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Tornado outbreak sequence of December 1–6, 1953

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Tornado outbreak sequence of December 1–6, 1953
Vicksburg Sunday Post-Herald showing the destruction in Vicksburg
FormedDecember 1, 1953
Duration5 days, 16 hours
DissipatedDecember 6, 1953
Lowest temperature31 °F (−1 °C)
Vicksburg, MS on December 6.
Tornadoes
confirmed		19
Max. rating1F5 tornado
Fatalities49 fatalities, 404 injuries
Damage$45.709 million (1953 USD)
$429 million (2024 USD)[1]
Areas affectedSoutheastern United States

1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

The first six days of December 1953 produced a destructive and deadly tornado outbreak sequence[nb 1] across the Southern United States. There were 19 confirmed tornadoes, including a violent F4 tornado that hit the northwest side of Alexandria, Louisiana and even more violent F5 tornado that hit Vicksburg, Mississippi. In all, the tornadoes killed 49 people, injured 404 others, and caused $45,709 million (1953 USD) in damage. This was the last in a series of deadly and catastrophic outbreaks to strike the US in 1953.

Background

1953 had already been extremely deadly tornado season due to multiple outbreaks that affected a vast majority of the country in the Spring and Early-Summer. In particular, tornadoes in Waco, Texas, Flint, Michigan, and Worcester, Massachusetts had taken 324 lives and injured thousands more. Tornado activity had slowed down heading into July, however, with no fatal tornadoes having occurred from July to November. Climatologically, however, the Southeast can routinely provide favorable conditions for tornado outbreaks in the Winter months and on December 1, 1953, a mile-wide F3 tornado southeast of Seguin, Texas kicked off six straight days of active and deadly tornado activity.[3]

Meteorological synopsis

At least three low-pressure systems formed and moved northward over the Great Plains. Adequate moisture and wind shear on the warm side of the system allowed for repeated rounds of severe and tornadic supercells and squall lines over a six-day period. The outbreak ended as a surface anti-cyclone pushed through the region.[4][5]

Daily statistics

Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
0 0 4 10 3 1 1 19
Daily statistics of tornadoes produced by the tornado outbreak sequence of Early-December 1953
Date Total Fujita scale rating Deaths Injuries Damage Ref.
 FU   F0   F1   F2   F3   F4   F5 
December 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 $250,000 [1][6][7]
December 2 7 0 0 3 3 1 0 0 2 12 $62,750 [1][6][7]
December 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 9 73 $20,050,000 [1][6][7]
December 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 $25,000 [1][6][7]
December 5 4 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 38 308 $25,350,000 [1][6][7]
December 6 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 $52,500 [1][6][7]
Total 19 0 0 4 10 3 1 1 49 404 $45,709,000 [1][6][7]
Death toll[1]
State Total County/
Parish 		County/
Parish
total
Texas 2 Washington 2
Louisiana 9 Vernon 7
La Salle 2
Mississippi 38 Warren 38
Totals 49
All deaths were tornado-related

Confirmed Tornadoes

December 1 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Tuesday, December 1, 1953[nb 2][nb 3]
F# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary
F3 SE of Seguin Guadalupe TX 29°30′N 97°56′W / 29.50°N 97.93°W / 29.50; -97.93 (Seguin (December 1, F3)) 01:00–? 5.1 mi (8.2 km) 1,760 yd (1,610 m) Seven houses were destroyed and seven others were damaged with total damages estimated at $250,000.[nb 4] Ten people were injured. Grazulis classified the tornado as an F2.[4][9][10]

December 2 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Wednesday, December 2, 1953[nb 2][nb 3]
F# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary
F3 Tanglewood Lee TX 30°30′N 96°58′W / 30.50°N 96.97°W / 30.50; -96.97 (Tanglewood (December 2, F3)) 12:15–? 3.3 mi (5.3 km) 100 yd (91 m) Four people were injured by this unusual northwest-moving tornado. Two churches and three houses were destroyed with damages estimated at $25,000. Grazulis classified the tornado as an F2.[10][11]
F2 Lane City Wharton TX 29°12′N 96°02′W / 29.20°N 96.03°W / 29.20; -96.03 (Lane City (December 2, F2)) 16:30–? 1.5 mi (2.4 km) 200 yd (180 m) Tornado moved northward through Lane City and pushed two farmhouses off their foundations. There was $2,500 in damages.[4][12]
F2 W of Navasota Washington TX 30°22′N 96°11′W / 30.37°N 96.18°W / 30.37; -96.18 (Navasota (December 2, F2)) 19:35–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 50 yd (46 m) 2 deaths – Two people died when their house was completely destroyed, and five others were injured. A barn was demolished, and a windmill and two other homes sustained some damage.[4][10][13]
F1 Pollok Angelina TX 31°26′N 94°54′W / 31.43°N 94.90°W / 31.43; -94.90 (Pollok (December 2, F1)) 20:45–? 2.7 mi (4.3 km) 100 yd (91 m) Three houses were unroofed, two garages were damaged, two other houses were "blown out of plumb", and a dwelling was moved off its foundation in the town of Pollok. Damage was estimated at $2,500.[4]<[14]
F2 WSW of Bryan Brazos TX 30°38′N 96°29′W / 30.63°N 96.48°W / 30.63; -96.48 (Bryan (December 2, F2)) 21:30–? 0.2 mi (0.32 km) 67 yd (61 m) A strong tornado struck near Bryan Air Force Base and obliterated a house. Damage was estimated at $25,000.[4][10][15]
F1 ENE of Lone Grove to Dougherty to Sulphur to WNW of Hickory Carter, Murray OK 34°22′N 97°04′W / 34.37°N 97.07°W / 34.37; -97.07 (Lone Grove (December 2, F1)) 01:30–? 31.4 mi (50.5 km) 880 yd (800 m) This large, long-track tornado touched down multiple times. West of Ardmore, the tornado injured one person and caused about $2,000 in damage. In Sulphur, the tornado injured another person and caused an additional $3,000 in damage. Both of the injured lived in Murray County.[4][16]
F1 Shawnee Pottawatomie OK 35°20′N 96°55′W / 35.33°N 96.92°W / 35.33; -96.92 (Shawnee (December 2, F1)) 03:30–? 1.5 mi (2.4 km) 880 yd (800 m) Large, but weak tornado moved northeastward directly through Shawnee, injuring one person and leaving a well-defined path of mostly minor damage that totaled about $2,500.[4][17]

December 3 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Thursday, December 3, 1953[nb 2][nb 3]
F# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary
F4 Fort Polk to Northwestern Alexandria to Dry Prong to Tullos Vernon, Rapides, Grant, La Salle LA 31°04′N 93°03′W / 31.07°N 93.05°W / 31.07; -93.05 (Fort Polk (December 3, F4)) 07:00–09:15 85.5 mi (137.6 km) 300 yd (270 m) 9 deaths – See section on this tornado – A total of 50 people were injured.[7][18]
F2 SE of South Mansfield Winn LA 32°00′N 93°42′W / 32.00°N 93.70°W / 32.00; -93.70 (South Mansfield (December 3, F2)) 09:00–? 1 mi (1.6 km) 100 yd (91 m) Low-end F2 tornado caused three injuries and $25,000 in damage. Only one house was destroyed.[19][20]
F3 W of Fitler to Cary to ENE of Rolling Fork Issaquena, Sharkey MS 32°44′N 91°04′W / 32.73°N 91.07°W / 32.73; -91.07 (Fitler (December 3, F3)) 11:30–? 18.8 mi (30.3 km) 300 yd (270 m) This strong tornado touched down along the Mississippi-Louisiana border and proceeded northeast, causing major damage as it passed near the town of Cary. A total of 34 houses and cars were destroyed or damaged and 20 people were injured (all in Issequena County). Damages were estimated at $2.75 million.[19][21]

December 4 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Friday, December 4, 1953[nb 2][nb 3]
F# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary
F2 Mount Bethel Cobb GA 33°58′N 84°25′W / 33.97°N 84.42°W / 33.97; -84.42 (South Mansfield (December 4, F2)) 22:35–? 1 mi (1.6 km) 100 yd (91 m) Strong tornado struck south of East Cobb in the Northern Suburbs of Atlanta. Shingles were blown off several houses and a store, and a small garage was shaken from its foundation. The most damage occurred at the Parkaire Airport, where three hangars and 20 or more airplanes were severely damaged. Losses totaled at about $25,000.[4][22]

December 5 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Saturday, December 5, 1953[nb 2][nb 3]
F# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary
F2 Bernice to S of Mount Union Union LA 32°48′N 92°40′W / 32.80°N 92.67°W / 32.80; -92.67 (Bernice (December 5, F2)) 22:00–? 9.7 mi (15.6 km) 33 yd (30 m) This strong tornado destroyed or badly damaged four houses in rural areas south of Spearsville. A number of other houses and structures incurred lesser damage. A total of 16 people sustained injuries and estimated losses totaled $25,000.[7][23][24]
F2 N of Spencer (LA) to NNW of Cosgrove (AR) Union (LA), Morehouse (LA), Ashley (AR) LA, AR 32°45′N 92°08′W / 32.75°N 92.13°W / 32.75; -92.13 (Spencer (December 5, F2)) 23:00–00:00 58.3 mi (93.8 km) 880 yd (800 m) This strong, long-tracked tornado family may have begun in Ouachita Parish and continued through Rocky Branch and Spencer where 14 houses were significantly damaged. At least 14 people may have been injured in Spencer, but some of the injuries are not officially listed. Heavy unspecified damage also occurred between Stevenson and Beekman. Finally, the tornado destroyed nine houses in Montrose and dissipated shortly thereafter. Officially, the tornado injured 11 people (all from Union Parish) and losses totaled $300,000. Tornado researcher Thomas P. Grazulis and NWS Jackson classified this tornado as an F3.[6][7][23][25][26][27]
F5 Southern Delta (LA) to downtown Vicksburg (MS) to SW of Villanova (MS) Madison

Warren

LA, MS 32°20′N 90°54′W / 32.33°N 90.90°W / 32.33; -90.90 (Vicksburg (December 5, F5)) 23:31–? 9 mi (14 km) 500 yd (460 m) 38 deaths – See article on this tornado – 270 people were injured and damages reached $25 million. Some tornado experts dispute the rating, claiming that the tornado only deserved an F4 rating.[28]
F2 SW of Sherard (MS) to NNE of Fair Landing (AR) Coahoma MS 34°12′N 90°44′W / 34.20°N 90.73°W / 34.20; -90.73 (Sherard (December 5, F2)) 02:15–? 8.2 mi (13.2 km) 30 yd (27 m) This tornado may have first touched down in Deeson, Bolivar County; however, damage officially began west of Clarksdale. This tornado behaved in an atypical manner as it moved toward the north-northwest. This tornado damaged or destroyed 19 houses, and its total path length may have been as high as 13 mi (21 km) since it may have ended north of Lyon. A total of 11 people were injured, and estimated losses totaled $25,000.[7][29][30]

December 6 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Sunday, December 6, 1953[nb 2][nb 3]
F# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary
F1 NW of Headland Henry AL 31°23′N 85°24′W / 31.38°N 85.40°W / 31.38; -85.40 (Headland (December 6, F1)) 13:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 10 yd (9.1 m) Brief tornado with a "black as night" colored funnel occurred near Napier Field and caused about $2,500 in damages.[4][31]
F2 E of Headland Henry AL 31°22′N 85°16′W / 31.37°N 85.27°W / 31.37; -85.27 (Headland (December 6, F2)) 14:00–? 2 mi (3.2 km) 10 yd (9.1 m) Eyewitness saw this strong tornado form about 100 yards (91 m) from his house. The tornado moved northeastward and damaged 15 houses. One person was injured and estimated damages are about $25,000.[4][32]
F2 S of Meridian to SSE of Iamonia Leon FL 30°37′N 84°17′W / 30.62°N 84.28°W / 30.62; -84.28 (Meridian (December 6, F2)) 17:00–? 8.4 mi (13.5 km) 10 yd (9.1 m) Strong tornado mostly remained over Lake Iamonia, but it still caused damage to several buildings, vehicles, and trees. Losses totaled $25,000.[4][33]

Fort Polk–Northwestern Alexandria–Dry Prong–Tullos, Louisiana

Fort Polk–Northwestern Alexandria–Dry Prong–Tullos, Louisiana
F4 tornado
Max. rating1F4 tornado
Fatalities9 fatalities, 50 injuries
Damage$17.5 million
Areas affectedCentral Louisiana
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

This violent, deadly, long-track tornado was embedded within a much larger area of damaging straight-line winds, heavy rain, and a sharp temperature gradient. It followed an erratic path, devastating areas in and around Fort Polk, Alexandria, Georgetown, and Kisatchie National Forest during the early-morning hours of December 3. It first touched down in Fort Polk and caused heavy tree damage as it moved northeastward towards Alexandria. Then, the tornado moved through Lacamp and clipped the northwest side of Leander where, at peak intensity, it severely damaged four houses. Many other houses, barns, and miscelleanous buildings were damaged or destroyed as well.[4][19][34] Seven of the nine fatalities occurred in Leander where the tornado caused $2.5 million in damages.[34]

In Rapides Parish, the tornado caused some damage in the town of Hineston[34] before moving back into rural areas. It proceeded into the town of Otis, clipped the northwest side of the Claiborne Range, then moved over the Kincaid Reservoir and into the western side of Alexandria. Along its northeasterly path, the tornado caused major damage in the northwestern section of Lee Heights as well as the Kingsville neighborhood where it destroyed or damaged 20 houses.[19] The tornado then made an abrupt turn to the north-northwest (possibly occluding or reforming) and struck the Paradise community east of Tioga causing significant property damage. A trailer with four sleeping highway employees was thrown 100 yards (91 m), but all of them survived. Four buildings in the present-day town of Ball were destroyed and 43 others were damaged in the latter location.[4] Throughout Rapides Parish, the tornado injured ten other people and caused $5 million in damage.[18]

After entering Grant Parish and striking Pollock Municipal Airport, the tornado heavily damaged the town of Bentley. It then paralleled US-167 and struck the town of Dry Prong.[18] From there, the tornado continued along a northeasterly track, clipping the towns of Breezy Hill and Western Lincecum and heavily damaging Mudville as it crossed over US 165. It passed through the town of Selma as well as the east side of Georgetown. Throughout Grant Parish, the tornado destroyed two houses, many barns, and other buildings, then damaged 25 other homes damaged, injured five people and caused $7.5 million in damage.[4][18]

The tornado then entered La Salle Parish with catastrophic results. Severe damage occurred in a rural area before the tornado struck Tullos. Approximately 60 houses and many other buildings were damaged or destroyed, two small children were killed and 15 other people were injured.[4][7][34] Thousands of trees were damaged in this area as well, many of which were downed or splintered, before the tornado rapidly weakened and dissipated.[7] Damage in and around Tullos was estimated at $2.5 million.[18]

The tornado (or tornado family) was on the ground for 85.5 miles (137.6 km) or at least two hours and 15 minutes with a maximum width of 300 yards (270 m). It damaged mostly harvested crops and agricultural supplies in storage in addition to damaging or destroying thousands of trees. The same storm produced very severe lightning with little thunder that affected Colfax. The tornado also passed 20 mi (32 km) east of a climatological substation near Winnfield, which showed a rapid rise of 5° and then a very rapid fall of 12°. High winds accompanied the tornado over an area of 20 mi (32 km), and excessive rainfall also affected the entire area.[4][18][34] Grazulis listed the event as three separate tornadoes from different storms rather than the same storm with the F4 tornado being the last of three; he rated the other two tornadoes F2.[7]

Madison Parish, Louisiana/Vicksburg–Waltersville, Mississippi

Main article: 1953 Vicksburg, Mississippi tornado
Madison Parish, Louisiana/Downtown Vicksburg–Waltersville, Mississippi
F5 tornado
Flood Wall Mural showing the damage in Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Max. rating1F5 tornado
Fatalities38 fatalities, 270 injuries
Damage$25 million
Areas affectedVicksburg and Waltersville in Warren County
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

On December 5, a powerful and destructive tornado touched down near the small community of Delta, Louisiana in Madison Parish, the rapidly growing and strengthening tornado would then crossed the Yazoo River in Warren County, Mississippi, and struck Downtown Vicksburg, causing major devastation throughout the city.[28][35] It destroyed electrical services and multiple buildings in and around downtown, ignited several fires, and totaled numerous automobiles.[26][36][37] The tornado was officially given an F5 rating, but the rating is questionable since the tornado reportedly demolished only frail structures.[38] Thomas P. Grazulis unofficially gave this tornado an F4 rating.[7]

Non-tornadic effects

On December 1, severe thunderstorm winds destroyed several barns and chicken houses, damaged a house, and blew down a few trees in Huntsville, Texas. Several fronts produced strong winds throughout various regions on December 4, causing severe damage and several casualties. In Southeastern Wisconsin, one person was killed and another was injured while in Central Arizona, there were seven injuries and one death.[4] Additionally, severe thunderstorm winds injured seven people near Clarksdale, Mississippi on December 5.[39]

Aftermath and recovery

1953 Vicksburg Tornado Memorial Plaque.

The F4 tornado in Louisiana temporarily knocked out power to the Alexandria area, hampering communications. At one point the twister was actually headed directly towards the downtown area, but fortunately narrowly missed it as well the VA hospital five miles north of the city. No one was injured and no property damage was reported there or in the city.[34]

In Vicksburg, Mississippi, the F5 tornado broke the city's gas line, which remained out of service after repairs.[40] Residents were forced to go without cooked food even as temperatures dropped to 31 °F (−1 °C) overnight on December 6.[40]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[2]
  2. ^ a b c d e f All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time for consistency.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Prior to 1994, only the average widths of tornado paths were officially listed.[8]
  4. ^ All losses are in 1953 USD unless otherwise noted.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i National Weather Service (August 2019). Tornado Summaries (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  2. ^ Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875-2003) (PDF). 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  3. ^ "Tornado History Project: 1953". www.tornadohistoryproject.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Bureau, United States Weather (1953). "Climatological Data: National summary". U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau. Retrieved 21 August 2022. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  5. ^ "North America Tornado Cases 1950 to 1959". bangladeshtornadoes.org. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h U.S. Weather Bureau (December 1953). "Severe Storms". Climatological Data National Summary. 4 (12). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center: 380–1.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. pp. 975–976. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
  8. ^ Brooks, Harold E. (April 2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity". Weather and Forecasting. 19 (2). Boston: American Meteorological Society: 310. Bibcode:2004WtFor..19..310B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2.
  9. ^ "Texas Event Report: F3 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d Grazulis 1993, p. 975
  11. ^ "Texas Event Report: F3 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  12. ^ "Texas Event Report: F2 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  13. ^ "Texas Event Report: F2 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  14. ^ "Texas Event Report: F1 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  15. ^ "Texas Event Report: F2 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  16. ^ "Oklahoma Event Report: F1 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 1 July 2020."Oklahoma Event Report: F1 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  17. ^ "Oklahoma Event Report: F1 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  18. ^ a b c d e f "Louisiana Event Report: F4 Tornado". Tornado History Projects. Storm Predicition Center. Retrieved 1 July 2020."Louisiana Event Report: F4 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 1 July 2020."Louisiana Event Report: F4 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2 July 2020."Louisiana Event Report: F4 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2 July 2020."Louisiana Event Report: F4 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2 July 2020."Louisiana Event Report: F4 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2 July 2020."Louisiana Event Report: F4 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  19. ^ a b c d Grazulis 1993, p. 976
  20. ^ "Louisiana Event Report: F2 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  21. ^ "Mississippi Event Report: F3 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2 July 2020."Mississippi Event Report: F3 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  22. ^ "Georgia Event Report: F2 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  23. ^ a b USWB 1953, p. 380
  24. ^ National Weather Service (August 2019). Louisiana Event Report: F2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  25. ^ "December 5, 1953 Beekman-Montrose Tornado". NWS WFO in Jackson, Mississippi. Flowood, Mississippi: National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  26. ^ a b "More Than 100". Charleston Daily Mail. 1953.
  27. ^ "Louisiana Event Report: F2 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2 July 2020."Louisiana Event Report: F2 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2 July 2020."Arkansas Event Report: F2 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  28. ^ a b National Weather Service (August 2019). Mississippi Event Report: F5 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  29. ^ USWB 1953, p. 381
  30. ^ National Weather Service (August 2019). Mississippi Event Report: F2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  31. ^ "Alabama Event Report: F1 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  32. ^ "Alabama Event Report: F2 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  33. ^ "Florida Event Report: F2 Tornado". NCDC. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  34. ^ a b c d e f "Leander, Tullos, LA Tornado Damage, Dec 1953 | GenDisasters ... Genealogy in Tragedy, Disasters, Fires, Floods". www.gendisasters.com.
  35. ^ "December 5, 1953 Vicksburg Tornado". NWS WFO in Jackson, Mississippi. Flowood, Mississippi: National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  36. ^ "28 Killed, 230 Hurt as Twister Shakes City of Vicksburg". Beckley Post-Herald. Associated Press. 1953.
  37. ^ "Vicksburg Storm". Charleston Daily Mail. 1953.
  38. ^ Grazulis, Thomas P. (1991). F5–F6 Tornadoes. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films.
  39. ^ "230 Injured as Tornado Rips Vicksburg, Miss". Charleston Daily Mail. 1953.
  40. ^ a b "Tornado". Newport Daily News. Associated Press. 1953.
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