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Revolution of the King and the People

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The Revolution of the King and the People (Template:Lang-ar) was a Moroccan anti-colonial national liberation movement with the goal of ending the French Protectorate and the Spanish Protectorate in order to break free from colonial rule.[1][2][3] The name refers to the coordination between the Moroccan monarch Sultan Muhammad V and the popular Moroccan Nationalist Movement in efforts against colonialism and toward independence, particularly after the French authorities forced Sultan Muhammad V into exile on August 20, 1953—Eid al-Adha.[2] August 20 is considered as a national holiday in Morocco, in remembrance of the Revolution of the King and the People.[2] After Morocco had regained independence from the French, the movement effectively ceased to exist, as the Sultan managed to take control of the state. Meanwhile, the Moroccan Nationalist Movement was turned into an opposition party.[4]

Context

Following the French Bombardment of Casablanca and French conquest of Morocco, the Treaty of Fes of 1912 officially made Morocco a protectorate of France.[3] Though anti-colonial action occurred throughout the period of the French Protectorate over Morocco, manifesting itself in activity such as the Rif War, organizing in response to the Berber Dahir of 1930, and the establishment of the Moroccan Action Committee [ar] in 1933, anti-colonial activity increased after the Allies held the Anfa Conference in Casablanca January 1943, with tacit encouragement for Moroccan independence from US President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[3] The Istiqlal Party was created December 1943, and it issued the Proclamation of Independence of Morocco January 11, 1944.[3]

History

Tangier Speech

Main article: Tangier Speech

After French authorities failed in their attempt to disrupt his journey with the Massacre of April 7, 1947, Sultan Muhammad V spoke out demanding Morocco's independence for the first time in a historic and symbolic trip to the Tangier International Zone, where he delivered the Tangier Speech of April 9, 1947.[3][5] In the words of the historian Susan Gilson Miller:

The shy and retiring Muhammad V rose up like a lion to meet his historical destiny. In an electric speech pronounced at Tangier on April 9, 1947, the sultan – who had never before uttered a word that might suggest he would deviate from Protectorate policy – praised the march toward Moroccan “unity” and affirmed his belief in the country’s 'Arabo-Islamic' destiny, publicly carving out a wide space between himself and the Residency. Carefully modulating his language, the sultan now joined the duel between the Istiqlal and the Protectorate regime, turning it into a three-sided altercation. The popularity of the sultan and his family soared, as “monarchy fever” seized the Moroccan people and Muhammad V became the adored symbol of the nation. His portrait appeared everywhere, in the smallest shops of the madina to the place of honor inside the private home.[3]

Mounting pressure

The assassination of the Tunisian labor unionist Farhat Hached by La Main Rouge—the clandestine militant wing of French foreign intelligence—sparked protests in cities around the world and riots in Casablanca, especially in the bidonville Carrières Centrales (now Hay Mohammadi),[6] from 7–8 December 1952.[7] Approximately 100 people were killed.[8]

Exile of Sultan Muhammad V

On August 20, 1953—Eid al-Adha—Amir al-Mu'minin ("Commander of the Faithful") Sultan Muhammad V was deposed and exiled—first to Corsica, then to Madagascar.[2][3]

Armed resistance

After the sultan's exile, popular resistance became more aggressive. On September 11, 1953, Allal ben Abdallah attempted to assassinate Mohammed Ben Aarafa, the puppet monarch imposed by the French.[2][3] On December 24, 1953—Christmas Eve—the Moroccan nationalist Muhammad Zarqtuni bombed Casablanca's Central Market, frequented by the European colonists.[9]

Anti-colonial resistance was not exclusive to the bourgeois Istiqlal Party or the urban clandestine cells of the Moroccan Nationalist Movement; in 1955, Amazigh resistance fighters orchestrated an attack on Europeans living in Oued Zem and Khuribga.[3][10] France responded with airplanes, tanks, and ground troops, bringing some from French Indochina.[3] Following the example of Algeria's National Liberation Front (FLN), the Moroccan Nationalist Movement created a paramilitary force—Jish Etteḥrir (جيش التحرير), the Moroccan Army of Liberation—led by Abbas Messaadi in the north of Morocco October 1955.[2][3][11]

Independence

Under pressure and having lost control of the country, the French authorities removed Ben Arafa and were forced to negotiate with exiled Sultan Muhammad V.[3] The negotiations at the Conference of Aix-les-Bains with "representatives of Moroccan public opinion" took place August 22, 1955, but these were largely ineffective.[3] Further negotiations took place in Antsirabe in September. In October, a plan was made including a temporary "Throne Council" of loyalists to France, such as Muhammad al-Muqri, but this idea was rejected right away by the Istiqlal Party and general opinion in the Moroccan streets.[3]

From Paris, Muhammad V addressed Morocco, promising reforms to bring the country toward "a democratic state based on a constitutional monarchy." Muslims gathered in the mosques the following Friday to hear Muhammad V's Friday sermon, while national council of Moroccan rabbis met in Rabat and issued a declaration of joy.[3]

On November 16, 1955, Muhammad V arrived in Morocco. He announced the end of the French Protectorate in Morocco, declaring the end of the "minor jihad" (الجهاد الأصغر), which was primarily related to securing independence. At the same time, he announced the beginning of the "major jihad" (الجهاد الأكبر), which was aimed at collectively building the new Morocco.[3][12] Negotiations between France and Morocco continued in February and March 1956, with the former suggesting that Morocco become "an independent state united with France by permanent ties of interdependency," while the latter pushed for a complete annulment of the Treaty of Fes of 1912.[3] The Franco-Moroccan Declaration of Independence was signed March 2, 1956, although about 100,000 French troops remained on Moroccan land at the time.[3]

Spain signed an agreement with Morocco April 1956 to leave the northern zone, but it did not withdraw its forces from Tarfaya and Sidi Ifni in the Sahara for another 20 years, while Ceuta and Melilla remain in Spanish hands to this day.[3]

On October 8, 1956, an international conference in Fedala was convened to handle the restitution of Tangier.[3]

Post-independence

Not long after independence in 1956, the coalition between Sultan Muhammad V and the Moroccan Nationalist Movement started to crumble. The power vacuum created by the departure of the colonial authorities was primarily filled by the Sultan, while the Nationalist Movement became an opposition force. The Sultan succeeded in his efforts to secure power in part by co-opting several crucial figures in the Nationalist Movement and its international network.[4]

The Revolution of the King and the People is celebrated yearly in Morocco.[13][14] Every year on August 20, the King delivers a televised speech in which he praises this independence.[15][16][17] On 30 June 2023, it was announced that King Mohammed VI would not address the nation that year.[18][19] On 19 August 2023, King Mohammed VI pardoned 653 People.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ "فيديو..ذكرى ثورة الملك والشعب..تجسيد لتلاحم قوي بين الشعب المغربي والعرش". 2M (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "ثورة الملك والشعب .. ملحمة التحرر من الاستعمار". Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية (in Arabic). 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Miller, Susan Gilson (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-62469-5. OCLC 855022840.
  4. ^ a b Stenner, David (2019). Globalizing Morocco. Stanford University Press. p. 9.
  5. ^ "الزيارة التاريخية للمغفور له محمد الخامس لطنجة شكلت منعطفا حاسما في مسيرة الكفاح الوطني من أجل الحرية والاستقلال". MapTanger (in Arabic). 2021-04-08. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  6. ^ "Casablanca 1952: Architecture For the Anti-Colonial Struggle or the Counter-Revolution". THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  7. ^ Yabiladi.com. "7-8 décembre 1952 : Quand les Casablancais se sont soulevés contre l'assassinat de Ferhat Hached". www.yabiladi.com (in French). Retrieved 16 March 2019. [verification needed]
  8. ^ "6. French Morocco (1912-1956)". uca.edu. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  9. ^ Al Jazeera Documentary الجزيرة الوثائقية (2017-11-27), رجل استرخص الموت - محمد الزرقطوني, retrieved 2019-05-23
  10. ^ "2D MOROCCO TOWN IS RAIDED BY TRIBE; Berber Attack on Mining Site Follows Sacking That Killed 50 Europeans Saturday". The New York Times. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  11. ^ "L'assassinat de Messaâdi". Zamane (in French). 12 November 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  12. ^ "دعوة الحق - ثورة الملك والشعب بين الجهاد الأصغر والجهاد الأكبر [افتتاحية]". www.habous.gov.ma. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  13. ^ Mirzaliyeva, Maysara (2022-07-01). "Anniversary of the Revolution of the King and the People". National Today. Retrieved 2023-02-15.
  14. ^ El Masaiti, Amira. "Why Moroccans Celebrate 'the Revolution of the King and the People'". moroccoworldnews. Retrieved 2023-02-15.
  15. ^ Anouar, Souad. "King Mohammed VI To Deliver Speech Tonight on King, People Revolution". moroccoworldnews. Retrieved 2023-02-15.
  16. ^ Staff Writer. "Full Speech of King Mohammed VI on Anniversary of Revolution of King and People". moroccoworldnews. Retrieved 2023-02-15.
  17. ^ Kasraoui, Safaa. "King Mohammed VI To Deliver Speech in Honor of Revolution of King and People". moroccoworldnews. Retrieved 2023-02-15.
  18. ^ "Spokesman of the Royal Palace on 'King and Peoples' revolution' celebrations". HESPRESS English - Morocco News. 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  19. ^ Zouiten, Sara. "King Mohammed VI To Not Deliver Speech on Revolution of King and People Anniversary". moroccoworldnews. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  20. ^ Aamari, Oussama. "Revolution of the King and the People: King Mohammed VI Pardons 653 People". Morocco World News.
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