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Caster Semenya
OIB
Caster Semenya in 2018
Personal information
NationalitySouth African
Born (1991-01-07) 7 January 1991 (age 33)
Pietersburg, South Africa
Alma materNorth-West University
Height1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
Weight70 kg (154 lb)
Association football career
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
2019–present JVW F.C.
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Sport
SportRunning
Event(s)800 metres, 1500 metres
Achievements and titles
Personal bests
Medal record
Women's athletics
Representing  South Africa
Olympic Games
Gold medal – first place 2012 London 800 m
Gold medal – first place 2016 Rio de Janeiro 800 m
World Championships
Gold medal – first place 2009 Berlin 800 m
Gold medal – first place 2011 Daegu 800 m
Gold medal – first place 2017 London 800 m
Bronze medal – third place 2017 London 1500 m
Commonwealth Games
Gold medal – first place 2018 Gold Coast 800 m
Gold medal – first place 2018 Gold Coast 1500 m
African Games
Gold medal – first place 2015 Brazzaville 800 m
African Championships
Gold medal – first place 2016 Durban 800 m
Gold medal – first place 2016 Durban 1500 m
Gold medal – first place 2016 Durban 4x400 m relay
Gold medal – first place 2018 Asaba 400 m
Gold medal – first place 2018 Asaba 800 m
Representing Africa
Continental Cup
Gold medal – first place 2018 Ostrava 800 m
Silver medal – second place 2018 Ostrava 400 m
Silver medal – second place 2018 Ostrava 4x400 m mixed

Mokgadi Caster Semenya OIB (born 7 January 1991) is a South African middle-distance runner and winner of two Olympic gold medals[4] and three World Championships in the women's 800 metres. She first won gold at the World Championships in 2009 and went on to win at the 2016 Olympics and the 2017 World Championships, where she also won a bronze medal in the 1500 metres. After the doping disqualification of Mariya Savinova, she was also awarded gold medals for the 2011 World Championships and the 2012 Olympics.[5][6][7]

Semenya has the intersex condition 5α-Reductase 2 deficiency, which only affects genetic males.[8][9][10] Individuals with this condition have normal male internal structures that are not fully masculinized during the embryo's development, resulting in external genitalia that appear ambiguous or female at birth.[10] Although Semenya was assigned female at birth,[11] she has XY chromosomes, undescended testes, and naturally high testosterone levels in the typical male range.[12][13][14][15][16][17] However, Semenya has rejected the label of "intersex," calling herself "a different kind of woman."[17]

Following Semenya's victory at the 2009 World Championships, she was made to undergo sex testing, and cleared to return to competition the following year.[18][19] In 2019, new World Athletics rules came into force preventing athletes like Semenya with certain disorders of sex development (DSDs) from participating in 400m, 800m, and 1500m events in the female classification, unless they take medication to suppress their naturally high testosterone levels. Semenya has filed a series of legal cases to restore her ability to compete in these events without testosterone suppression, arguing that the World Athletics rules are discriminatory.[20]

Early life and education

Semenya was born in Ga-Masehlong, a village in South Africa near Polokwane (previously called Pietersburg), and grew up in the village of Fairlie, deep in South Africa's northern Limpopo province. She has three sisters and a brother.[21][22] Semenya attended Nthema Secondary School and the University of North West as a sports science student.[23][24] She began running as training for association football.[25]

External videos
video icon "Too Fast to Be a Woman The Story of Caster Semenya", Maxx Ginane
video icon "Dorcas and Caster Semenya", P&G
video icon "The problem with sex testing in sports", Vox

Career

2008

In July, Semenya participated in the 2008 World Junior Championships in the 800 m and did not qualify for the finals. She won gold at the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games with a time of 2:04.23.[26]

2009

Semenya in 2009

In the African Junior Championships, Semenya won both the 800 m and 1500 m races with the times of 1:56.72 and 4:08.01, respectively.[27][28] With that race she improved her 800 m personal best by seven seconds in less than nine months, including four seconds in that race alone.[23][29] The 800 m time was the world leading time in 2009 at that date.[29] It was also a national record and a championship record. Semenya simultaneously beat the Senior and Junior South African records held by Zelda Pretorius at 1:58.85, and Zola Budd at 2:00.90, respectively.[30]

In August, Semenya won gold in the 800 metres at the World Championships with a time of 1:55.45 in the final, again setting the fastest time of the year.[31]

In December 2009, Track and Field News voted Semenya the Number One Women's 800-metre runner of the year.[32]

Sex verification tests

Following her victory at the world championships, questions were raised about her sex.[23][29][33][34] Having beaten her previous 800 m best by four seconds at the African Junior Championships just a month earlier,[35] her quick improvements came under scrutiny. The combination of her rapid athletic progression and her appearance culminated in World Athletics (formerly called the IAAF) asking her to take a sex verification test to ascertain whether she was female.[36][37] The IAAF says it was "obliged to investigate" after she made improvements of 25 seconds at 1500 m and eight seconds at 800 m – "the sort of dramatic breakthroughs that usually arouse suspicion of drug use".[38]

The sex test results were never published officially, but some results were leaked in the press and were widely discussed, resulting in at the time unverified claims about Semenya having an intersex trait.[39][40]

In November 2009, South Africa's sports ministry issued a statement that Semenya[41] had reached an agreement with the IAAF to keep her medal and award.[42] Eight months later, in July 2010, she was cleared again to compete in women's competitions.[43][44]

Reaction

News that the IAAF requested the test broke three hours before the 2009 World Championships 800 m final.[29] IAAF president Lamine Diack stated, "There was a leak of confidentiality at some point and this led to some insensitive reactions."[45] The IAAF's handling of the case spurred many negative reactions.[46] A number of athletes, including retired sprinter Michael Johnson, criticised the organisation for its response to the incident.[47][48] There was additional outcry from South Africans, alleging undertones of European racism and imperialism embedded in the gender testing. Many local media reports highlighted these frustrations and challenged the validity of the tests with the belief that through Semenya's testing, members of the Global North did not want South Africans to excel.[49]

The IAAF said it confirmed the requirement for a sex verification test after the news had already been reported in the media, denying charges of racism and expressing regret about "the allegations being made about the reasons for which these tests are being conducted".[38][50] The federation also explained that the motivation for the test was not suspected cheating but a desire to determine whether she had a "rare medical condition" giving her an "unfair advantage".[51] The president of the IAAF stated that the case could have been handled with more sensitivity.[52]

On 7 September 2009, Wilfred Daniels, Semenya's coach with Athletics South Africa (ASA), resigned because he felt that ASA "did not advise Ms. Semenya properly". He apologised for personally having failed to protect her.[53] ASA President Leonard Chuene admitted on 19 September 2009 to having subjected Semenya to testing. He had previously lied to Semenya about the purpose of the tests and to others about having performed the tests. He ignored a request from ASA team doctor Harold Adams to withdraw Semenya from the World Championships over concerns about the need to keep her medical records confidential.[54]

Prominent South African civic leaders, commentators, politicians, and activists characterised the controversy as racist, as well as an affront to Semenya's privacy and human rights.[55][56] On the recommendation of South Africa's Minister for Sport and Recreation, Makhenkesi Stofile, Semenya retained the legal firm Dewey & LeBoeuf, acting pro bono, "to make certain that her civil and legal rights and dignity as a person are fully protected".[57][58][59] In an interview with South African magazine YOU Semenya stated, "God made me the way I am and I accept myself."[60] Following the furore, Semenya received great support within South Africa,[47][48] to the extent of being called a cause célèbre.[56]

2010

Semenya on the 2010 Diamond League circuit

In March 2010, Semenya was denied the opportunity to compete in the local Yellow Pages Series V Track and Field event in Stellenbosch, South Africa, because the IAAF had yet to release its findings from her sex test.[61]

On 6 July, the IAAF cleared Semenya to return to international competition.[62] The results of the sex tests, however, were not released for privacy reasons.[18] She returned to competition nine days later, winning two minor races in Finland.[63] On 22 August 2010, running on the same track as her World Championship victory, Semenya started slowly but finished strongly, dipping under 2:00 for the first time since the controversy, while winning the ISTAF meet in Berlin.[64]

Not being in full form, she did not enter the World Junior Championships or the African Championships, both held in July 2010, and opted to target the Commonwealth Games to be held in October 2010.[65] She improved her season's best to 1:58.16 at the Notturna di Milano meeting in early September and returned to South Africa to prepare for the Commonwealth Games.[66] Eventually, she was forced to skip the games due to an injury.[67]

2011

After the controversy of the previous year, Semenya returned to action with a moderately low profile, running only 1:58.61 at the Bislett Games as her best prior to the World Championships.[68] During the championships, she easily won her semi-final heat. In the final, she remained in the front of the pack leading into the final straightaway. While she separated from the rest of the field, Mariya Savinova followed her, then sprinted past Semenya before the finish line, leaving her to finish second.[68] In 2017, Savinova was banned for doping and her results were disqualified,[69] resulting in Semenya being awarded the gold medal.

2012 Olympics

Caster Semenya at the 2012 Summer Olympics

Caster Semenya was chosen to carry the country's flag during the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics.[70] She later won a silver medal in the women's 800 metres of these games, with a time of 1:57.23 seconds, her season's best. She passed six competitors in the last 150 metres, but did not pass world champion Mariya Savinova of Russia, who took gold in a time of 1:56.19, finishing 1.04 seconds before Semenya.[71] During the BBC coverage after the race, former British hurdler Colin Jackson raised the question whether Semenya had thrown the race, as the time that had been run was well within her capability,[72][73] though in fact Semenya had at that point only once in her life run faster than Savinova's winning time, when winning the 2009 World Championships.[74]

In November 2015, the World Anti-Doping Agency recommended Savinova and four other Russian athletes be given a lifetime ban for doping violations at the Olympics.[75] On 10 February 2017, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) officially disqualified Savinova's results backdated to July 2010. The International Olympic Committee reallocated the London 2012 medals, and Semenya's silver was upgraded to gold.[76][77][78]

2015 testosterone rule change

The IAAF policy on high natural levels of testosterone in women, that had been in place since 2011[79] was suspended following the case of Dutee Chand v. Athletics Federation of India (AFI) & The International Association of Athletics Federations, in the Court of Arbitration for Sport, decided in July 2015.[80] The ruling found that there was a lack of evidence provided that testosterone increased female athletic performance and notified the IAAF that it had two years to provide the evidence.[81]

2016

On 16 April, Semenya became the first person to win all three of the 400 m, 800 m, and 1500 m titles at the South African National Championships, setting world leading marks of 50.74 and 1:58.45 in the first two events, and a 4:10.93 in the 1500 m, all within a nearly four-hour span of each other.[82][83]

On 16 July, she set a new national record for 800 metres of 1:55:33.[84][85] On 20 August, she won the gold medal in the women's 800 metres at the Rio Olympics with a time of 1:55.28.[86] The win reignited controversy over the rules on permissible testosterone levels; immediately after the race Lynsey Sharp, finishing sixth, broke into tears, having previously said that "everyone can see it's two separate races",[87] while fifth-placed Joanna Jóźwik stated "I feel like the silver medalist ... I'm glad I'm the first European, the second white", to finish the race.[88][89] Bioethicist Katrina Karkazis criticised the indignant response to Semenya's win as discriminatory.[89]

Semenya set a new personal best for the 400 m of 50.40 at the 2016 Memorial Van Damme track and field meet in Brussels.[90]

2017

Semenya won the bronze medal in the 1500 metres at the 2017 World Championships held in London.[91] She also won the gold medal in the women's 800m event.[92]

2018 testosterone rule change

In April 2018, the IAAF announced new rules effective 8 May 2019 that applied to athletes with certain disorders of sex development that result in androgen sensitivity and testosterone levels above 5 nmol/L. Under the new rules, these athletes would be required to take medication to lower their testosterone levels below the 5 nmol/L threshold for at least six months in order to compete in the female classification for certain events.[93][94][95][96] The changes applied to eight different events – including the 400m, 800m, and 1500m, which Semenya regularly competed in.[97]

In a report explaining its decision, the IAAF estimated that "the ergogenic advantage in having circulating testosterone levels in the normal male range rather than in the normal female range is greater than 9%... there is no other genetic or biological trait encountered in female athletics that confers such a huge performance advantage." Sports scientist Ross Tucker estimated that the new rules could make Semenya "five to seven seconds slower over 800 metres."[98]

2019 football career

In September 2019, Semenya joined the South African SAFA Sasol Women's League football club JVW F.C., owned by Janine van Wyk.[99]

Tokyo 2020 Olympics

In 2020, Semenya announced that she had decided to switch to the 200 meters for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, in order to avoid the 400 m to one mile ban.[100] In order to qualify for the 200 meters, Semenya would have needed to achieve the qualifying time of 22.80.[101] She had previously won the 5000 m at the South African championship in 2019.[102]

On 15 April 2021, Semenya confirmed she would not try to make the Tokyo 2020 200m qualifying standard.[103] On 28 May 2021, Semenya ran a personal best of 15:32.15 in the 5000m, 22 seconds slower than the necessary speed to compete at the Olympics.[104]

2022 World Championships

Semenya ran in the 5000 meter race at the 2022 World Athletics Championships in Eugene, Oregon. It was her first major international competition since 2017. She finished almost a minute behind first place in her heat of the semifinals, and did not advance to the finals.[105]

In June 2018, Semenya announced that she would legally challenge the IAAF rules, calling them "discriminatory, irrational, [and] unjustifiable".[106] She claimed that testosterone-suppressing medication, which she had taken from 2010 to 2015, had made her feel "constantly sick" and caused her abdominal pain, and that the IAAF had used her as a "guinea pig" to test the medication's effects.[107]

The case divided legal and scientific commentators. Duke Law School professor and former middle-distance runner Doriane Lambelet Coleman argued that the organization's rules guaranteed a "protected space" for female athletes. Physician and genetics researcher Eric Vilain argued in favor of Semenya, claiming that "sex is not defined by one particular parameter... it's so difficult to exclude women who've always lived their entire lives as women."[108] During the proceedings, the IAAF clarified that the regulations would only apply to athletes with XY chromosomes.[97][109]

In May 2019, the Court of Arbitration for Sport rejected Semenya's challenge, paving the way for the new rules to come into effect.[110] Although the CAS agreed with Semenya that the rules were discriminatory, it concluded that this discrimination was "a necessary, reasonable and proportionate means of achieving the IAAF's aim of preserving the integrity of female athletics".[111]

That same month, Semenya appealed the decision to the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland. The court provisionally suspended the World Athletics rules while deciding whether to issue an interlocutory injunction in June,[112] but reversed this decision in July, leaving Semenya unable to compete in the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha while her appeal continued.[113][114]

The Swiss supreme court ultimately rejected Semenya's appeal in September 2020. In its decision, the court affirmed that the CAS had the right to uphold World Athletics' rules "in order to guarantee fair competition for certain running disciplines in female athletics."[115] The court also declared that because Semenya was "free to refuse treatment to lower testosterone levels," her "guarantee of human dignity" was not violated.[116]

In February 2021, Semenya again appealed the case to the European Court of Human Rights.[117] In July 2023, the court ruled in her favor in a 4-3 decision, finding that the competition rules had discriminated against her and infringed on her human rights. However, the decision did not overturn the rules themselves, and World Athletics stated that the regulations would "remain in place."[118] World Athletics had previously made its rules for Semenya and other athletes with certain disorders of sex development even more restrictive in March 2023, requiring affected individuals to lower their testosterone levels below a threshold of 2.5 nmol/L for at least 24 months before competing.[119]

Competition record

Representing  South Africa
Year Competition Venue Position Event Notes
2008
800m world rank:
NR		 World Junior Championships Bydgoszcz, Poland 7th (h) 800 m 2:11.98
Commonwealth Youth Games Pune, India 1st 800 m 2:04.23 GR
2009
800m world rank:
1st[120]		 South African Championships Stellenbosch, South Africa 1st 800 m 2:03.16
2nd 1500 m 4:16.43
South African U18/U20 Championships Pretoria, South Africa 1st 800 m 2:02.00
1st 1500 m 4:25.70
African Junior Championships Bambous, Mauritius 1st 800 m 1:56.72 NR CR
1st 1500 m 4:08.01
IAAF World Championships Berlin, Germany 1st 800 m 1:55.45
IAAF formalizes testosterone policy[121]
2011
800m world rank:
2nd		 South African Championships Durban, South Africa 1st 800 m 2:02.10
1st 1500 m 4:12.93
1st 4 × 400 m 3:41.30
IAAF World Championships Daegu, South Korea 1st 800 m 1:56.35[cr 1]
2012
800m world rank:
5th		 South African Championships Port Elizabeth, South Africa 1st 800 m 2:02.68
1st 4 × 400 m 3:36.92
Olympic Games London, United Kingdom 1st 800 m 1:57.23[cr 1]
2014
800m world rank:
NR		 South African Championships Pretoria, South Africa 1st 800 m 2:03.05
2015
800m world rank:
NR		 South African Championships Stellenbosch, South Africa 1st 800 m 2:05.05
8th 1500 m 4:29.60
IAAF World Championships Beijing, China 8th (h) 800 m 2:03.18
All-Africa Games Brazzaville, Congo 1st 800 m 2:00.97
8th 1500 m 4:23.00
Court of Arbitration in Sport temporarily lifts testosterone regulations[122]
2016
800m world rank:
1st		 South African Championships Stellenbosch, South Africa 1st 400 m 50.74
1st 800 m 1:58.45
1st 1500 m 4:10.91
African Championships Durban, South Africa 1st 1500 m 4:01.99
1st 800 m 1:58.20
1st 4 × 400 m 3:28.49
Olympic Games Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1st 800 m 1:55.28 NR
2017
800m world rank:
1st		 South African Championships Potchefstroom, South Africa 1st 400 m 51.60
1st 800 m 2:01.03
IAAF World Championships London, United Kingdom 3rd 1500 m 4:02.90
1st 800 m 1:55.16
IAAF reinstates testosterone rules[123]
2018
800m world rank:
1st		 South African Championships Pretoria, South Africa 1st 1500 m 4:10.68
1st 800 m 1:57.80
Commonwealth Games Gold Coast, Australia 1st 1500 m 4:00.71 GR
1st 800 m 1:56.68 GR
African Championships Asaba, Nigeria 1st 400 m 49.96
1st 800 m 1:56.06 CR
2019 South African Championships Germiston, South Africa 1st 5000 m 16:05.97
1st 1500 m 4:13.59
2022[124] World Athletics Championships Eugene, Oregon 13th in semifinals 5000 m 15:46.12
  1. ^ a b In the 2011 World Championships and the 2012 Olympic Games, Semenya finished 2nd to Mariya Savinova, but Savinova was later disqualified due to failing an antidoping test, promoting Semenya to the gold medal in both races.

Personal life and honours

In 2010, the British magazine New Statesman included Semenya in its annual list of "50 People That Matter" for unintentionally instigating "an international and often ill-tempered debate on gender politics, feminism, and race, becoming an inspiration to gender campaigners around the world".[125]

In 2012, Semenya was awarded South African Sportswoman of the Year Award at the SA Sports Awards in Sun City. Semenya received the bronze Order of Ikhamanga on 27 April 2014, as part of Freedom Day festivities.[126]

Semenya married her long-term partner, Violet Raseboya, in December 2015 (traditional ceremony) and January 2017 (civil ceremony).[127][128][129] They revealed that Violet Raseboya gave birth to their daughter in 2020.[130]

In October 2016, the IAAF announced that Semenya was shortlisted for women's 2016 World Athlete of the Year.[131]

Semenya was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2019.[132]

In 2023, #Merky Books (an imprint of Penguin Random House UK) announced that it would publish Semenya's memoir, titled The Race to Be Myself, later that year.[133][134]

See also

References

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  10. ^ a b Randall, Valerie Anne (1994). "9 Role of 5α-reductase in health and disease". Baillière's Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 8 (2): 405–431. doi:10.1016/S0950-351X(05)80259-9. ISSN 0950-351X. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
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Olympic Games
Preceded by Flagbearer for  South Africa
London 2012 		Succeeded by
Awards
Preceded by Women's Track & Field Athlete of the Year
2018 		Succeeded by
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