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Common wombat

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Common wombat[1]
Vombatus ursinus, Maria Island, Tasmania
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Vombatidae
Genus: Vombatus
Species:
V. ursinus
Binomial name
Vombatus ursinus
(Shaw, 1800)
Common wombat range
Synonyms

Reference[3]

  • Wombatus fossor
  • Phascolomis wombat
  • Phascolomis vombatus
  • Phascolomys platyrhinus
  • Phascolomys fuscus
  • Phascolomys mitchellii
  • Phascolomys niger
  • Phascolomys setosus
  • Phascolomys assimilis

The common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), also known as the coarse-haired wombat or bare-nosed wombat, is a marsupial, one of three extant species of wombats and the only one in the genus Vombatus. The common wombat grows to an average of 98 cm (39 in) long and a weight of 26 kg (57 lb).

Taxonomy

1807 illustration of the now-extinct wombats of King Island

The common wombat was first described by George Shaw in 1800. There are three extant subspecies:

Hackett's wombat (V. hacketti) is an extinct species of genus Vombatus, inhabiting the southwestern part of Australia.[9][10][11][12] Being around the same size as V. ursinus, with an average weight of 30 kg, V. hacketti went extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene, in the Quaternary extinction event.[13][14]

Description

Common wombats are sturdy and built close to the ground. When fully grown, they can reach between 80 and 130 cm, and weigh between 17 and 40 kg. The wombats found on Tasmania and Flinders Island are often smaller than their mainland counterparts. It is distinguished from both hairy-nosed wombats by its bald nose.

Distribution and habitat

Common wombat in Narawntapu National Park, Tasmania

Common wombats are widespread in the cooler and better-watered parts of southern and eastern Australia, including Tasmania and Victoria, and in mountain districts as far north as southern Queensland.[15][16]

Common wombats can be found at any elevation in the south of their range, but in the north of their range are only found in higher, more mountainous areas. They may be found in a variety of habitats including rainforest, eucalyptus forest, woodland, alpine grassland, and coastal areas.[17] In some regions, they have adapted to farmland and can even be seen grazing in open fields with cattle and sheep.

Behaviour

Common wombats have been described as ecological engineers,[18] as their burrow building results in soil turnover and aeration, which assists plant growth, and provides habitat for a range of invertebrate and vertebrate species.[19][20]

Common wombats are a solitary, territorial species, with each wombat having an established range in which it lives and feeds.[21] In this area, they dig a tunnel system, with tunnels ranging from 2 to 20 m in length, along with many side tunnels. Usually, only one entrance to the burrow exists, although they may create a smaller one with which to escape.

A wide range of other animals are known to make use of wombat burrows including reptiles, rodents, rabbits, echidnas, wallabies, birds and koalas. Wombats are usually fairly tolerant of non-threatening species, and have a number of burrows that they can occupy.[22][23]

Many wombats can live in the same burrow, and wombats normally live in the same burrow for their whole lifespan unless the wombat is forced out of the burrow by farmers or other animal species, or unless the burrow is destroyed. Often nocturnal, the common wombat does come out during the day in cooler weather, such as in early morning or late afternoon.[24]

Diet

A wombat grazing on Maria Island, Australia

Bare-nosed wombats are herbivorous, subsisting on grass, snow tussocks, and other plant materials. Foraging is usually done during the night. They are the only marsupial in the world whose teeth constantly grow. Due to the underlying enamel structure of the teeth, the continuously growing teeth maintain a self-sharpening ridge[25] which allows easier grazing of the diet consisting of mainly native grasses.[24] Captive wombats are also fed a range of vegetables.[26]

Breeding

The common wombat can breed every two years and produce a single joey. Wombats appear to mate side-ways[27] The gestation period is about 20–30 days, and the young remain in the pouch for five months. When leaving the pouch, they weigh between 3.5 and 6.5 kg (7.7 and 14.3 lb). The joey is weaned around 12 to 15 months of age, and is usually independent at 18 months of age.[24] Wombats have an average lifespan of 15 years in the wild and 20 years in captivity.

Threats

Whilst bare-nosed wombats are listed as Least Concern by the IUCN,[2] they remain threatened largely due to anthropomorphic factors[28] including habitat reduction, roadkill[29] and sarcoptic mange.[30] Sarcoptic mange is prevalent in the population[31] and remains the most problematic of issues facing bare-nosed wombats with wildlife carers regularly treating wombats in the field[30][32] with low-risk moxidectin.[33]

Wombats have also been reported to harbour a range of parasites including ticks and associated pathogens[34][35]

References

Wikispecies has information related to Vombatus ursinus.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vombatus ursinus.
  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Genus Vombatus ursinus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Taggart, D.; Martin, R.; Menkhorst, P. (2016). "Vombatus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40556A21958985. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40556A21958985.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  3. ^ S. Jackson; C. Groves (2015). Taxonomy of Australian Mammals. p. 101.
  4. ^ a b c "Common Wombat". Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
  5. ^ Vombatus ursinus ursinus — Common Wombat (Bass Strait)
  6. ^ Australasian Marsupial & Monotreme Specialist Group (1996). "Vombatus ursinus ssp. ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
  7. ^ Spencer, Walter Baldwin; Kershaw, James A. (1910). The existing species of the genus Phascolomys. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne. Vol. 3. Melbourne: J. Kemp, government printer.
  8. ^ "Common Wombat". Wombania's Wombat Information Center. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
  9. ^ "Megafauna". austhrutime.com. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
  10. ^ Triggs, Barbara (2009-01-01). Wombats. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643096011.
  11. ^ "Anaspides.net". www.anaspides.net. Archived from the original on 2017-07-20. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
  12. ^ Johnson (2002). "Determinants of loss of mammal species during the Late Quaternary 'megafauna' extinctions: life history and ecology, but not body size". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269 (1506): 2221–2227. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2130. PMC 1691151. PMID 12427315.
  13. ^ "The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database cubit: The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database Extinct Mammals: Marsupials: Vombatus hacketti". cubits.org. Archived from the original on 2017-04-20. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
  14. ^ MacPhee, R. D. E. (1999-06-30). Extinctions in Near Time. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780306460920.
  15. ^ Thorley RK, Old JM (2020). Distribution, abundance and threats to bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus). Australian Mammalogy. 42, 249-256. DOI: 10.1071/AM19035
  16. ^ "Bare-nosed wombat Vombatus ursinus" (PDF). Queensland Government. Queensland Government. 2022-09-16. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  17. ^ Thorley, Rowan K.; Old, Julie M. (2020). "Distribution, abundance and threats to bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus)". Australian Mammalogy. 42 (3): 249. doi:10.1071/AM19035. S2CID 213536628.
  18. ^ Old, Julie M.; Lin, Simon H.; Franklin, Michael J. M. (December 2019). "Mapping out bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus) burrows with the use of a drone". BMC Ecology. 19 (1): 39. doi:10.1186/s12898-019-0257-5. PMC 6749681. PMID 31533684. S2CID 202641093.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  19. ^ Old, Julie M.; Hunter, NE; Wolfenden, J (2018). "Who utilises bare-nosed wombat burrows?". Australian Zoologist. 39 (3): 409–413. doi:10.7882/AZ.2018.006. S2CID 135128293.
  20. ^ Fleming, PA; Anderson, H; Prendergast, AS; Bretz, MR; Valentine, LE; Hardy, GES (2014-04-01). "Is the loss of Australian digging mammals contributing to a deterioration in ecosystem function?". Mammal Review. 44 (2): 94–108. doi:10.1111/mam.12014.
  21. ^ "Living with wombats". NSW Department of Planning and Environment. NSW Government. 2022-02-17. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  22. ^ "Australian bushfires: animals that take refuge in wombat burrows usually uninvited, experts say". AFP Fact Check. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  23. ^ Nimmo, Dale (15 January 2020). "Viral stories of wombats sheltering other wildlife from the bushfires aren't entirely true". ABC News. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  24. ^ a b c "Wombats, Wombat Pictures, Wombat Facts". National Geographic Society. 11 April 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  25. ^ Ferreira, J. M.; Phakey, P. P.; Palamara, J.; Rachinger, W. A.; Orams, H. J. (1989). "Electron microscopic investigation relating the occlusal morphology to the underlying enamel structure of molar teeth of the wombat (Vombatus ursinus)". Journal of Morphology. 200 (2): 141–149. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052000204. PMID 29865656. S2CID 46929011.
  26. ^ Stannard, Hayley J.; Purdy, Katherine; Old, Julie M. (2021). "A survey and critical review of wombat diets in captivity". Australian Mammalogy. 43 (1): 66. doi:10.1071/AM20028. S2CID 225365567.
  27. ^ Stannard, Hayley; Old, Julie. "A rare video of wombats having sex sideways offers a glimpse into the bizarre realm of animal reproduction". The Conversation.
  28. ^ Thorley, Rowan K.; Old, Julie M. (2020). "Distribution, abundance and threats to bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus)". Australian Mammalogy. 42 (3): 249. doi:10.1071/AM19035. S2CID 213536628.
  29. ^ Mayadunnage, S.; Stannard, H. J.; West, P.; Old, J. M. (6 July 2022). "Identification of roadkill hotspots and the factors affecting wombat vehicle collisions using the citizen science tool, WomSAT". Australian Mammalogy. 45 (1): 53–61. doi:10.1071/AM22001.
  30. ^ a b Old, J. M.; Sengupta, C.; Narayan, E.; Wolfenden, J. (April 2018). "Sarcoptic mange in wombats-A review and future research directions". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 65 (2): 399–407. doi:10.1111/tbed.12770. PMID 29150905.
  31. ^ Mayadunnage, Sujatha; Stannard, Hayley J.; West, Peter; Old, Julie M. (2023). "Spatial and temporal patterns of sarcoptic mange in wombats using the citizen science tool, WomSAT". Integrative Zoology. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12776.
  32. ^ Old, Julie M.; Skelton, Candice J. A.; Stannard, Hayley J. (March 2021). "The use of Cydectin® by wildlife carers to treat sarcoptic mange in free-ranging bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus)". Parasitology Research. 120 (3): 1077–1090. doi:10.1007/s00436-020-07012-8. PMID 33438043. S2CID 231595549.
  33. ^ Schraven, Andrea L.; Stannard, Hayley J.; Old, Julie M. (April 2021). "A systematic review of moxidectin as a treatment for parasitic infections in mammalian species". Parasitology Research. 120 (4): 1167–1181. doi:10.1007/s00436-021-07092-0. S2CID 231989259.
  34. ^ Beard, Danielle; Stannard, Hayley J.; Old, Julie M. (February 2021). "Parasites of wombats (family Vombatidae), with a focus on ticks and tick-borne pathogens". Parasitology Research. 120 (2): 395–409. doi:10.1007/s00436-020-07036-0. PMID 33409643. S2CID 253981632.
  35. ^ Beard, Danielle; Stannard, Hayley J.; Old, Julie M. (December 2021). "Morphological identification of ticks and molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens from bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus)". Parasites & Vectors. 14 (1): 60. doi:10.1186/s13071-020-04565-6. PMC 7814742. PMID 33468211.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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