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1893 Spanish general election

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1893 Spanish general election
← 1891 5 March 1893 (Congress)
19 March 1893 (Senate)		 1896 →
All 401 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 180 (of 360) seats in the Senate
201 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Práxedes Mateo Sagasta Antonio Cánovas del Castillo Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla
Party Liberal Conservative Republican
Leader since 1872 1874 1893
Leader's seat Logroño Cieza Madrid
Seats won 274 C / 116 S 53 C / 30 S 30 C / 1 S
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Francisco Silvela Emilio Castelar Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa
Party Silvelist Possibilist Carlist
Leader since 1892 1879 1891
Leader's seat La Cañiza Huesca —
Seats won 17 C / 4 S 14 C / 9 S 9 C / 1 S
Prime Minister before election

Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
Liberal

Elected Prime Minister

Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
Liberal

The 1893 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 5 March and on Sunday, 19 March 1893, to elect the 6th Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 401 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.[1][2]

Overview

Background

The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the King power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The King would also play a key role in the system of the turno pacífico (English: Peaceful Turn) by appointing and toppling governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.[3]

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence.[4][5] Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over twenty-five, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights.[6][7]

For the Congress of Deputies, 88 seats were elected using a partial block voting in 26 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 313 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In constituencies electing eight seats or more, electors could vote for no more than three candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts. The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 8 for Madrid, 5 for Barcelona and Palma, 4 for Seville and 3 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.[4][8][9]

For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Álava, Albacete, Ávila, Biscay, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Guipúzcoa, Huelva, Logroño, Matanzas, Palencia, Pinar del Río, Puerto Príncipe, Santa Clara, Santander, Santiago de Cuba, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Valladolid and Zamora were allocated two seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 147. The remaining 33 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Cuba, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Havana, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, Cuba–Puerto Rico, León, Seville and Valencia. An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).[10][11][12]

Election date

The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.[4][8][10]

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 5 March 1893 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes %
width="1" bgcolor="Template:Liberal Party (Spain, 1880)/meta/color"| Liberal Party (Liberales) 274
bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (Spain)/meta/color"| Liberal Conservative Party (Conservadores) 53
rowspan="5" bgcolor="Template:Republican Union (Spain, 1893)/meta/color"| Republican Union (Unión Republicana) 30
Progressive Republican Party (PRP) 14
Federal Democratic Republican Party (PRDF) 9
Centralist Republican Party (PRC) 4
Independent Republicans (Rep.i) 3
bgcolor="Template:Conservative Union (Spain)/meta/color"| Conservative Union (Silvelistas) 17
bgcolor="Template:Possibilist Democratic Party/meta/color"| Possibilist Democratic Party (Posibilistas) 14
rowspan="3" bgcolor="Template:Traditionalist Communion/meta/color"| Carlists (Carlistas) 9
Traditionalist Communion (CT) 7
Integrist Party (PI) 2
bgcolor="Template:Independent politician/meta/color"| Independents (Independientes) 4
Total 401
Votes cast / turnout
Abstentions
Registered voters
Sources[13][14][15][16][17][18]
Seats
Liberal
 
 68.33%
Conservative
 
 13.22%
Republican
 
 7.48%
Silvelist
 
 4.24%
Possibilist
 
 3.49%
Carlist
 
 2.24%
Independent
 
 1.00%

Senate

← Summary of the 19 March 1893 Senate of Spain election results →
Parties and coalitions Seats
width="1" bgcolor="Template:Liberal Party (Spain, 1880)/meta/color"| Liberal Party (Liberales) 116
bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (Spain)/meta/color"| Liberal Conservative Party (Conservadores) 30
bgcolor="Template:Possibilist Democratic Party/meta/color"| Possibilist Democratic Party (Posibilistas) 9
bgcolor="Template:Conservative Union (Spain)/meta/color"| Conservative Union (Silvelistas) 4
bgcolor="Template:Republican Union (Spain, 1893)/meta/color"| Republican Union (Unión Republicana) 1
bgcolor="Template:Traditionalist Communion/meta/color"| Carlists (Carlistas) 1
bgcolor="Template:Independent politician/meta/color"| Independents (Independientes) 9
bgcolor="Template:Nonpartisan/meta/color"| Archbishops (Arzobispos) 10
Total elective seats 180
Sources[19][20][21]
Seats
Liberal
 
 64.44%
Conservative
 
 16.67%
Possibilist
 
 5.00%
Silvelist
 
 2.22%
Republican
 
 0.56%
Carlist
 
 0.56%
Independent
 
 5.00%
Archbishops
 
 5.56%

Cuba

← Summary of the 5 March 1893 Congress of Deputies election results in Cuba →
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes %
width="1" bgcolor="Template:Constitutional Union of Cuba/meta/color"| Constitutional Union Party (Unión Constitucional) 23
bgcolor="Template:Liberal Party of Cuba/meta/color"| Autonomist Liberal Party (Autonomista) 7
Total 34,005 30
Votes cast / turnout 34,005 66.34
Abstentions 17,252 33.66
Registered voters 51,257
Sources[22]
Seats
Const. Union
 
 76.67%
Autonomist
 
 23.33%

References

  1. ^ "Real decreto declarando disuelto el Congreso de los Diputados" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish) (6). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 75. 6 January 1893.
  2. ^ "Real decreto declarando disuelta la parte electiva del Senado, y mandando que las Cortes se reúnan en Madrid el día 5 de Abril próximo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish) (36). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 441. 5 February 1893.
  3. ^ Martorell Linares 1997, pp. 139–143.
  4. ^ a b c Constitución de 1876 (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). 30 June 1876. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  5. ^ "El Senado en la historia constitucional española". Senate of Spain (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  6. ^ García Muñoz 2002, pp. 106–107.
  7. ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
  8. ^ a b Ley electoral para Diputados a Cortes (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (Law) (in Spanish). 26 June 1890. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  9. ^ Ley electoral de los Diputados a Cortes (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (Law) (in Spanish). 28 December 1878. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  10. ^ a b Ley electoral de Senadores (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (Law) (in Spanish). 8 February 1877. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  11. ^ Ley dictando reglas para la elección de Senadores en las islas de Cuba y Puerto Rico (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (Law) (in Spanish). 9 January 1879. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  12. ^ "Real decreto determinando el número de Senadores que habrán de elegirse en cada una de las provincias con motivo de las próximas elecciones" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish) (184). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 23. 3 July 1881.
  13. ^ Martínez Ruiz, Maqueda Abreu & De Diego 1999, p. 109.
  14. ^ Fernández Almagro 1943, p. 414.
  15. ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1093.
  16. ^ "Elecciones a Cortes 5 de marzo de 1893". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  17. ^ "Nuevos diputados". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Iberia. 15 March 1893. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  18. ^ "El futuro Congreso". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Correo Español. 15 March 1893. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  19. ^ "Las nuevas cámaras". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Iberia. 23 March 1893. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  20. ^ "Las nuevas cámaras". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Imparcial. 23 March 1893. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  21. ^ "El futuro Parlamento". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Justicia. 23 March 1893. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  22. ^ Roldán de Montaud 1999, pp. 275–280.

Bibliography

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