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This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Australia women's national baseball team.

Australia national baseball team
Information
Country Australia
FederationAustralian Baseball Federation
ConfederationBaseball Confederation of Oceania
ManagerDave Nilsson
WBSC ranking
Current 11 Steady (18 December 2023)[1]
Highest6 (3 times; latest in June 2021)
Lowest14 (December 2014)
Uniforms
Australia's national baseball uniform
World Baseball Classic
Appearances5 (first in 2006)
Best result7th (1 time, in 2023)
Olympic Games
Appearances3 (first in 1996)
Best result 2nd (1 time, in 2004)
World Cup
Appearances9 (first in 1978)
Best result5th (2 times, most recent in 2011)
Intercontinental Cup
Appearances6 (first in 1981)
Best result 1st (1 time, in 1999)
Asian Championship
Appearances8 (first in 1971)
Best result 3rd (1 time, in 1975)
Oceania Championship
Appearances1 (first in 2003)
Best result 1st (1 time, in 2003)

The Australian national baseball team represents Australia in international baseball tournaments and competitions. It is ranked as the top team in Oceania, and is the Oceanian Champion, having been awarded the title in 2007 when New Zealand withdrew from the Oceania Baseball Championship. After achieving a last (16th) place in the 2013 World Baseball Classic, its rank dropped to 13, which is the lowest rank Australia ever received. The highest rank it has achieved is 6th, and its current rank is 10th.[1]

The Australian team participated in the Summer Olympic Games in 1996, 2000, and 2004, but failed to qualify for 2008. The team has also participated in both of the other major international baseball tournaments recognised by the International Baseball Federation (IBAF): the Baseball World Cup and most recently the World Baseball Classic (WBC).[2]

The team is controlled by the Australian Baseball Federation, which is represented in the Baseball Confederation of Oceania (BCO). Prior to the BCO's formation, Australia competed in the Asian Baseball Championship under the Baseball Federation of Asia (BFA). Australia continues to have a relationship with the BFA; the 2011 resumption of the Asia Series includes the Australian Baseball League's champion team.[3] Team Australia came in 6th in the 12-team 2019 WBSC Premier12 Tournament, in November 2019.

Current roster

2023 World Baseball Classic roster
Players Coaches
Pitchers
 Catchers

Infielders

Outfielders

 Manager

Coaches


Results and fixtures

The following is a list of professional baseball match results currently active in the latest version of the WBSC World Rankings, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.[4]

Legend

  Win   Lose   Void or postponed   Fixture

2019

WBSC Premier12 GS November 6 Australia  0–5  South Korea Gocheok Dome, South Korea
19:00 KST Boxscore Attendance: 5,899
WBSC Premier12 GS November 7 Australia  2–3 (F/10)  Cuba Gocheok Dome, South Korea
12:00 KST Boxscore Attendance: 252
WBSC Premier12 GS November 8 Canada  1–3  Australia Gocheok Dome, South Korea
12:00 KST Boxscore Attendance: 200
WBSC Premier12 SR November 11 Australia  2–3  Japan ZOZO Marine Stadium, Japan
19:00 JST Boxscore Attendance: 17,819
WBSC Premier12 SR November 12 Australia  0–3  Mexico Tokyo Dome, Japan
12:00 JST Boxscore Attendance: 2,089
WBSC Premier12 SR November 13 Australia  2–1  United States Tokyo Dome, Japan
12:00 JST Boxscore Attendance: 2,149
WBSC Premier12 SR November 16 Australia  1–5  Chinese Taipei Tokyo Dome, Japan
12:00 JST Boxscore Attendance: 7,299

2022

Friendly November 9 Australia  1–8  Japan Sapporo Dome, Japan
Boxscore
Friendly November 10 Australia  0–9  Japan Sapporo Dome, Japan
Boxscore

2023

World Baseball Classic GS March 9 Australia  8–7  South Korea Tokyo Dome, Japan
12:00 JT WP: Jon Kennedy (1–0)
Sv: Josh Guyer (1)
HR: Tim Kennelly (1), Robbie Glendinning (1), Robbie Perkins (1) 		Boxscore LP: Kim Won-jung (0–1)
HR: Yang Eui-ji (1) 		Umpires: HP – Ramon De Jesus, 1B – Fabrizio Fabrizzi, 2B – Adam Hamari, 3B – Chan-Jung Chang
World Baseball Classic GS March 11 China  2–12 (F/7)  Australia Tokyo Dome, Japan
12:00 JT LP: Xin Qi (0–1)
 Boxscore WP: Kyle Glogoski (1–0)
HR: Robbie Glendinning (2) 		Umpires: HP – Adam Hamari, 1B – Chan-Jung Chang, 2B – Pat Hoberg, 3B – Delfin Colon
World Baseball Classic GS March 12 Japan  7–1  Australia Tokyo Dome, Japan
19:00 JT WP: Yoshinobu Yamamoto (1–0)
HR: Shohei Ohtani (1) 		Boxscore LP: Will Sherriff (0–1)
HR: Alex Hall (baseball) (1) 		Attendance: 41,664
Umpires: HP – Pat Hoberg, 1B – Cuti Suárez, 2B – Adam Hamari, 3B – Chan-Jung Chang
World Baseball Classic GS March 13 Australia  8–3  Czech Republic Tokyo Dome, Japan
12:00 JT WP: Daniel McGrath (1–0)
HR: Alex Hall (2) 		Boxscore LP: Marek Minařík (1–1)
 Umpires: HP – Ramon De Jesus, 1B – Delfin Colon, 2B – Laz Díaz, 3B – Fabrizio Fabrizzi
World Baseball Classic QF March 15 Australia  3–4  Cuba Tokyo Dome, Japan
19:00 NST LP: Josh Guyer (0–1)
HR: Rixon Wingrove (1) 		Boxscore WP: Miguel Romero (2–0)
Sv: Raidel Martínez (1)
 Attendance: 35,061
Umpires: HP – Adam Hamari, 1B – Cuti Suárez, 2B – Laz Díaz, 3B – Delfin Colon

World ranking

See also: IBAF World Rankings

In January 2009 the International Baseball Federation created a ranking system so that the nations involved in international competition could be compared independently. Teams receive points based on the position they finish at the end of tournaments. The system takes into account results not only of the senior men's teams but also of junior teams. Weightings that emphasise the importance of certain tournaments are based on the number of teams competing, the number of continents represented (or eligible to be represented), and in the case of continental tournaments such as the Oceania Baseball Championship the relative strength of teams eligible. Only results within the previous four years are used, so points are added and removed over time.[2] Since the system began, the rankings have been adjusted after the completion of tournaments qualifying for the ranking process; the most recent was the 2009 Baseball World Cup.

When the rankings were first introduced, Australia was listed at 10th position.[5] The high-water mark was after the 2009 World Baseball Classic when they were in 9th.[6] The lowest position they have been in the ranking since its inception is 11th.[7][8][9] At the end of 2010, Australia had returned to their original position of 10th.[10]

Date
Released 		Tournament* Tournament
Result 		Ranking Points Position Above Position Below
Rank Team Points
Difference 		Rank Team Points
Difference
1 December 2010**[10] 2010 World Junior Championship 2nd 10th Improved 226.83 Improved 9th  Mexico +60.40 11th  Puerto Rico −13.60
2 June 2010**[7] † † 11th No change 211.24 No change 10th  Puerto Rico +20.15 12th  Italy −45.24
19 October 2009**[9] 2009 World Youth Championship 9th 11th No change 211.24 Worsened 10th  Puerto Rico +20.15 12th  Italy -45.24
2009 World Cup 5th
12 August 2009**[8] † † 11th Worsened 214.11 No change 10th  Puerto Rico +1.28 12th  Panama −1.79
24 March 2009[6] 2009 World Baseball Classic 12th 9th Improved 214.11 Improved 8th  Canada +66.08 10th  Puerto Rico −2.97
13 January 2009[5] † † 10th No change 191.43 No change 9th  Panama +6.21 11th  Puerto Rico −38.61
 * – The tournaments that Australia participated in since the previous release of the rankings.
** – Multiple tournaments were held since the previous release of the rankings.
 † – Denotes a rankings release that had no tournaments Australia participated in.

International competition

In January 2009 the IBAF, in releasing the first edition of the world rankings, announced the classifications of various tournaments that contributed to the rankings themselves. In doing so, they identified that of the "world" tournaments, there were different levels with differing levels of weighting towards the ranks: major world championships, minor world championships, world qualifying tournaments and continental championships/qualifying tournaments.[2]

Major world championships

There are currently three recognised tournaments that are considered "major" by the IBAF: the World Baseball Classic, the Summer Olympic Games and the Baseball World Cup.[2] Of those, the Summer Olympics will be phased out of the rankings structure, as baseball will no longer be contested as an Olympic event.[11]

World Baseball Classic

Australia has competed in all four editions of the World Baseball Classic. All sixteen teams that played in the 2006 edition were invited to compete in the second in 2009.[12] By virtue of their third-place finish in their first-round pool, Australia qualified compete at the 2013 edition of the WBC.;[13] however, they were eliminated with an 0–3 record and finished in last place overall.

Australia, which has not progressed beyond the first round of competition, achieved its highest finish, 9th, in the 2017 tournament. Unusual for international competition in baseball, the squads selected in the World Baseball Classic tournaments featured players active in Major League Baseball in addition to Minor League, Nippon Professional Baseball and local players. Generally players in the Major Leagues are unavailable for international representative teams due to their contracts with the respective clubs.[14]

World Baseball Classic record Qualification record
Year Round Position W L RS RA W L RS RA
United States 2006 Round 1 13th 0 3 4 18 No qualifiers held
Mexico 2009 Round 1 12th 1 2 22 28 No qualifiers held
Taiwan 2013 Round 1 16th 0 3 2 14 Automatically qualified
Japan 2017 Round 1 9th 1 2 15 8 3 0 27 7
Japan 2023 Quarterfinals 7th 3 2 32 23 Automatically qualified
Total Quarterfinals 5/5 5 12 75 91 3 0 27 7
Australian World Baseball Classic Record by opponent
Opponent Tournaments
met 		W-L
record 		Largest victory Largest defeat Current
streak
Score Tournament Score Tournament
 China 2 2–0 11–0 (F/8) Japan 2017 – W2
 Chinese Taipei 1 0–1 – 4–1 Taiwan 2013 L1
 Cuba 3 0–3 – 4–3 Japan 2017 & 2023 L3
 Czech Republic 1 1–0 8–3 Japan 2023 – W1
 Dominican Republic 1 0–1 – 6–4 United States 2006 L1
 Italy 1 0–1 – 10–0 (F/7) United States 2006 L1
 Japan 2 0–2 – 7–1 Japan 2023 L2
 Mexico 1 1–1 17–7 (F/8) Mexico 2009 16–1 (F/6) Mexico 2009 L1
 Netherlands 1 0–1 – 4–1 Taiwan 2013 L1
 South Korea 2 1–1 8–7 Japan 2023 6–0 Taiwan 2013 W1
 Venezuela 1 0–1 – 2–0 United States 2006 L1
Overall 5 5–12 Against  CHN Against  MEX L1
11–0 (F/8) Japan 2017 16–1 (F/6) Mexico 2009
United States, 2006
See also: 2006 World Baseball Classic and 2006 WBC Australian roster

Prior to formally starting their campaign, Australia played an exhibition game, which they lost, against a Boston Red Sox squad at City of Palms Park in Fort Myers, Florida.[15] This was also the site of their training camp.[16]

Australia competed in Pool D—along with Dominican Republic, Italy and Venezuela—in the first round at Cracker Jack Stadium in Orlando, Florida. The other three teams were able to field a large number of Major League players. Of players born outside the United States on 2006 Major League Opening Day rosters, the Dominican Republic (85) and Venezuela (43) had more than all other countries and between them accounted for more than 57% of foreign-born players in the leagues.[17] Italy is among the top nations in Europe and had access to Italian-American players under the eligibility rules for the tournament. Thus, Australia was considered the underdog in the pool.[18]

Having failed to win any of their round-robin pool games, they finished last in their pool, and were eliminated with Canada, China, Chinese Taipei, Italy, Netherlands, Panama and South Africa. The eventual champions were Japan.[19]

2006 WBC Results
7 March
1st Round, Pool D – Game 2 		Italy  10–0 (F/7) Australia Australia United States Cracker Jack Stadium
Attendance: 8,099
Boxscore
9 March
1st Round, Pool D – Game 5 		Australia Australia 0–2  Venezuela United States Cracker Jack Stadium
Attendance: 10,111
Boxscore
10 March
1st Round, Pool D – Game 6 		Dominican Republic  6–4 Australia Australia United States Cracker Jack Stadium
Attendance: 11,083
Boxscore
Mexico, 2009
See also: 2009 World Baseball Classic and 2009 WBC Australian roster

Australia was based in Peoria, Arizona—the site of the Seattle Mariners spring training camp—for their preparation for the formal start of their 2009 campaign. Unlike 2006, in which they had one exhibition game, they competed against three different Major League clubs: the Seattle Mariners, the Milwaukee Brewers and the Chicago White Sox.[20] Their game against Seattle was Ken Griffey Jr.'s first game playing for the Mariners since October 1999,[21] and was also their first victory as part of a World Baseball Classic tour.

Australia was drawn in Pool B for the 2009 tournament, along with Cuba, Mexico and South Africa, competing at Foro Sol Stadium in Mexico City.[22] After beating Mexico in their opening game,[23] they lost their next two games to Cuba[24] and Mexico,[25] and were eliminated from the tournament.[26] The Australians set a WBC record against Mexico: 22 hits in a single game is more than any other team has achieved in either tournament.[27]

2009 WBC Results
8 March
1st Round, Pool B – Game 2 		Mexico  7–17 (F/8) Australia Australia Mexico Foro Sol
Attendance: 20,821
Boxscore
10 March
1st Round, Pool B – Game 4 		Australia Australia 4–5  Cuba Mexico Foro Sol
Attendance: 13,396
Boxscore
11 March
1st Round, Pool B – Game 5 		Australia Australia 1–16 (F/6)  Mexico Mexico Foro Sol
Attendance: 16,718
Boxscore
Taiwan, 2013
See also: 2013 World Baseball Classic

In June 2011, it was announced that the field for the 2013 WBC would be expanded to include an additional 12 teams and that a qualifying round would be several months prior to the main tournament. The qualifying tournament involved the 12 newly invited teams, as well as the four lowest-placed teams from the 2009 tournament; all teams who did not win a game. The qualifying tournament broke the teams into four pools of four teams each, which competed in a six-game, modified double-elimination format, similar to the first round of the 2009 tournament, with the winners of the sixth game in each pool proceeding to the main tournament. Australia, having finished 12th after beating Mexico in their first game in 2009, automatically qualified for the main tournament.[13]

The main tournament combined elements of both previous WBC editions. The first round was split all teams into four pools, where the teams competed in a round-robin, as was the case in the 2006 tournament. The second round used the same modified double-elimination format as used in the 2009 tournament and the 2013 qualifying tournament. The final round was contested in the same manner as both previous tournaments: the top two teams from each group in the second round qualifying for the two semi-final matches, the winners of which played in the championship game.[28]

Australia was drawn into Pool B, which was held at the Taichung Intercontinental Baseball Stadium in Taiwan. In their opener, they fell to host and qualifiers Chinese Taipei, 4–1. They followed up with a 6–0 loss to South Korea before finishing with a 4–1 defeat to the Netherlands.

2013 WBC Results

Pool B Game 1

2 March 12:30 (UTC+08:00) at Taiwan Taichung Intercontinental Baseball Stadium
Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E
Australia Australia 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 5 0
 Chinese Taipei 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 X 4 10 0
WP: Wang Chien-Ming (1–0)   LP: Chris Oxspring (0–1)   Sv: Chen Hung-Wen (1)
Home runs:
Australia: Stefan Welch (1)
TPE: Peng Cheng-Min (1)
Attendance: 20,035
[1]

Game 4

4 March 18:30 (UTC+08:00) at Taiwan Taichung Intercontinental Baseball Stadium
Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E
 South Korea                    –  –  –
Australia Australia                    –  –  –

Game 5

5 March 12:30 (UTC+08:00) at Taiwan Taichung Intercontinental Baseball Stadium
Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E
Australia Australia                    –  –  –
 Netherlands                    –  –  –
Australia roster - 2013 World Baseball Classic
Final roster[29] Provisional roster[30] Coaching staff
Pitchers

Right-handed pitchers

Left-handed pitchers

 Catchers

Infielders

Outfielders


Utility players

 Manager

Coaches


* – Player has not played for Australia in international competition prior to 2013 WBC
† – Player did not play for Australia in WBC prior to 2013
Japan, 2023
See also: 2023 World Baseball Classic and 2023 WBC Australian roster

Olympic Games

Main article: Australia national baseball team at the Summer Olympics
See also: Baseball at the Summer Olympics

Australia was the third nation, after the United States and Sweden,[31] to participate in baseball at the Summer Olympics, making their first appearance at the 1956 Games in Melbourne, and again as part of its demonstration at the 1988 Games in Seoul. Though the sport has applied for re-admission for 2016, baseball is no longer contested as a medal event at the Olympics.[32]

Since baseball was first included as a medal sport at the 1992 Games in Barcelona,[33] Australia has participated in three of the five tournaments. The best result achieved was in the 2004 Games in Athens, where Australia lost the gold medal match to Cuba to receive silver.[34] Their medal tally puts them at 5th, equal to Chinese Taipei.[Oly 1]

Australia did not send a team to the 2021 Olympic qualifiers.

Summer Olympics record Qualification
Year Round Position W L % RS RA
Australia 1956 Exhibition only 0 1 .000 5 11 No qualifiers held
South Korea 1988 Preliminary 5th (tie) 1 2 .333 10 20 Invited [a]
Spain 1992 Did not qualify Did not qualify
United States 1996 Preliminary 7th 2 5 .286 47 86 Oceania Baseball Championship;
defeated Africa Cup Champion
Australia 2000 Preliminary 7th 2 5 .286 30 41 Qualified as hosts
Greece 2004 Finals 2nd 5 4 .556 52 36 Oceania Baseball Championship;
defeated Africa Cup Champion
China 2008 Did not qualify Did not qualify
Japan 2020 Withdrew from qualifying tournament
Total [b] Finals 3/6 9 14 .391 129 163
  1. ^ Cuba originally qualified but withdrew as a result of its boycott; Nicaragua, Mexico and Italy had senior rights, but were unable to field a team on short notice.
  2. ^ Totals only include years 1992 to 2008, during which baseball was an official medal sport.

World Cup

Main article: Australia at the Baseball World Cup
See also: Baseball World Cup

Australia has participated in ten of the IBAF World Cup tournaments. To date its best result has been 5th, which Australia has achieved twice in both of the most recent tournaments held—2009[36] and 2011.[37] At the 2007 tournament, Trent Oeltjen became the first Australian player to be named in a World Cup All Star team,[38] in recognition of his tournament-leading hitting and base-running statistics. Australia is currently participating in the 2011 tournament in Panama.[39][40]

Until 1986, the World Cup was actually referred to as the "Amateur World Series". The Amateur World Series only made use of round-robin fixtures, with teams ranked at the end of the tournament. Australia's first appearance was in Italy in 1978. Out of the ten teams to compete, Australia finished 9th ahead of the other debuting team, Belgium.[41]

Since the 1988 tournament, it has held the "World Cup" name, with the IBAF recognising the past Amateur World Series winners as World Cup winners. With the change of name came a change in format for the tournament: a round-robin phase, followed by a knockout phase for the top four teams. (Later tournaments would see two pools used in the first phase, and an expanded knockout phase including the top four teams from each pool.) In the "World Cup Era", Australia has reached the final phase four times, finishing 7th in 1998,[42] 6th in 2007[43] and most recently 5th in 2009 and 2011.[36][37]

Baseball World Cup record Qualification record
Year Round Position W L RS RA W L RS RA
1938 to 1976 Did not participate Did not participate
Italy 1978 – 9th – – – – No qualifiers held
Japan 1980 – 7th 4 7 – – No qualifiers held
South Korea 1982 – 9th 2 7 – – No qualifiers held
1984 to 1990 Did not participate Did not participate
Nicaragua 1994 First round 9th 3 4 54 47 Oceanian qualifier
Italy 1998 Quarterfinals 7th 6 4 71 54 Oceanian qualifier
Taiwan 2001 First round 10th 3 4 24 32 Oceanian qualifier
Cuba 2003 Did not qualify Did not qualify
Netherlands 2005 First round 10th 4 4 41 26 Oceanian qualifier
Taiwan 2007 Quarterfinals 6th 7 3 61 29 Oceanian qualifier
Czech Republic Netherlands Italy 2009 Third round 5th 9 6 96 64 Oceanian qualifier
Panama 2011 Third round 5th 7 5 56 57 Oceanian qualifier
Total Quarterfinals 10/39 45 44 403 309 – – – –

Premier12 Tournament

2019

Team Australia came in sixth in the 12-team 2019 WBSC Premier12 Tournament in November 2019.[44]

Minor world championships

There are six separate tournaments that the IBAF currently recognises as "minor world championships". Of those, Australia has only participated in one senior tournament: the Intercontinental Cup. (Australia has also participated in the World Junior Baseball Championship and the World Youth Baseball Championship, both of which are also included in the same category for the IBAF rankings.)[2]

Intercontinental Cup

Australia is one of five nations to have won the Intercontinental Cup, winning the 1999 tournament by beating Cuba 4–3 in extra innings in front of a home crowd in Sydney.[45] It was the first time Australia had won an international baseball tournament, and through 2009 the only win outside of the Oceania Baseball Championship. The team enjoyed several individual successes as well:[46]

It was only the third time Cuba had been beaten in the gold medal match in the tournament's history, having reached the tournament decider every time they have participated. Australia also shares another honour with Cuba: of the nine nations to have hosted the tournament, only Australia and Cuba have won as hosts, combining for five tournament wins from five times hosted. (Cuba in 1979, 1987, 1995 and 2002, Australia in 1999.)[47]

Australia first participated in the tournament at the 1981 Intercontinental Cup, managing only one win out of their seven games, finishing 8th.[48] Missing the 1983 Intercontinental Cup, they returned in 1985 to repeat their previous performance: 1 win, 8th-place finish.[49] They would not reappear at the tournament until 1993 where they improved to a 5–4 record to finish in 6th position.[50] Australia's first medal performance at the Intercontinental Cup (and their first medal at a world tournament) was at the 1997 tournament. In their best performance through the preliminary round, they put together a 6–1 record losing only to eventual silver-medalists Cuba, and beating eventual gold-medalists Japan. They lost to Japan in the semi-final, but beat the United States for the second time in the tournament to secure the bronze.[51]

Australia also competed in the most recent tournament in 2006. There they finished in 5th position, compiling a 3–4 record. This is likely to be the last edition of the tournament for the foreseeable future.[2]

Continental tournaments

Australia is the second of only two nations to have participated in IBAF-sanctioned continental tournaments for more than one continent: the Asian Baseball Championship between 1971 and 1993, and the Oceania Baseball Championship since 2003. The first nation to achieve this was Guam, who competed in the Asian tournament within the same timeframe as Australia, though they were involved in the first Oceania tournament in 1999.[52]

Asian Baseball Championship

Australia is one of thirteen nations to have participated in the Asian Baseball Championship since the tournament was first held in 1954. The last time they contested the championship was in 1993, as a result of joining the newly formed Baseball Confederation of Oceania. Though their best result was a bronze medal in the 1975, the only teams to consistently finish ahead of Australia were Japan, South Korea and Chinese Taipei—the top three teams in Asia, and all in the top five in the world.[53]

Oceania Baseball Championship

Though scheduled to participate on three separate occasions, Australia has only contested the Oceania Baseball Championship once in 2003. The two other times, Australia's scheduled opponents—Guam in 2004[54] and New Zealand in 2007[55]—withdrew from competition in the lead up to each series, both times scheduled to be held in Sydney. Australia was awarded the championship both times, and as a result represented Oceania at the 2004 Summer Olympics[OBC 1] and at the 2007 Baseball World Cup respectively.

Held during late April 2003, Australia won its first continental championship, beating hosts Guam 12–1, 12–1 and 5–1 to win the best of five series three games to one. (Guam won the third game 8–2.)[57]

See also

Footnotes

Olympic Games
  1. ^ The 5th-placed ranking is based both on the most medals received in total, and on the most gold medals, then silver, then bronze.[35]
Oceania Baseball Championship
  1. ^ To compete at the 2004 Summer Olympics as Oceania Champion, Australia also had to defeat South Africa in a final qualifying series.[56]

References

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  57. ^ Bjarkman 2005, pp.482–3

Bibliography

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