Common wombat
| Common wombat[1] | |
|---|---|
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| Vombatus ursinus tasmaniensis, Maria Island, Tasmania | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Infraclass: | Marsupialia |
| Order: | Diprotodontia |
| Family: | Vombatidae |
| Genus: | Vombatus É. Geoffroy, 1803 |
| Species: | V. ursinus
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| Binomial name | |
| Vombatus ursinus (Shaw, 1800)
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| Common wombat range | |
| Synonyms | |
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Reference [3]
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The common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), also known as the coarse-haired wombat or bare-nosed wombat, is a marsupial, one of three extant species of wombats and the only one in the genus Vombatus. The common wombat grows to an average of 98 cm (39 in) long and a weight of 26 kg (57 lb).
Taxonomy
The common wombat was first described by George Shaw in 1800. Three subspecies are noted, though their distinctness is somewhat uncertain:
- V. u. hirsutus is found on the Australian mainland.[4]
- V. u. tasmaniensis is found in Tasmania.[4] It is smaller than V. ursinus hirsutus.[5]
- V. u. ursinus, the nominate form, was once found throughout the Bass Strait Islands, but is now restricted to Flinders Island to the north of Tasmania.[4] Its population was estimated at 4,000 in 1996 and is listed as vulnerable by the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and IUCN Red List.[6][7]
Hackett's wombat (Vombatus hacketti) was the other species in the genus, inhabiting the southwest of Australia.[8][9][10][11] Being around the same size as V. ursinus, with an average weight of 30 kg, V. hacketti went extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene, in the Quaternary extinction event.[12][13]
Distribution and habitat
Common wombats are widespread in the cooler and better-watered parts of southern and eastern Australia, including Tasmania, and in mountain districts as far north as the south of Queensland, but is declining in western Victoria and South Australia.
Common wombats can be found at any elevation in the south of their range, but in the north of their range are only found in higher, more mountainous areas. They may be found in a variety of habitats including rainforest, eucalyptus forest, woodland, alpine grassland, and coastal areas. In some regions, they have adapted to farmland and can even be seen grazing in open fields with cattle and sheep.
Description
Common wombats are sturdy and built close to the ground. When fully grown, they can reach between 80 and 130 cm, and weigh between 17 and 40 kg. The wombats found on Tasmania and Flinders Island are often smaller than their mainland counterparts. It is distinguished from both hairy-nosed wombats by its bald nose.
Behaviour
Common wombats are a solitary, territorial species, with each wombat having an established range in which it lives and feeds. In this area, they dig a tunnel system, with tunnels ranging from 2 to 20 m in length, along with many side tunnels. Usually, only one entrance to the burrow exists, although they may create a smaller one with which to escape.
Recent bushfires in Australia's Eastern and South Eastern areas showed that burrows are frequently much longer than originally thought, with some having over 20 entrances and that many wombat burrows were used by other species including the rock wallaby and the swamp wallaby, to shelter from the bushfires. It was not clear whether this was with the approval of the "owner" or whether sheltering species had found an unpopulated burrow.
Many wombats can live in the same burrow, and wombats normally live in the same burrow for their whole lifespan unless the wombat is forced out of the burrow by farmers or other animal species, or unless the burrow is destroyed. Often nocturnal, the common wombat does come out during the day in cooler weather, such as in early morning or late afternoon.[14]
Diet
Common wombats are herbivorous, subsisting on grass, snow tussocks, and other plant materials. Foraging is usually done during the night. They are the only marsupial in the world whose teeth constantly grow which allows them to maintain a diet consisting of mainly native grasses.[14]
Breeding
The common wombat can breed every two years and produce a single joey. The gestation period is about 20–30 days, and the young remain in the pouch for five months. When leaving the pouch, they weigh between 3.5 and 6.5 kg (7.7 and 14.3 lb). The joey is weaned around 12 to 15 months of age, and is usually independent at 18 months of age.[14] Wombats have an average lifespan of 15 years in the wild and 20 years in captivity.
References
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Taggart, D.; Martin, R.; Menkhorst, P. (2008). "Vombatus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2008.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|last-author-amp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ S. Jackson; C. Groves (2015). Taxonomy of Australian Mammals. p. 101.
- ^ a b c "Common Wombat". Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
- ^ "Common Wombat". Wombania's Wombat Information Center. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
- ^ Vombatus ursinus ursinus — Common Wombat (Bass Strait)
- ^ Australasian Marsupial; Monotreme Specialist Group (1996). "Vombatus ursinus ssp. ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|last-author-amp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ "Megafauna". austhrutime.com. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ Triggs, Barbara (2009-01-01). Wombats. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643096011.
- ^ "Anaspides.net". www.anaspides.net. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ Johnson (2002). "Determinants of loss of mammal species during the Late Quaternary 'megafauna' extinctions: life history and ecology, but not body size" (PDF). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269 (1506): 2221–2227. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2130. PMC 1691151. PMID 12427315.
- ^ "The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database cubit: The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database Extinct Mammals: Marsupials: Vombatus hacketti". cubits.org. Archived from the original on 2017-04-20. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ MacPhee, R. D. E. (1999-06-30). Extinctions in Near Time. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780306460920.
- ^ a b c "Wombats, Wombat Pictures, Wombat Facts". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 21 July 2011.