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Ghent

Coordinates: 51°03′13″N 03°43′31″E / 51.05361°N 3.72528°E / 51.05361; 3.72528
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Ghent
Gent (Dutch)
Gand (French)
City and municipality
Clockwise from top: the Graslei, the Gravensteen, Ghent Tower Row (St. Nicholas Church, Belfry, St. Bavo’s Cathedral), and the Vrijdagmarkt
Flag of Ghent
Flag
Coat of arms of Ghent
Coat of arms
Location of Ghent
Map
Ghent is located in Belgium
Ghent
Ghent
Location in Belgium
Ghent in the province of East Flanders
Coordinates: 51°03′13″N 03°43′31″E / 51.05361°N 3.72528°E / 51.05361; 3.72528
Country Belgium
CommunityFlemish Community
RegionFlemish Region
ProvinceEast Flanders
ArrondissementGhent
Government
 • Mayor (list)Mathias De Clercq (Open VLD)
 • Governing party/iesVooruit-Groen, Open VLD, CD&V
Area
 • Total
157.77 km2 (60.92 sq mi)
Population
 (2022-01-01)[1]
 • Total
265,086
 • Density1,700/km2 (4,400/sq mi)
Postal codes
9000–9052
NIS code
44021
Area codes09
Websitewww.gent.be

Ghent (Template:Lang-nl [ɣɛnt] ⓘ; Template:Lang-fr [ɡɑ̃] ⓘ; historically known as Gaunt in English) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province, and the third largest in the country, after Brussels and Antwerp.[2] It is a port and university city.

The city originally started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Leie and in the Late Middle Ages became one of the largest and richest cities of northern Europe, with some 50,000 people in 1300. After the late 16th century Ghent became a less important city, resulting in an extremely well-preserved historic centre, that now makes Ghent an important destination of tourism.

The municipality comprises the city of Ghent proper and the surrounding suburbs of Afsnee, Desteldonk, Drongen, Gentbrugge, Ledeberg, Mariakerke, Mendonk, Oostakker, Sint-Amandsberg, Sint-Denijs-Westrem, Sint-Kruis-Winkel, Wondelgem and Zwijnaarde. With 262,219 inhabitants at the beginning of 2019, Ghent is Belgium's second largest municipality by number of inhabitants. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,205 km2 (465 sq mi) and had a total population of 560,522 as of 1 January 2018, which ranks it as the fourth most populous in Belgium.[3][4] The current mayor of Ghent is Mathias De Clercq (Open Vld).

The ten-day-long Ghent Festival (Gentse Feesten) is held every year and attended by about 1–1.5 million visitors.

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Ghent.

Archaeological evidence shows human presence around the confluence of the Scheldt and the Leie going back as far as the Stone Age and the Iron Age.[5]

Most historians believe that the older name for Ghent, 'Ganda', is derived from the Celtic word ganda, which means confluence.[5] Other sources connect its name with an obscure deity named Gontia.[6]

There are no written records of the Roman period, but archaeological research confirms that the Gent area continued to be inhabited.

When the Franks invaded the Roman territories from the end of the 4th century and well into the 5th century, they brought their language with them, and Celtic and Latin were replaced by Old Dutch.

Middle Ages

Buildings along the river Leie in Ghent

Around 650, Saint Amand founded two abbeys in Ghent: St. Peter's (Blandinium) and Saint Bavo's Abbey. Around 800, Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, appointed Einhard, the biographer of Charlemagne, abbot of both abbeys. The city grew from several nuclei, the abbeys, and a commercial centre. However, in 851 and 879 the city was plundered by Vikings.

Under the protection of the County of Flanders the city recovered and flourished from the 11th century, growing to become a small city-state. By the 13th century, Ghent was the biggest city in Europe north of the Alps after Paris; it was bigger than Cologne or Moscow.[7] Up to 65,000 people lived within the city walls. The belfry and the towers of the Saint Bavo Cathedral and Saint Nicholas' Church are just a few examples of the skyline of the period.

The rivers flowed in an area where much land was periodically flooded. These rich grass 'meersen' ("water-meadows": a word related to the English 'marsh') were ideally suited for herding sheep, the wool of which was used to make cloth. Ghent was the leading city for cloth during the Middle Ages.

The wool industry, originally established at Bruges, created the first European industrialized zone in Ghent in the High Middle Ages. The mercantile zone was so highly developed that wool had to be imported from Scotland and England, which led to Flanders' good relationship with them. However, during the Hundred Years' War, trade with England suffered significantly. Ghent was the birthplace of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster.

Early modern period

The city recovered in the 15th century when Flanders was united with neighbouring provinces under the Dukes of Burgundy. High taxes led to a rebellion and eventually to the Battle of Gavere in 1453, in which Ghent suffered a terrible defeat at the hands of Philip the Good. Around this time the centre of political and social importance in the Low Countries started to shift from Flanders (Bruges–Ghent) to Brabant (Antwerp–Brussels), although Ghent continued to play an important role. With Bruges, the city led two revolts against Maximilian of Austria, the first monarch of the House of Habsburg to rule Flanders.

View on the city of Ghent in 1540 by Lucas de Heere
15th-century Ghent miniature of the Biblical Joseph, showing daily life there

In 1500, Juana of Castile gave birth to Charles V, who became Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. Although native to Ghent, he punished the city after the 1539 Revolt of Ghent and obliged the city's nobles to walk in front of the Emperor barefoot with a noose (Dutch: "strop") around the neck; since this incident, the people of Ghent have been called "Stroppendragers" (noose bearers). Saint Bavo Abbey (not to be confused with the nearby Saint Bavo Cathedral) was abolished, torn down, and replaced with a fortress for Royal Spanish troops. Only a small portion of the abbey was spared demolition.

De Kouter in Ghent in 1763 by Engelbert van Siclers
Ghent in 1775 on the Ferraris map

The late 16th and 17th centuries brought devastation because of the Eighty Years' War. The war ended the role of Ghent as a centre of international importance. In 1745, the city was captured by French forces during the War of the Austrian Succession before being returned to the Empire of Austria under the House of Habsburg following the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. This part of Flanders became known as the Austrian Netherlands until the exile of the French Emperor Napoleon I, the end of the French Revolutionary and later Napoleonic Wars, and the peace treaties arrived at by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

19th century

The Palace of Justice in Ghent, c. 1895

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Ghent's textile industry flourished again. Lieven Bauwens, having smuggled the industrial and factory machine plans out of England, introduced the first mechanical weaving machine on the European continent in 1800.

The Treaty of Ghent, negotiated here and adopted on Christmas Eve 1814, formally ended the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States (the North American phase of the Napoleonic Wars). After the Battle of Waterloo, Ghent and Flanders, previously ruled from the House of Habsburg in Vienna as the Austrian Netherlands, became a part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands with the northern Dutch for 15 years. In this period, Ghent established its own university (1816)[8] and a new connection to the sea (1824–27).

After the Belgian Revolution, with the loss of port access to the sea for more than a decade, the local economy collapsed, and the first Belgian trade union originated in Ghent. In 1913 there was a world exhibition in Ghent.[8] As a preparation for these festivities, the Sint-Pieters railway station was completed in 1912.

20th century

Ghent was occupied by the Germans in both World Wars but escaped severe destruction. The life of the people and the German invaders in Ghent during World War I is described by H. Wandt in "etappenleven te Gent".[9] In World War II the city was liberated by the British 7th "Desert Rats" Armoured Division and local Belgian fighters on 6 September 1944, with the northern suburbs and the industrial area cleared over the following days by the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division.

Geography

Municipalities

After the fusions of municipalities in 1965 and 1977, the city is made up of:

Neighbouring municipalities

Climate

The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Ghent has a marine west coast climate, abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps.[10]

Climate data for Ghent (1981–2010 normals, sunshine 1984–2013)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.2
(43.2) 		7.0
(44.6) 		10.8
(51.4) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.6
(69.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.9
(73.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		15.3
(59.5) 		10.1
(50.2) 		6.5
(43.7) 		14.7
(58.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1) 		3.8
(38.8) 		6.8
(44.2) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.2
(55.8) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.1
(64.6) 		17.9
(64.2) 		14.9
(58.8) 		11.2
(52.2) 		7.0
(44.6) 		4.0
(39.2) 		10.6
(51.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3) 		0.4
(32.7) 		2.7
(36.9) 		4.5
(40.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		12.8
(55.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.9
(39.0) 		1.5
(34.7) 		6.4
(43.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 70.7
(2.78) 		56.2
(2.21) 		61.5
(2.42) 		50.6
(1.99) 		63.1
(2.48) 		74.3
(2.93) 		77.4
(3.05) 		84.2
(3.31) 		74.2
(2.92) 		81.7
(3.22) 		82.7
(3.26) 		82.2
(3.24) 		858.8
(33.81)
Average precipitation days 12.6 10.8 12.0 10.1 11.1 10.5 10.3 10.0 10.9 12.1 13.4 13.0 136.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61 79 123 172 204 196 209 196 144 118 66 50 1,618
Source: Royal Meteorological Institute[11]

Demographics

Nationalities

Ethnic background (2020)
Belgian
 
 64.5%
Asian
 
 12.6%
Eastern European
 
 9.1%
Other Western European
 
 5.0%
North African
 
 3.4%
Sub-Saharan African
 
 3.3%
Other
 
 1.8%
Total non-Belgian
 
 35.5%

Ghent is home to many people of foreign origin and immigrants. The 2020 census[12] revealed that 35.5% of the inhabitants had roots outside of Belgium and 15.3% had a non-Belgian nationality. Many neighbourhoods already have a minority-majority population, primarily in the north, east, and west of the city and some pockets in the south. Some examples are Brugse Poort, Dampoort, Rabot, Ledeberg, Nieuw Gent/UZ and the area around Sleepstraat (known for its many Turkish restaurants).

Group of origin Year
2023[13]
Number %
Belgians with Belgian background 165,164 61.6%
Belgians with foreign background 56,990 21.26%
Neighboring country 5,523 2.06%
EU27 (excluding neighboring country) 5,354 2%
Outside EU 27 46,113 17.2%
Non-Belgians 45,968 17.14%
Neighboring country 4,691 1.75%
EU27 (excluding neighboring country) 20,355 7.59%
Outside EU 27 20,922 7.8%
Total 268,122 100%

Tourism

Architecture

The Belfry of Ghent. Excerpt from the manuscript "Gand et Flandre" with chronicles, maps, miniatures and monuments. Written by Bruno Christiaenssens, 1844.[14]
The Graslei is one of the most scenic places in Ghent's old city centre
The Gravensteen
Historical centre of Ghent – from left to right: Old post office, Saint-Nicholas Church, Belfry, and Saint Bavo Cathedral.
Ghent at night
Riverside in Ghent
Sunset over the river Leie in Ghent

Much of the city's medieval architecture remains intact and is remarkably well preserved and restored. Its centre is a carfree area. Highlights are the Saint Bavo Cathedral with the Ghent Altarpiece, the belfry, the Gravensteen castle, and the splendid architecture along the old Graslei harbour. Ghent has established a blend between comfort of living and history; it is not a city-museum. The city of Ghent also houses three béguinages and numerous churches including Saint-Jacob's church, Saint-Nicolas' church, Saint Michael's church and St. Stefanus.

The well-known Ghent Altarpiece, a 15th-century painting by Hubert and Jan Van Eyck in Saint Bavo Cathedral.

In the 19th century Ghent's most famous architect, Louis Roelandt, built the university hall Aula, the opera house, and the main courthouse. Highlights of modern architecture are the university buildings (the Boekentoren or Book Tower) by Henry Van de Velde. There are also a few theatres from diverse periods.

The beguinages, as well as the belfry and adjacent cloth hall, were recognized by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites in 1998 and 1999.

The Zebrastraat, a social experiment in which an entirely renovated site unites living, economy, and culture, can also be found in Ghent.

Campo Santo is a famous Catholic burial site of the nobility and artists.

One of the more notable pieces of contemporary architecture in Ghent is De Krook, the new central library and media center, a collaboration between local firm Coussée and Goris and Catalan firm RCR Arquitectos.

Museums

Important museums in Ghent are the Museum voor Schone Kunsten (Museum of Fine Arts), with paintings by Hieronymus Bosch, Peter Paul Rubens, and many Flemish masters; the SMAK or Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst (City Museum for Contemporary Art), with works of the 20th century, including Joseph Beuys and Andy Warhol; and the Design Museum Gent with masterpieces of Victor Horta and Le Corbusier. The Huis van Alijn (House of the Alijn family) was originally a beguinage and is now a museum for folk art where theatre and puppet shows for children are presented. The Museum voor Industriële Archeologie en Textiel or MIAT displays the industrial strength of Ghent with recreations of workshops and stores from the 1800s and original spinning and weaving machines that remain from the time when the building was a weaving mill. The Ghent City Museum (Stadsmuseum, abbreviated STAM), is committed to recording and explaining the city's past and its inhabitants, and to preserving the present for future generations.

Restaurants and culinary traditions

In Ghent and other regions of East Flanders, bakeries sell a donut-shaped bun called a "mastel" (plural "mastellen"), which is basically a bagel. "Mastellen" are also called "Saint Hubert bread", because, on the Saint's feast day, which is 3 November, the bakers bring their batches to the early Mass to be blessed. Traditionally, it was thought that blessed mastellen immunized against rabies.

Other local delicacies are the praline chocolates from local producers such as Leonidas, the cuberdons or 'neuzekes' ('noses'), cone-shaped purple jelly-filled candies, 'babelutten' ('babblers'), hard butterscotch-like candy, and of course, on the more fiery side, the famous 'Tierenteyn', a hot but refined mustard that has some affinity to French 'Dijon' mustard.

Stoverij is a classic Flemish meat stew, preferably made with a generous addition of brown 'Trappist' (strong abbey beer) and served with French fries. 'Waterzooi' is a local stew originally made from freshwater fish caught in the rivers and creeks of Ghent, but nowadays often made with chicken instead of fish. It is usually served nouvelle-cuisine-style and supplemented by a large pot on the side.

The city promotes a meat-free day on Thursdays called Donderdag Veggiedag[15][16] with vegetarian food being promoted in public canteens for civil servants and elected councillors, in all city-funded schools, and promotion of vegetarian eating options in town (through the distribution of "veggie street maps"). This campaign is linked to the recognition of the detrimental environmental effects of meat production, which the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization has established to represent nearly one-fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions.

The traditional confectionery is the cuberdon (also known as neuzekes or little noses). These are conical sweets with a soft centre, usually raspberry but other flavours can be found on the many street stalls around the city. Between 2011 and 2015 a feud between two local vendors made international news.[17]

Festivities

The city is host to some big cultural events such as the Ghent Festival, the International Film Festival of Ghent (with the World Soundtrack Awards) and the Gent Festival van Vlaanderen [nl]. Also, every five years, an extensive botanical exhibition (Gentse Floraliën) takes place in Flanders Expo in Ghent, attracting numerous visitors to the city.

The Ghent Festival (Gentse Feesten in Dutch) is an annual festival that lasts for ten days. It has been held for more than 50 years (since 1969) and is attended by about 1–1.5 million visitors. It did not take place in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium, being held again in the summer of 2022, after a two-year break.

The Festival of Flanders had its 50th celebration in 2008. In Ghent, it opens with the OdeGand City festivities that take place on the second Saturday of September. Some 50 concerts take place in diverse locations throughout the medieval inner city and some 250 international artists perform.

Ghent co-hosted the 2021 World Choir Games together with Antwerp.[18] Organised by the Interkultur Foundation, the World Choir Games is the biggest choral competition and festival in the world.

Ghent has been chosen as the 2024 European Youth Capital by the European Youth Forum.[19]

Nature

The numerous parks in the city can also be considered tourist attractions. Most notably, Ghent boasts a nature reserve (Bourgoyen-Ossemeersen, 230 hectares (570 acres)[20]) and a recreation park (Blaarmeersen, 87 hectares; 215 acres).[21]

Economy

The port of Ghent, in the north of the city, is the third-largest port of Belgium. It is accessed by the Ghent–Terneuzen Canal, which ends near the Dutch port of Terneuzen on the Western Scheldt. The port houses, among others, large companies like ArcelorMittal, Volvo Cars, Volvo Trucks, Volvo Parts, Honda, and Stora Enso.

The Ghent University and several research-oriented companies, such as Ablynx, Innogenetics, Cropdesign, and Bayer Cropscience, are situated in the central and southern part of the city.

As the largest city in East Flanders, Ghent has many hospitals, schools, and shopping streets. Flanders Expo, the biggest event hall in Flanders and the second biggest in Belgium, is also located in Ghent. Tourism is becoming a major employer in the local area. [citation needed]

Transport

As one of the largest cities in Belgium, Ghent has a highly developed transport system.

Road

The R4 ringroad

By car the city is accessible via two motorways:

In addition, Ghent also has two ringways:

  • The R4 connects the outskirts of Ghent with each other and the surrounding villages, and also leads to the E40 and E17 roads.
  • The R40 connects the different downtown quarters with each other and provides access to the main avenues.

Rail

Gent-Sint-Pieters railway station, Ghent

Five railway stations can be found in the municipality of Ghent:

  • Gent-Sint-Pieters Station: an international railway station with connections to Bruges, Brussels, Antwerp, Kortrijk, other Belgian towns, and Lille. The station also offers a direct connection to Brussels Airport.
  • Gent-Dampoort Station: an intercity railway station with connections to Sint-Niklaas, Antwerp, Kortrijk and Eeklo.
  • Gentbrugge Station: a regional railway station in between the two main railway stations, Sint-Pieters and Dampoort.
  • Wondelgem Station: a regional railway station with connections to Eeklo once an hour.
  • Drongen Station: a regional railway station in the village of Drongen with connections to Bruges once an hour.
  • Gent-Zeehaven station: a regional railway station in the port of Ghent with connections to Gent-Sint-Pieters Station and the town of Terneuzen in The Netherlands.

Public transport

Ghent has an extensive network of public transport lines, operated by De Lijn.

Trams

A HermeLijn low-floor tram in Ghent
Main article: Trams in Ghent
  • Line 1: Flanders Expo – Sint-Pieters-Station – Korenmarkt (city centre) – Wondelgem – Evergem
  • Line 2: Zwijnaarde Bibliotheek – Sint-Pieters-Station – Zonnestraat (city centre) – Brabantdam – Zuid – Melle Leeuw (fuse of line 21 and 22 as of May 2017[22])
  • Line 4: UZ – Sint-Pieters-Station – Muide – Korenmarkt (city centre) – Zuid – Moscou
  • Line 21: Zwijnaarde Bibliotheek – Sint-Pieters-Station – Zonnestraat (city centre) – Zuid – Melle Leeuw (fused into line 2)
  • Line 22: Kouter – Bijlokehof – Sint-Pieters-Station – Zonnestraat (city centre) – Zuid – Gentbrugge (fused into line 2)

Buses

A Van Hool articulated bus in Ghent
  • Line 3: Mariakerke – Korenmarkt (city centre) – Dampoort – Gentbrugge (formerly a trolleybus line; see picture below)
  • Line 5: Van Beverenplein – Sint-Jacobs (city centre) – Zuid – Heuvelpoort – Nieuw-Gent
  • Line 6: Watersportbaan – Zuid – Dampoort – Meulestede – Wondelgem – Mariakerke
  • Line 8: AZ Sint-Lucas – Sint-Jacobs (city centre) – Zuid – Heuvelpoort – Arteveldepark
  • Line 9: Mariakerke – Malem – Sint-Pieters-Station – Ledeberg – Gentbrugge
  • Line 17/18: Drongen – Malem – Korenmarkt (city centre) – Dampoort – Oostakker
  • Line 38/39: Blaarmeersen – Ekkergem – Korenmarkt (city centre) – Dampoort – Sint-Amandsberg

Apart from the city buses mentioned above, Ghent also has numerous regional bus lines connecting it to towns and villages across the province of East Flanders. All of these buses stop in at least one of the city's regional bus hubs at either Sint-Pieters Station, Dampoort Station, Zuid or Rabot.

International buses connecting Ghent to other European destinations are usually found at the Dampoort Station. A couple of private bus companies such as Eurolines, Megabus and Flixbus operate from the Dampoort bus hub.

Buses to and from Belgium's first (Brussels Airport) and second airport (Brussels South Charleroi Airport) are operated by Flibco, and can be found at the rear exit of the Sint-Pieters Station.

Cycling

Ghent has the largest designated cyclist area in Europe, with nearly 400 kilometres (250 mi) of cycle paths and more than 700 one-way streets, where bikes are allowed to go against the traffic. It also boasts Belgium's first bicycle boulevard, where cars are considered 'guests' and must stay behind cyclists.[citation needed] In 2013 it began doing on-street surveys of bicycles, adding bicycle parking racks in neighbourhoods where they were needed. In 2017 the city changed traffic circulation patterns to favour cycling. The switch was done over the course of a single weekend, changing traffic circulation on over 80 streets and 2500 road signs. It expanded the car-free zone in the historic city center more than twofold. It also put in radial barriers to car traffic, thus shifting it onto the inner ring road.[23][24]

More cyclists means a higher demand for bicycle parking stations. In 2010, the plans to renovate Gent-Sint-Pieters railway station, included 10,000 bicycle parking spots.[25] In 2020 several sections of the underground parking facilities have been built, and the targets have been adjusted to a total of 17,000 parking spots.[26]

Sports

Ghelamco Arena

In the Belgian first football division Ghent is represented by K.A.A. Gent, who became Belgian football champions for the first time in its history in 2015. Another Ghent football club is KRC Gent-Zeehaven, playing in the Belgian fourth division. A football match at the 1920 Summer Olympics was held in Ghent.[27]

The Six Days of Ghent, a six-day track cycling race, is held annually, taking place in the Kuipke velodrome in Ghent. In road cycling, the city hosts the start and finish of the Omloop Het Nieuwsblad, the traditional opening race of the cobbled classics season.[28] It also lends its name to another cobbled classic, Gent–Wevelgem, although the race now starts in the nearby city of Deinze.[29]

The city hosts an annual athletics IAAF event in the Flanders Sports Arena: the Indoor Flanders meeting where two-time Olympic champion Hicham El Guerrouj set an indoor world record of 3:48.45 in the mile run in 1997.[30]

The Flanders Sports Arena was host to the 2015 Davis Cup Final between Belgium and Great Britain.[31]

Notable people

Saint Bavo
Emperor Charles V was born in Ghent in 1500
John of Gaunt
Statue of Jacob van Artevelde on the Vrijdagmarkt in Ghent
See also: List of people from Ghent
Jacques Rogge, 2014


Sport

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Belgium

Twin towns – sister cities

Ghent is twinned with:[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2022". Statbel.
  2. ^ "Medieval and magical, vibrant and edgy – the Belgian city is a sensory overload". The Guardian. 23 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  3. ^ Statistics Belgium; Werkelijke bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2008 (excel-file) Archived 26 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Population of all municipalities in Belgium, as of 1 January 2008. Retrieved on 2008-10-19.
  4. ^ Statistics Belgium; De Belgische Stadsgewesten 2001 (pdf-file) Archived 29 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Definitions of metropolitan areas in Belgium. The metropolitan area of Ghent is divided into three levels. First, the central agglomeration (agglomeratie) with 278,457 inhabitants (1 January 2008). Adding the closest surroundings (banlieue) gives a total of 455,302. And, including the outer commuter zone (forensenwoonzone) the population is 594,582. Retrieved on 2008-10-19.
  5. ^ a b "History of Gent". gent.be. Archived from the original on 18 August 2005. Retrieved 5 May 2006.
  6. ^ Adrian Room, Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites, McFarland, 2006, p. 144.
  7. ^ Nicholas, David. The Domestic Life of a Medieval City: Women, Children and the Family in Fourteenth Century Ghent. p. 1.
  8. ^ a b Ghent over the centuries: Concise history of a stubborn city
  9. ^ Wandt, Heinrich (1921). "Etappenleven te Gent : kantteekeningen bij de Duitsche ineenstorting /". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  10. ^ "Climate Summary for Ghent, Belgium". weatherbase.com. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  11. ^ "Klimaatstatistieken van de Belgische gemeenten" (PDF) (in Dutch). Royal Meteorological Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  12. ^ "Jive".
  13. ^ "Origin | Statbel". statbel.fgov.be. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  14. ^ "Gand et Flandre : chroniques inédites, avec cartes, miniatures, monuments, armories, scels, et aultres choses historiques & tant curieuses". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  15. ^ "Ghent's veggie day: for English speaking visitors" on Vegetarisme.be
  16. ^ "Belgian city plans 'veggie' days" on BBC News (12 May 2009).
  17. ^ Van De Poel, Nana (22 July 2017). "A Tale of Two Cuberdon Vendors: The Story Behind Ghent's 'Little Nose War'".
  18. ^ "World Choir Games kick off in Flanders". INTERKULTUR. 15 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  19. ^ Verstichel, Mathieu (19 November 2021). "Gent is Europese Jongerenhoofdstad in 2024: "Een volledig jaar focus op de jeugd"". VRT (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 March 2023.
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  21. ^ "Blaarmeersen Sport and Recreation Park – Sightseeing in Ghent". inyourpocket.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
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Further reading

See also: Bibliography of the history of Ghent
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ghent.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ghent.
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