwest coastal regions are estimated to have a high viability for the spotted lanternfly but Australian Great Dividing Range and Tasmania were found to have the lowest suitability. Both the pervasiveness of A. altissima and the lack of consistent freezing seasons are considered risk factors in L. delicatula establishing populations in the country.[72]

Possible pest control

Pest control measures and guidelines have been issued by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture and its Penn State Extension. These guidelines include killing L. delicatula eggs between the months of October and May by scraping them off surfaces, "double bag them and throw them in the garbage."[16] People can scrape the eggs directly into plastic bags containing alcohol and/or hand sanitizer to kill them. The PDA has recommended removal of preferred spotted lanternfly hosts, such as tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), saving only male trees to use as "trap" trees, since the spotted lanternfly is attracted to its preferred hosts.[73] The remaining male "trap trees" should be wrapped with sticky bands starting in early spring to catch any nymphs. Wildlife experts have warned to cover the sticky bands on trees with chicken wire or another similar wire after many reports of other animals (e.g. birds) becoming trapped on them, resulting in injury and/or death.[74]

As of 2020, the PDA recommended several different pesticides to treat infestations, including insecticidal soaps, neem oil, pyrethrins, and essential oils, as well as bifenthrin, carbaryl, dinotefuran as bark spray, imidacloprid, spinosad, tebuconazole, and zeta-cypermethrin.[73] Infested trees can be treated with systemic pesticides from June to August. The PDA recommends tree injection and bark sprays, applied by professional applicators, and soil drench and foliar sprays, which can be applied by homeowners.[73]

In Pennsylvania and Korea, use of brown sticky traps has been effective at capturing nymphs, though adults may be strong enough to escape the adhesive.[24][75] The spotted lanternfly is known to avoid changes in tree texture and obstacles along the tree trunk, and inward facing traps have shown the greatest efficacy with minimized ecological impact.[76] L. delicatula has been found to be attracted to certain kairomones released by their host plants, and adults and second- to fourth-instar nymphs are also attracted to spearmint oil. Such chemicals (like methyl salicylate) may be used to lure them into sticky traps to augment this pest control method.[77]

Researchers using infrared thermography have found that the spotted lanternfly emits long-wavelength infrared (8–14 μm) light during active feeding and rapid hemolymph circulation, indicating a means of early detection.[78] Trained dogs are capable of detecting winterized egg masses.[79]

As of 2013, researchers are investigating another method of controlling lanternfly populations through reduction of Ailanthus altissima populations; the use of a fungal pathogen, Verticillium nonalfalfae, has been found to effectively kill the invasive trees by causing vascular wilt.[80] It is thought that lanternflies, which feed on this host plant by piercing and sucking the sap from its vasculature, may be able to "aid" in the ongoing removal of A. altissima by functioning as a vector for the V. nonalfalfae pathogen between different individuals of the insects' preferred host. Researchers have not yet found this to be an effective method, and more research is needed to confirm if this is possible in field settings with V. nonalfalfae or other pathogens.[81]

Four species of fungal entomopathogens native to the United States have been identified to cause co-epizootics in the spotted lanternfly.[82] Beauveria bassiana, Batkoa major, Metarhizium pemphigi and Ophiocordyceps delicatula (in the family Entomophthoraceae) have been found to parasitize and kill the spotted lanternfly, with Beauveria bassiana having also shown an ability to kill spotted lanternflies in biopesticide trials.[82][83][84]

A few natural predators have been identified in the lanternfly's native habitat in China, but are not yet used in biocontrol. Dryinus sinicus, a dryinidae wasp, and Ooencyrtus kuvanae, a chalcid wasp, have been found to parasitize spotted lanternfly eggs and nymphs.[85][86] Ooencyrtus kuvanae was previously introduced into the United States in 1908 for population control of Lymantria dispar dispar and was first documented to parasitize spotted lanternfly egg masses in 2017.[85] Another biocontrol predator being tested is the eupelmid wasp Anastatus orientalis, due to its high rates of parasitism of eggs. This wasp is under investigation in South Korea[87] and in the United States, where it is being evaluated under quarantine until researchers are certain it will not become an invasive species and attack other insects.[88]

Potential benefits

Honey produced by bees that ingested honeydew from spotted lanternflies

Spotted lanternfly DNA has been confirmed in southeast Pennsylvania honey samples, presumably caused by honeybees consuming lanternfly honeydew. The honeydew secreted by lanternflies which had feasted on the tree of heaven not only led to changes in flavor deemed beneficial to the marketing of late-summer Pennsylvania honey, but was reported to have less ash content than aphid honeydew. This property makes lanternfly honey a better cold-weather food source for bee colonies and confers some resistance to parasitic mite infestations.[89]

Photos

  • Late-instar nymphs of spotted lanternfly on Vitis labrusca in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in late July 2018
    Late-instar nymphs of spotted lanternfly on Vitis labrusca in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in late July 2018
  • Adult spotted lanternflies in Brooklyn Botanic Garden in September 2021
    Adult spotted lanternflies in Brooklyn Botanic Garden in September 2021
  • Adult spotted lanternfly caught and eaten by a spider in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, in September 2020
    Adult spotted lanternfly caught and eaten by a spider in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, in September 2020
  • Spotted lanternfly late-instar nymph
    Spotted lanternfly late-instar nymph
  • Spotted lanternfly early-instar nymph on a grape leaf

References

  1. ^ "Bourgoin T: Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW): Lycorma delicatula (White, 1845) (retrieved 26 April 2020)". Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Barringer, Lawrence; Ciafré, Claire M. (2020). "Worldwide Feeding Host Plants of Spotted Lanternfly, With Significant Additions From North America". Environmental Entomology. 49 (5). Oxford University Press (OUP) (Entomological Society of America (ESA)): 999–1011. doi:10.1093/ee/nvaa093. PMID 32797186.
  3. ^ "Spotted Lanternfly Pest Alert" (PDF). USDA-APHIS. USDA. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  4. ^ "Spotted Lanternfly Map". Stop SLF. USDA. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  5. ^ Barringer, Lawrence (17 December 2021). "Lycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  6. ^ a b c White, Adam (1845). "Descriptions of a new genus and some new species of homopterous insects from the East in the collection of the British Museum". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 15 (95): 34–37. doi:10.1080/037454809495244.
  7. ^ Thierry, Bourgoin (2015). "Lycorma delicatula jole Stål, 1863 | COL". www.catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  8. ^ Stål C. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fulgoriden. Entomologische Zeitung. Herausgegeben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin. Stettin, 24: 230-251. (1863).
  9. ^ Lin, You-Sheng, et al. "Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan." Zool Stud 62.07 (2023).
  10. ^ a b Mauchline, C.; McKenna, C. (2019). BS1847: Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White 1845) review: biology, ecology and pest management with reference to kiwifruit. Plant & Food Research (Report).
  11. ^ Gagnon, Jennifer (Spring 2016). "You Ain't From Around Here! Exotic Invasive of the Quarter: Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula)" (PDF). Virginia Forest Landowner. 30 (2).
  12. ^ Dara, Surendra K.; Barringer, Lawrence; Steven P., Arthurs (2015). "Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae): A New Invasive Pest in the United States". Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 6 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1093/jipm/pmv021.
  13. ^ Han, Jung Min; Kim, Hyojoong; Lim, Eun Ji; Lee, Seunghwan; Kwon, Yong-Jung; Cho, Soowon (2008). "Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoridae: Aphaeninae) finally, but suddenly arrived in Korea" (PDF). Entomological Research. 38 (4): 281–296. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5967.2008.00188.x. S2CID 86593102.
  14. ^ Kaplan, Kim (16 October 2019). "First Genome of Spotted Lanternfly Built from a Single Insect". www.ars.usda.gov. USDA ARS. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  15. ^ Nakashita, Ayano; Wang, Yayun; Lu, Sihan; Shimada, Keisuke; Tsuchida, Tsutomu (February 2022). "Ecology and genetic structure of the invasive spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula in Japan where its distribution is slowly expanding". Scientific Reports. 12 (1543 (2022)). Figure 5. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.1543N. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05541-z. PMC 8807778. PMID 35105894.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g "Spotted Lanternfly". Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. n.d.
  17. ^ a b Wang, Rong-Rong; Liu, Jia-Jia; Li, Xin-Yu; Liang, Ai-Ping; Bourgoin, Thierry (27 March 2018). "Relating antennal sensilla diversity and possible species behaviour in the planthopper pest Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae)". PLOS One. 13 (3): e0194995. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394995W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194995. PMC 5871016. PMID 29584780.
  18. ^ a b "Spotted Lanternfly Biology: Life Cycle, Identification, and Dispersion". Cornell College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, New York State Integrated Pest Management. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  19. ^ Gillett-Kaufman, Jennifer L.; Griffith, Taryn B. (August 2018). "Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White)". entnemdept.ufl.edu. University of Florida. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  20. ^ a b c d Gill, Chuck (17 November 2014). "Entomologists hope vigilance, research stop newly discovered spotted lanternfly". phys.org. Science X network.
  21. ^ Kane, Suzanne Amador; Bien, Theodore; Contreras-Orendain, Luis; Ochs, Michael F.; Tonia Hsieh, S. (11 August 2021). "Many ways to land upright: novel righting strategies allow spotted lanternfly nymphs to land on diverse substrates". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 18 (181): 20210367. doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0367. PMC 8355684. PMID 34376093.
  22. ^ Barringer, Lawrence E.; Donovall, Leo R.; Spichiger, Sven-Erik; Lynch, Daniel; Henry, David (June 2015). "The First New World Record of Lycorma delicatula (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)". Entomological News. 125 (1): 20–23. doi:10.3157/021.125.0105. ISSN 0013-872X. S2CID 86233694.
  23. ^ Park, Ji-Doo; Kim, Min-Young; Lee, Sang-Gil; Shin, Sang-Chul; Kim, Jun-Heon; Park, Il-Kwon (30 March 2009). "Biological Characteristics of Lycorma delicatula and the Control Effects of Some Insecticides". Korean Journal of Applied Entomology. 48 (1): 53–57. doi:10.5656/ksae.2009.48.1.053. ISSN 1225-0171.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h "Lycorma delicatula". EPPO PRA. 30 September 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Spotted lanternfly – a new threat to grapes, stone fruit?". Western Farm Press. Penton Agriculture Market. 10 November 2014. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  26. ^ Murman, Kelly; Setliff, Gregory P; Pugh, Cathryn V; Toolan, Michael J; Canlas, Isaiah; Cannon, Stefani; Abreu, Leslie; Fetchen, Miranda; Zhang, Longwa; Warden, Melissa L; Wallace, Matthew; Wickham, Jacob; Spichiger, Sven-Erik; Swackhamer, Emelie; Carrillo, Daniel (14 December 2020). Morrison, William (ed.). "Distribution, Survival, and Development of Spotted Lanternfly on Host Plants Found in North America". Environmental Entomology. 49 (6): 1270–1281. doi:10.1093/ee/nvaa126. ISSN 0046-225X. PMID 33128562.
  27. ^ a b Chapell, Bill (3 November 2014). "Invasive Bug Prompts Quarantine In Pennsylvania Townships". NPR.
  28. ^ a b "Spotted Lanternfly". Penn State Extension. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  29. ^ "Spotted Lanternfly". First Detector. First Detection Program. n.d. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  30. ^ "Spotted Lanternfly in New Jersey: What you need to know". Mendham Garden Center. 31 July 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  31. ^ a b c Kim, Jae Geun; Lee, Eun-Hyuk; Seo, Yeo-Min; Kim, Na-Yeon (8 June 2011). "Cyclic behavior of Lycorma delicatula (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) on host plants". Journal of Insect Behavior. 24 (6): 423–435. doi:10.1007/s10905-011-9266-8. ISSN 0892-7553. S2CID 44841539.
  32. ^ a b CAB, International (November 2021). "Lycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  33. ^ a b Uyi, Osariyekemwen; Keller, Joseph A; Johnson, Anne; Long, David; Walsh, Brian; Hoover, Kelli (17 October 2020). Ranger, Christopher (ed.). "Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) can complete development and reproduce without access to the preferred host, Ailanthus altissima". Environmental Entomology. 49 (5): 1185–1190. doi:10.1093/ee/nvaa083. ISSN 0046-225X. PMID 32725170.
  34. ^ Lee, Jeong-Eun; Moon, Sang-Rae; Ahn, Hee-Geun; Cho, Sun-Ran; Yang, Jeong-Oh; Yoon, Chang-Mann; Kim, Gil-Hah (30 December 2009). "Feeding behavior of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) and response on feeding stimulants of some plants". Korean Journal of Applied Entomology. 48 (4): 467–477. doi:10.5656/ksae.2009.48.4.467. ISSN 1225-0171.
  35. ^ Department of Entomology (10 November 2014). "The spotted lanternfly, a new insect pest detected in Pennsylvania". Entomology News 2014. Penn State's College of Agricultural Sciences. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  36. ^ Lee, Jung-Su; Kim, Il-Kwon; Koh, Sang-Hyun; Cho, Sung Jong; Jang, Suk-Jun; Pyo, Seung-Hyeon; Choi, Won IL (January 2011). "Impact of minimum winter temperature on Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) egg mortality". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 14 (1): 123–125. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2010.09.004.
  37. ^ a b Maher, Kris (18 November 2014). "New Invasive Pest Has Pennsylvania Towns on Alert". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  38. ^ Kreitman, Devin (2021). "Effects of Temperature on Development and Survival of Nymphal Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)" (PDF). Environmental Entomology. 50 (1): 183–191. doi:10.1093/ee/nvaa155. PMID 33269378.
  39. ^ Jacek Szwedo, Adam Stroin´ski (August 2012). "The oldest known Lophopidae planthopper (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) from the European Palaeocene" (PDF). Geobios. 45 (4): 413–420. Bibcode:2012Geobi..45..413S. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2011.10.007.
  40. ^ "Spotted Lanternfly - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  41. ^ Du, Zhenyong; Wu, Yunfei; Chen, Zhuo; Cao, Liangming; Ishikawa, Tadashi; Kamitani, Satoshi; Sota, Teiji; Song, Fan; Tian, Li; Cai, Wanzhi; Li, Hu (2021). "Global phylogeography and invasion history of the spotted lanternfly revealed by mitochondrial phylogenomics". Evolutionary Applications. 14 (4): 915–930. doi:10.1111/eva.13170. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 8061274. PMID 33897812.
  42. ^ a b Burne, Allan (17 March 2020). "Pest risk assessment: Lycorma delicatula (Spotted lanternfly)". Biosecurity New Zealand. ISBN 978-1-99-001754-4.
  43. ^ Jung, Jae-Min; Jung, Sunghoon; Byeon, Dae-hyeon; Lee, Wang-Hee (December 2017). "Model-based prediction of potential distribution of the invasive insect pest, spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), by using CLIMEX". Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 10 (4): 532–538. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2017.07.001. ISSN 2287-884X.
  44. ^ Kim, Hyojoong; Kim, Minyoung; Kwon, Deok Ho; Park, Sangwook; Lee, Yerim; Huang, Junhao; Kai, Shi; Lee, Heung-Sik; Hong, Ki-Jeong; Jang, Yikweon; Lee, Seunghwan (December 2013). "Molecular comparison of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) isolates in Korea, China, and Japan". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 16 (4): 503–506. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2013.07.003. ISSN 1226-8615.
  45. ^ Montague, Zach (21 May 2018). "Lanternflies Eat Everything in Sight. The U.S. Is Looking Delicious". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  46. ^ "Spotted Lanternfly – Profile and Resources". Invasive Species Centre. n.d. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  47. ^ Harrison, Courtney (22 March 2021). "Spotted lanternfly spreading farther into our area". WNEP. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  48. ^ Kime, Lynn F.; Harper, Jayson K.; Stone, William; Kelsey, Timothy W. (December 2019). Potential Economic Impact of the Spotted Lanternfly on Agriculture and Forestry in Pennsylvania (PDF) (Report). Pennsylvania State University.
  49. ^ a b c d U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (n.d.). "Spotted Lanternfly". Archived from the original on 20 January 2022.
  50. ^ "State Agricultural Officials Urge Residents to Report Signs of Invasive Spotted Lanternfly | Mass.gov". www.mass.gov. Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources. September 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  51. ^ "Spotted Lanternfly". Delaware Department of Agriculture. n.d. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  52. ^ Warren, Michael (30 January 2019). "These three N.J. counties are now under a spotted lanternfly quarantine". nj.com. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  53. ^ "New York State announces confirmed finding of Spotted Lanternfly on Staten Island". The New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets. 14 August 2020.
  54. ^ "Spotted Lanternfly Found in Jefferson County". Ohio Department of Agriculture. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  55. ^ Entomology (26 January 2021). "Spotted Lanternfly". Entomology. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  56. ^ McGrath, Mike (5 October 2018). "Invasive spotted lanternfly makes journey into Virginia". WTOP. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  57. ^ "NCDA&CS finds spotted lanternfly in Forsyth County". North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  58. ^ "Forest Pest Alert: Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula)" (PDF). Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 19 September 2023. In July 2022, live spotted lanternfly was found in Oakland County. Treatment of the infested area was completed and MDARD is working to contain and limit the spread of this small population.
  59. ^ Roberts, Andy M. (19 September 2023). "Michigan DNR advises residents to be on the lookout for invasive spotted lanternfly". White Lake Beacon.
  60. ^ Bink, Addy (17 September 2023). "Spotted lanternfly: Should you be worried about them?". WREG – via Yahoo News. Dead lanternflies were found in Michigan as early as 2018 but its first live infestation was confirmed in August 2022, as was Rhode Island's.
  61. ^ "Spotted Lanternfly Detected in Middle Tennessee". Press Release. State of Tennessee Department of Agriculture. State of Tennessee Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  62. ^ a b c d Wakie, T. T.; Neven, L. G.; Yee, W. L.; Lu, Z. (3 October 2019). "The establishment risk of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in the United States and globally". Journal of Economic Entomology. 113 (1): 306–314. doi:10.1093/jee/toz259. PMID 31579914.
  63. ^ Edwards, Jonathan (15 September 2021). "A Kansas boy entered a unique insect at the state fair. It triggered a federal investigation". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  64. ^ Villarreal, Alexandra (15 September 2021). "Kansas boy's insect entry at state fair wins prize – and triggers federal inquiry". The Guardian.
  65. ^ Department of Agriculture. "Pest Alert: Spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula" (PDF). Oregon Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets and Pest Alerts. Oregon.
  66. ^ "Oregon nursery finds destructive spotted lanternfly, first ever reported in Oregon". Oregon Department of Agriculture. 8 October 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  67. ^ "Spotted lanternfly: A colorful cause for concern". Michigan State University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  68. ^ "Spotted lanternfly: A serious threat to Canada's wine and agricultural industries". Invasive Species Centre. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  69. ^ Ehnes, Mandy (n.d.). "Spotted lanternfly: A serious threat to Canada's wine and agricultural industries". Invasive Species Centre.
  70. ^ Ciolli, Marco; Anfora, Gianfranco; Hoelmer, Kim A.; Malek, Robert; Kaser, Joe M.; Broadley, Hannah J.; Gould, Juli (11 October 2019). "Footprints and Ootheca of Lycorma delicatula influence Host-Searching and -Acceptance of the Egg-Parasitoid Anastatus orientalis". Environmental Entomology. 48 (6): 1270–1276. doi:10.1093/ee/nvz110. PMID 31603497.
  71. ^ Jung, Jae-Min; Jung, Sunghoon; Byeon, Dae-hyeon; Lee, Wang-Hee (2017). "Model-based prediction of potential distribution of the invasive insect pest, spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), by using CLIMEX". Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 10 (4): 532–538. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2017.07.001.
  72. ^ Maino, James Louis; Schouten, Rafael; Lye, Jessica C.; Umina, Paul A.; Reynolds, Olivia L. (2021), Mapping The Life-History, Development, And Survival of Spotted Lantern Fly In Occupied And Uninvaded Ranges, pp. 1–18, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-400798/v1, S2CID 236227250
  73. ^ a b c Leach, Heather; Biddinger, David; Krawczyk, Greg; Swackhamer, Emelie; Korman, Amy; Walsh, Brian (8 May 2020). "Spotted Lanternfly Management for Homeowners". PennState Extension. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  74. ^ Griffaton, Grace (15 June 2020). "Wildlife experts warn spotted lanternfly traps are killing birds, bats, squirrels, and other animals". fox43.com. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  75. ^ Choi, Duck-Soo; Kim, Do-Ik; Ko, Suk-Ju; Kang, Beom-Ryong; Park, Jong-Dae; Kim, Seon-Gon; Choi, Kyeong-Ju (1 December 2012). "Environmentally-friendly control methods and forecasting the hatching time Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in Jeonnam Province". Korean Journal of Applied Entomology. 51 (4): 371–376. doi:10.5656/ksae.2012.09.0.022. ISSN 1225-0171.
  76. ^ Francese, Joseph A; Cooperband, Miriam F; Murman, Kelly M; Cannon, Stefani L; Booth, Everett G; Devine, Sarah M; Wallace, Matthew S (14 April 2020). "Developing Traps for the Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)". Environmental Entomology. 49 (2): 269–276. doi:10.1093/ee/nvz166. ISSN 0046-225X. PMID 31990325.
  77. ^ Cooperband, Miriam F.; Wickham, Jacob; Cleary, Kaitlin; Spichiger, Sven-Erik; Zhang, Longwa; Baker, John; Canlas, Isaiah; Derstine, Nathan; Carrillo, Daniel (21 March 2019). "Discovery of three kairomones in relation to trap and lure development for spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)". Journal of Economic Entomology. 112 (2): 671–682. doi:10.1093/jee/toy412. ISSN 0022-0493. PMID 30753676.
  78. ^ Liu, Houping; Lusk, Robert; Gallardy, Ross (1 March 2021). "Infrared thermography for insect detection: lighting up the spotted lanternfly in the field". Journal of Pest Science. 94 (2): 231–240. doi:10.1007/s10340-021-01338-7. ISSN 1612-4766. S2CID 234011992.
  79. ^ Essler, Jennifer L.; Kane, Sarah A.; Collins, Amanda; Ryder, Kaley; DeAngelo, Annemarie; Kaynaroglu, Patricia; Otto, Cynthia M. (3 May 2021). "Egg masses as training aids for spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula detection dogs". PLOS ONE. 16 (5): e0250945. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1650945E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250945. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8092771. PMID 33939739.
  80. ^ Rebbeck, J.; Malone, M. A.; Short, D. P. G.; Kasson, M. T.; O'Neal, E. S.; Davis, D. D. (July 2013). "First Report of Verticillium Wilt Caused by Verticillium nonalfalfae on Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) in Ohio". Plant Disease. 97 (7): 999. doi:10.1094/PDIS-01-13-0062-PDN. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30722582.
  81. ^ Brooks, Rachel K., Ashley Toland, Andrew C. Dechaine, Thomas McAvoy, and Scott Salom. 2020. "The Inability of Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) to Vector a Plant Pathogen between its Preferred Host, Ailanthus altissima, in a Laboratory Setting" Insects 11, no. 8: 515. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11080515
  82. ^ a b Clifton, Eric H.; Castrillo, Louela A.; Hajek, Ann E. (1 November 2021). "Discovery of two hypocrealean fungi infecting spotted lanternflies, Lycorma delicatula: Metarhizium pemphigi and a novel species, Ophiocordyceps delicatula". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 186: 107689. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2021.107689. ISSN 0022-2011. PMID 34774856. S2CID 244070660.
  83. ^ Clifton, Eric H.; Castrillo, Louela A.; Gryganskyi, Andrii; Hajek, Ann E. (7 May 2019). "A pair of native fungal pathogens drives decline of a new invasive herbivore". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (19): 9178–9180. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.9178C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1903579116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6511058. PMID 31010927.
  84. ^ Buffone, John (30 August 2019). "There's fungus among us, and it might kill off the spotted lanternfly in Pa". York Daily Record. USA Today Network. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  85. ^ a b Liu, Houping; Mottern, Jason (January 2017). "An Old Remedy for a New Problem? Identification of Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an Egg Parasitoid of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in North America". Journal of Insect Science. 17 (1): 18. doi:10.1093/jisesa/iew114. PMC 5270392. PMID 28069731.
  86. ^ Xin, Bei; Wang, Xiao-yi; Cao, Liang-ming; Zhang, Yan-long; Gould, Juli; Broadley, Hannah; Hoelmer, Kim (February 2021). "Exploratory Survey of Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) and Its Natural Enemies in China". Environmental Entomology. 50 (1): 36–45. doi:10.1093/ee/nvaa137. PMID 33301027.
  87. ^ Choi, Man-Young; Yang, Zhong-Qi; Wang, Xiao-Yi; Tang, Yan-Long; Hou, Zhen-Rong; Kim, Jeong Hwan; Byeon, Young Woong (1 June 2014). "Parasitism rate of egg parasitoid Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) on Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in China". Korean Journal of Applied Entomology. 53 (2): 135–139. doi:10.5656/ksae.2014.01.1.075. ISSN 1225-0171.
  88. ^ Charles, Dan (16 September 2019). "Vineyards Facing An Insect Invasion May Turn To Aliens For Help" (Radio broadcast episode). NPR. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  89. ^ Jones, Alexandra (16 March 2021). "When Life Gave Pennsylvania Spotted Lanternflies, Its Bees Made Spotted Lanternfly Honey". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lycorma delicatula.
Wikispecies has information related to Lycorma delicatula.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spotted_lanternfly&oldid=1178873163"