Timeline of the Golden Horde
This is a timeline of the Golden Horde.
13th century
1200s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1206 | Jochi subjugates the 'forest peoples' - Kyrgyz, Oirat, and Buryat[1] |
1210s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1211 | Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Jochi, Ögedei, and Chagatai invade Inner Mongolia[2] | |
1213 | autumn | Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Jochi, Ögedei, and Chagatai ravage Hebei and Shanxi[3] |
1216 | Subutai raids the Kipchaks[4] | |
1218 | autumn | Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Muhammad II of Khwarezm's forces clash with a Mongol army led by Jochi and Subutai, the battle ending inconclusively[5] |
1219 | fall | Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Ögedei and Chagatai take Otrar and massacres its population; Genghis Khan dispatches Jochi to conquer Syr Darya and another army to conquer Fergana[6] |
1220s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1221 | April | Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Jochi, Chagatai, and Ögedei destroy Urgench while Tolui takes Nishapur and Herat[6] |
1222 | Subutai and Jebe conquer the Kuban steppe and crush the Cumans[4] | |
1223 | 31 May | Battle of the Kalka River: Subutai and Jebe defeat the forces of Mstislav Mstislavich, Mstislav III of Kiev, Daniel of Galicia, Mstislav II Svyatoslavich, and Köten before sacking Novhorod-Siverskyi and heading back to Mongolia[7] |
Mongol Empire sacks Sudak[8] | ||
1224 | Bulgars ambush Subutai and Jebe near Saqsin[9] | |
1227 | Jochi dies and is succeeded by his son Batu Khan[3] | |
1229 | Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria: Sunitay and Kukedey attack Bulgar outposts on the Ural River[9] |
1230s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1236 | Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria: Subutai destroys Bolghar and takes Saqsin[10] | |
1237 | 21 December | Siege of Ryazan: Batu, Orda, Güyük, and Möngke sack Ryazan and Suzdal[11] |
1238 | 4 March | Battle of the Sit River: Mongol Empire kills Yuri II of Vladimir[12] |
spring | Siege of Kozelsk: Batu struggles to take Kozelsk for two months before Kadan and Büri take it in three days[13] | |
Mongol Empire conquers Crimea[8] | ||
1239 | 3 March | Mongol invasion of Rus': Mongol Empire sacks Pereiaslav[11] |
18 October | Sack of Chernigov: Mongol Empire sacks Chernihiv[11] |
1240s
1250s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1251 | Möngke Khan grants Berke Georgia[20] | |
1255 | Batu Khan constructs Sarai[21] | |
Batu Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Sartaq Khan, who dies soon after, and then Ulaghchi[22] | ||
1256 | Daniel of Galicia expels Mongol garrisons from his territory[14] | |
Golden Horde carries out census of Russian lands[18] | ||
1257 | Ulaghchi dies and Berke, a Muslim, succeeds him[20] | |
1258 | Novgorod rebels and is defeated[23] | |
1259 | Second Mongol invasion of Poland: Berke and Boroldai invade Poland and Daniel of Galicia flees, however his sons and brother Vasilko of Galicia join the Mongols to plunder Lithuania and Polish territories[14] | |
Golden Horde elements in Bukhara rebel and Alghu suppresses them[20] |
1260s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1260 | 2 February | Sack of Sandomierz (1260): Berke and Boroldai sack Sandomierz[14] |
Toluid Civil War: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with Ariq Böke and declares war on Hulagu Khan[24] | ||
1262 | Berke–Hulagu war: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with the Mamluks and invades Azerbaijan[24] | |
Suzdal rebels and is defeated[25] | ||
1263 | 13 January | Berke–Hulagu war: Berke defeats Hulagu Khan's army on the Terek River[26] |
Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Michael VIII Palaiologos marries Euphrosyne Palaiologina to Berke, who dies soon after, and marries Nogai Khan[27] | ||
1264 | Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace: Berke attacks Thrace and secures the release of Kayqubad II[27] | |
1266 | summer | Berke dies in Tbilisi and is succeeded by his grandnephew Mengu-Timur[28] |
1267 | Mengu-Timur grants Genoa Caffa[29] | |
1269 | Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq is defeated by the Golden Horde and loses a third of Transoxiana[30] | |
Golden Horde assists Vladimir-Suzdal in evicting the Germans from Narva[27] |
1270s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1273 | Golden Horde carries out census of Russian lands[18] | |
Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Nogai Khan assists the Byzantines against Bulgaria[31] | ||
1279 | Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Nogai Khan assists the Byzantines against Bulgaria[31] |
1280s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1280 | Mengu-Timur dies and his brother Tode Mongke succeeds him[32] | |
George I of Bulgaria submits to the Golden Horde[31] | ||
1282 | Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Nogai Khan sends forces to Byzantium to assist them against Thessaly[31] | |
1283 | Tode Mongke converts to Islam and starts neglecting state affairs and as a result Köchü and Nogai Khan become co-khans[33] | |
1284 | Golden Horde invades Bulgaria and annexes Isaccea[31] | |
1285 | Second Mongol invasion of Hungary: Golden Horde invades Hungary and reaches as far as Pest before being defeated and forced to retreat[34] | |
1287 | 6 December | Third Mongol invasion of Poland: Golden Horde invades Poland[34] |
Köchü is overthrown and Talabuga becomes khan[33] | ||
1288 | February | Third Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongol forces are defeated and forced to retreat[34] |
1289 | Rostov rebels and is defeated[25] |
1290s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1291 | Mengu-Timur's fifth son Toqta flees to the Ilkhanate which helps him seize the throne[33] | |
Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde: Serbia submits to the Golden Horde[31] | ||
1293 | Golden Horde sacks Sandomierz[35] | |
1295 | Golden Horde invades Bulgaria[31] | |
1296 | Nogai Khan rebels against Toqta[33] | |
1298 | Nogai Khan sacks Caffa[36] | |
1299 | Toqta defeats Nogai Khan[33] |
14th century
1300s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1300 | Chaka, son of Nogai Khan, is murdered by Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria to appease Toqta[37] | |
1305 | Golden Horde raids Leles[38] | |
1308 | Toqta sacks Caffa[36] |
1310s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1312 | Toqta dies[33] | |
1313 | Toqta's nephew Öz Beg Khan seizes the throne and proscribes Buddhism among the elite and applies Islamization among the Mongols[33] | |
1318 | Öz Beg Khan attacks the Ilkhanate[33] |
1320s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1320 | Mubarak Khwaja of the White Horde converts to Islam[39] | |
Golden Horde attacks Thrace[31] | ||
1321 | Golden Horde attacks Thrace[31] | |
1324 | Öz Beg Khan attacks Thrace and the Ilkhanate[33][31] | |
1326 | Golden Horde raids Hungary[40] | |
1327 | Tver Uprising of 1327: Tver rebels and is defeated[25] |
1330s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1330 | Basarab I of Wallachia allies with the Golden Horde[37] | |
1335 | Öz Beg Khan attacks the Ilkhanate[33] | |
1338 | Golden Horde is ravaged by the Black Death[32] | |
1339 | Golden Horde starts receiving 24,000 ding of paper currency annually from the Yuan dynasty[33] |
1340s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1340 | Golden Horde sacks Sandomierz[41] | |
1341 | Öz Beg Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Tini Beg[42] | |
1342 | Tini Beg is overthrown by his brother Jani Beg[32] | |
1345 | Hungary attacks the Golden Horde[43] | |
1346 | Hungary forces the Golden Horde back to the Black Sea coasts[43] |
1350s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1352 | March | Golden Horde and Russian allies attack Poland and capture Lublin[41] |
1357 | Jani Beg is overthrown by his son Berdi Beg[42] | |
1359 | Berdi Beg is overthrown by his brother Qulpa[42] |
1360s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1360 | Qulpa is overthrown by his brother Nawruz Beg and the Blue Horde rebels and seizes power in Sarai[42] | |
1361 | Nawruz Beg is overthrown by Khidr Khan ibn Sasibuqa Khan[39] | |
1362 | Mamai sets up puppet khans and rules from the Sea of Azov[42] | |
1363 | Battle of Blue Waters: Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Golden Horde and vassalizes Russian princes in the Dnieper region[25] |
1370s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1373 | Urus Khan overthrows the lineage of Khidr Khan ibn Sasibuqa Khan[39] | |
1376 | Tokhtamysh takes Sarai[44] | |
1378 | 11 August | Battle of the Vozha River: Dmitry Donskoy defeats a Mongol detachment[45] |
Tokhtamysh overthrows the lineage of Urus Khan and leads the Turkic Blue Horde west[42] |
1380s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1380 | Golden Horde starts passing decrees in Turkish language[32] | |
8 September | Battle of Kulikovo: Dmitry Donskoy defeats Mamai[42] | |
1381 | Tokhtamysh defeats Mamai[42] | |
1382 | 26 August | Siege of Moscow (1382): Tokhtamysh sacks Moscow[45] |
1383 | Tokhtamysh defeats the Lithuanians at Poltava[46] | |
1387 | Golden Horde loses control of the Black Sea coast[47] |
1390s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1391 | 18 June | Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur attacks the Golden Horde and defeats Tokhtamysh[48][49] |
1395 | 15 April | Battle of the Terek River: Timur sacks New Sarai and Tokhtamysh is overthrown; Edigu seizes power and sets up Temür Qutlugh as puppet khan[42] |
1397 | Tokhtamysh flees to Lithuania, where Vytautas allows him to stay at Vilnius[50] | |
1399 | 12 August | Battle of the Vorskla River: Vytautas is defeated by Edigu and Tokhtamysh is forced to flee[51] |
15th century
1400s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1405 | Tokhtamysh is killed by Shadi Beg's troops[51] | |
1408 | Edigu attacks Moscow and extracts a ransom before retreating[52][51] | |
The Nogai Horde emerges under Taibuga[53] |
1410s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1411 | The Golden Horde starts splintering; effective end of the Golden Horde[42] | |
1412 | Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh reclaims the Golden Horde with Lithuanian support[51] | |
1413 | Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh is murdered by his brother Karim Berdi[51] | |
1418 | Yeremferden seizes control of the Golden Horde[51] |
1420s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1428 | The Uzbek Khanate emerges under Abu'l-Khayr Khan[54] |
1430s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1430 | The Great Horde emerges[55] |
1440s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1445 | The Khanate of Kazan emerges under Ulugh Muhammad[42] | |
1449 | The Crimean Khanate emerges under Hacı I Giray[42] |
1450s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1453 | The Qasim Khanate emerges under Qasim Khan[42] | |
1458 | The Kazakh Khanate emerges under Janibek Khan and Kerei[56] |
1460s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1466 | The Astrakhan Khanate emerges under Mahmud bin Küchük's descendants[55] |
1470s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1474 | Ahmed Khan bin Küchük commands the Grand Duchy of Moscow to give tribute but is denied[57] | |
1476 | Ivan III of Russia refuses to pay tribute to the Golden Horde[57] |
1480s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1480 | 8 October – 28 November | Great stand on the Ugra river: Grand Duchy of Moscow repels a Great Horde invasion[58] |
16th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1502 | The Crimean Khanate destroys the Great Horde[58] |
See also
- Timeline of the Yuan dynasty
- Timeline of the Ilkhanate
- Timeline of the Chagatai Khanate
- Timeline of Mongolian history
References
- ^ Sinor 1990, p. 30.
- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 81.
- ^ a b Atwood 2004, p. 416.
- ^ a b Atwood 2004, p. 455.
- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 431.
- ^ a b Atwood 2004, p. 307.
- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 283.
- ^ a b Atwood 2004, p. 121.
- ^ a b Atwood 2004, p. 53.
- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 51.
- ^ a b c d e f Atwood 2004, p. 479.
- ^ Atwod 2004, p. 479.
- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 36.
- ^ a b c d e f g Atwood 2004, p. 79.
- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 73.
- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 201.
- ^ a b Vernadsky 1953, p. 142.
- ^ a b c Atwood 2004, p. 205.
- ^ Twitchett 1994, p. 389.
- ^ a b c Atwood 2004, p. 202.
- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 203.
- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 37.
- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 48.
- ^ a b Twitchett 1994, p. 412.
- ^ a b c d Atwood 2004, p. 480.
- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 226.
- ^ a b c Jackson 2005, p. 202.
- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 234.
- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 122.
- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 83.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jackson 2005, p. 203.
- ^ a b c d Atwood 2004, p. 207.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Atwood 2004, p. 206.
- ^ a b c Jackson 2005, p. 205.
- ^ Jackson 2005, p. 206.
- ^ a b Jackson 2005, p. 305.
- ^ a b Jackson 2005, p. 204.
- ^ Jackson 2005.
- ^ a b c Atwood 2004, p. 42.
- ^ Jackson 2005, p. 212.
- ^ a b Jackson 2005, p. 210.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Atwood 2004, p. 208.
- ^ a b Jackson 2005, p. 213.
- ^ Christian 2018, p. 55.
- ^ a b Atwood 2004, p. 481.
- ^ Grousset 1970, p. 407.
- ^ Jackson 2005, p. 217.
- ^ Haperin 1985.
- ^ Jackson 2005, p. 216.
- ^ Jackson 2005, p. 218.
- ^ a b c d e f Jackson 2005, p. 219.
- ^ Halperin 1985, p. 57.
- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 343.
- ^ Halperin 1986, p. 29.
- ^ a b Cosmo 2009, p. 253.
- ^ Christian 2018, p. 63.
- ^ a b Grousset 1970, p. 470.
- ^ a b Halperin 1985, p. 59.
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