Isotopes of thallium
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Standard atomic weight Ar°(Tl) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Thallium (81Tl) has 41 isotopes with atomic masses that range from 176 to 216. 203Tl and 205Tl are the only stable isotopes and 204Tl is the most stable radioisotope with a half-life of 3.78 years. 207Tl, with a half-life of 4.77 minutes, has the longest half-life of naturally occurring radioisotopes.
Thallium-202 (half-life 12.23 days) can be made in a cyclotron[4] while thallium-204 (half-life 3.78 years) is made by the neutron activation of stable thallium in a nuclear reactor.[5]
In the fully ionized state, the isotope 205Tl becomes beta-radioactive, decaying to 205Pb,[6] but 203Tl remains stable.
List of isotopes
Nuclide[7] [n 1] |
Historic name |
Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da)[8] [n 2][n 3] |
Half-life [n 4] |
Decay mode [n 5] |
Daughter isotope [n 6] |
Spin and parity [n 7][n 4] |
Natural abundance (mole fraction) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitation energy[n 4] | Normal proportion | Range of variation | |||||||||||||||||
176Tl | 81 | 95 | 176.00059(21)# | 5.2(+30−14) ms | (3−, 4−, 5−) | ||||||||||||||
177Tl | 81 | 96 | 176.996427(27) | 18(5) ms | p | 176Hg | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
α (rare) | 173Au | ||||||||||||||||||
177mTl | 807(18) keV | 230(40) μs | p | 176Hg | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||||
α | 173Au | ||||||||||||||||||
178Tl | 81 | 97 | 177.99490(12)# | 255(10) ms | α | 174Au | |||||||||||||
p (rare) | 177Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
179Tl | 81 | 98 | 178.99109(5) | 270(30) ms | α | 175Au | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
p (rare) | 178Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
179mTl | 860(30)# keV | 1.60(16) ms | α | 175Au | (9/2−) | ||||||||||||||
IT (rare) | 179Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
180Tl | 81 | 99 | 179.98991(13)# | 1.5(2) s | α (75%) | 176Au | |||||||||||||
β+ (25%) | 180Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
EC, fission (10−4%) | 100Ru, 80Kr[9] | ||||||||||||||||||
181Tl | 81 | 100 | 180.986257(10) | 3.2(3) s | α | 177Au | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
β+ | 181Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
181mTl | 857(29) keV | 1.7(4) ms | α | 177Au | 9/2−# | ||||||||||||||
β+ | 181Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
182Tl | 81 | 101 | 181.98567(8) | 2.0(3) s | β+ (96%) | 182Hg | 2−# | ||||||||||||
α (4%) | 178Au | ||||||||||||||||||
182m1Tl | 100(100)# keV | 2.9(5) s | α | 178Au | (7+) | ||||||||||||||
β+ (rare) | 182Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
182m2Tl | 600(140)# keV | 10− | |||||||||||||||||
183Tl | 81 | 102 | 182.982193(10) | 6.9(7) s | β+ (98%) | 183Hg | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
α (2%) | 179Au | ||||||||||||||||||
183m1Tl | 630(17) keV | 53.3(3) ms | IT (99.99%) | 183Tl | 9/2−# | ||||||||||||||
α (.01%) | 179Au | ||||||||||||||||||
183m2Tl | 976.8(3) keV | 1.48(10) μs | (13/2+) | ||||||||||||||||
184Tl | 81 | 103 | 183.98187(5) | 9.7(6) s | β+ | 184Hg | 2−# | ||||||||||||
184m1Tl | 100(100)# keV | 10# s | β+ (97.9%) | 184Hg | 7+# | ||||||||||||||
α (2.1%) | 180Au | ||||||||||||||||||
184m2Tl | 500(140)# keV | 47.1 ms | IT (99.911%) | (10−) | |||||||||||||||
α (.089%) | 180Au | ||||||||||||||||||
185Tl | 81 | 104 | 184.97879(6) | 19.5(5) s | α | 181Au | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
β+ | 185Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
185mTl | 452.8(20) keV | 1.93(8) s | IT (99.99%) | 185Tl | 9/2−# | ||||||||||||||
α (.01%) | 181Au | ||||||||||||||||||
β+ | 185Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
186Tl | 81 | 105 | 185.97833(20) | 40# s | β+ | 186Hg | (2−) | ||||||||||||
α (.006%) | 182Au | ||||||||||||||||||
186m1Tl | 320(180) keV | 27.5(10) s | β+ | 186Hg | (7+) | ||||||||||||||
186m2Tl | 690(180) keV | 2.9(2) s | (10−) | ||||||||||||||||
187Tl | 81 | 106 | 186.975906(9) | ~51 s | β+ | 187Hg | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
α (rare) | 183Au | ||||||||||||||||||
187mTl | 335(3) keV | 15.60(12) s | α | 183Au | (9/2−) | ||||||||||||||
IT | 187Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
β+ | 187Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
188Tl | 81 | 107 | 187.97601(4) | 71(2) s | β+ | 188Hg | (2−) | ||||||||||||
188m1Tl | 40(30) keV | 71(1) s | β+ | 188Hg | (7+) | ||||||||||||||
188m2Tl | 310(30) keV | 41(4) ms | (9−) | ||||||||||||||||
189Tl | 81 | 108 | 188.973588(12) | 2.3(2) min | β+ | 189Hg | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
189mTl | 257.6(13) keV | 1.4(1) min | β+ (96%) | 189Hg | (9/2−) | ||||||||||||||
IT (4%) | 189Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
190Tl | 81 | 109 | 189.97388(5) | 2.6(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 2(−) | ||||||||||||
190m1Tl | 130(90)# keV | 3.7(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 7(+#) | ||||||||||||||
190m2Tl | 290(70)# keV | 750(40) μs | (8−) | ||||||||||||||||
190m3Tl | 410(70)# keV | >1 μs | 9− | ||||||||||||||||
191Tl | 81 | 110 | 190.971786(8) | 20# min | β+ | 191Hg | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
191mTl | 297(7) keV | 5.22(16) min | β+ | 191Hg | 9/2(−) | ||||||||||||||
192Tl | 81 | 111 | 191.97223(3) | 9.6(4) min | β+ | 192Hg | (2−) | ||||||||||||
192m1Tl | 160(50) keV | 10.8(2) min | β+ | 192Hg | (7+) | ||||||||||||||
192m2Tl | 407(54) keV | 296(5) ns | (8−) | ||||||||||||||||
193Tl | 81 | 112 | 192.97067(12) | 21.6(8) min | β+ | 193Hg | 1/2(+#) | ||||||||||||
193mTl | 369(4) keV | 2.11(15) min | IT (75%) | 193Tl | 9/2− | ||||||||||||||
β+ (25%) | 193Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
194Tl | 81 | 113 | 193.97120(15) | 33.0(5) min | β+ | 194Hg | 2− | ||||||||||||
α (10−7%) | 190Au | ||||||||||||||||||
194mTl | 300(200)# keV | 32.8(2) min | β+ | 194Hg | (7+) | ||||||||||||||
195Tl | 81 | 114 | 194.969774(15) | 1.16(5) h | β+ | 195Hg | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
195mTl | 482.63(17) keV | 3.6(4) s | IT | 195Tl | 9/2− | ||||||||||||||
196Tl | 81 | 115 | 195.970481(13) | 1.84(3) h | β+ | 196Hg | 2− | ||||||||||||
196mTl | 394.2(5) keV | 1.41(2) h | β+ (95.5%) | 196Hg | (7+) | ||||||||||||||
IT (4.5%) | 196Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
197Tl | 81 | 116 | 196.969575(18) | 2.84(4) h | β+ | 197Hg | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
197mTl | 608.22(8) keV | 540(10) ms | IT | 197Tl | 9/2− | ||||||||||||||
198Tl | 81 | 117 | 197.97048(9) | 5.3(5) h | β+ | 198Hg | 2− | ||||||||||||
198m1Tl | 543.5(4) keV | 1.87(3) h | β+ (54%) | 198Hg | 7+ | ||||||||||||||
IT (46%) | 198Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
198m2Tl | 687.2(5) keV | 150(40) ns | (5+) | ||||||||||||||||
198m3Tl | 742.3(4) keV | 32.1(10) ms | (10−)# | ||||||||||||||||
199Tl | 81 | 118 | 198.96988(3) | 7.42(8) h | β+ | 199Hg | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
199mTl | 749.7(3) keV | 28.4(2) ms | IT | 199Tl | 9/2− | ||||||||||||||
200Tl | 81 | 119 | 199.970963(6) | 26.1(1) h | β+ | 200Hg | 2− | ||||||||||||
200m1Tl | 753.6(2) keV | 34.3(10) ms | IT | 200Tl | 7+ | ||||||||||||||
200m2Tl | 762.0(2) keV | 0.33(5) μs | 5+ | ||||||||||||||||
201Tl[n 8] | 81 | 120 | 200.970819(16) | 72.912(17) h | EC | 201Hg | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
201mTl | 919.50(9) keV | 2.035(7) ms | IT | 201Tl | (9/2−) | ||||||||||||||
202Tl | 81 | 121 | 201.972106(16) | 12.23(2) d | β+ | 202Hg | 2− | ||||||||||||
202mTl | 950.19(10) keV | 572(7) μs | 7+ | ||||||||||||||||
203Tl | 81 | 122 | 202.9723442(14) | Stable | 1/2+ | 0.2952(1) | 0.29494–0.29528 | ||||||||||||
203mTl | 3400(300) keV | 7.7(5) μs | (25/2+) | ||||||||||||||||
204Tl | 81 | 123 | 203.9738635(13) | 3.78(2) y | β− (97.1%) | 204Pb | 2− | ||||||||||||
EC (2.9%) | 204Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
204m1Tl | 1104.0(4) keV | 63(2) μs | (7)+ | ||||||||||||||||
204m2Tl | 2500(500) keV | 2.6(2) μs | (12−) | ||||||||||||||||
204m3Tl | 3500(500) keV | 1.6(2) μs | (20+) | ||||||||||||||||
205Tl[n 9] | 81 | 124 | 204.9744275(14) | Stable | 1/2+ | 0.7048(1) | 0.70472–0.70506 | ||||||||||||
205m1Tl | 3290.63(17) keV | 2.6(2) μs | 25/2+ | ||||||||||||||||
205m2Tl | 4835.6(15) keV | 235(10) ns | (35/2–) | ||||||||||||||||
206Tl | Radium E | 81 | 125 | 205.9761103(15) | 4.200(17) min | β− | 206Pb | 0− | Trace[n 10] | ||||||||||
206mTl | 2643.11(19) keV | 3.74(3) min | IT | 206Tl | (12–) | ||||||||||||||
207Tl | Actinium C | 81 | 126 | 206.977419(6) | 4.77(2) min | β− | 207Pb | 1/2+ | Trace[n 11] | ||||||||||
207mTl | 1348.1(3) keV | 1.33(11) s | IT (99.9%) | 207Tl | 11/2– | ||||||||||||||
β− (.1%) | 207Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
208Tl | Thorium C" | 81 | 127 | 207.9820187(21) | 3.053(4) min | β− | 208Pb | 5+ | Trace[n 12] | ||||||||||
209Tl | 81 | 128 | 208.985359(8) | 2.161(7) min | β− | 209Pb | 1/2+ | Trace[n 13] | |||||||||||
210Tl | Radium C″ | 81 | 129 | 209.990074(12) | 1.30(3) min | β− (99.991%) | 210Pb | (5+)# | Trace[n 10] | ||||||||||
β−, n (.009%) | 209Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
211Tl | 81 | 130 | 210.993480(50) | 80(16) s | β− (97.8%) | 211Pb | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
β−, n (2.2%) | 210Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
212Tl | 81 | 131 | 211.998340(220)# | 31(8) s | β− (98.2%) | 212Pb | (5+) | ||||||||||||
β−, n (1.8%) | 211Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
213Tl | 81 | 132 | 213.001915(29) | 24(4) s | β− (92.4%) | 213Pb | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
β−, n (7.6%) | 212Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
214Tl | 81 | 133 | 214.006940(210)# | 11(2) s | β− (66%) | 214Pb | 5+# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (34%) | 213Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
215Tl | 81 | 134 | 215.010640(320)# | 10(4) s | β− (95.4%) | 215Pb | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (4.6%) | 214Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
216Tl | 81 | 135 | 216.015800(320)# | 6(3) s | β− | 216Pb | 5+# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (<11.5%) | 215Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
- ^ mTl – Excited nuclear isomer.
- ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
- ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
- ^ a b c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
- ^
Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition n: Neutron emission p: Proton emission - ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
- ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
- ^ Main isotope used in scintigraphy
- ^ Final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain (the Neptunium series)
- ^ a b Intermediate decay product of 238U
- ^ Intermediate decay product of 235U
- ^ Intermediate decay product of 232Th
- ^ Intermediate decay product of 237Np
Thallium-201
This section needs expansion with: Usage in medicine, ATC=V09. You can help by adding to it. (October 2019) |
References
- ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Thallium". CIAAW. 2009.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ "Thallium Research". doe.gov. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 2006-12-09. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
- ^ Manual for reactor produced radioisotopes from the International Atomic Energy Agency
- ^ "Bound-state beta decay of highly ionized atoms" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
- ^ Half-life, decay mode, nuclear spin, and isotopic composition is sourced in:
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001. - ^ Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030003-1–030003-442. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.
- ^ Reich, E. S. (2010). "Mercury serves up a nuclear surprise: a new type of fission". Scientific American. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
- "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.