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Gallium nitrate

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Gallium nitrate
Names
IUPAC name
Gallium trinitrate
Other names
Gallium(III) nitrate
Nitric acid, gallium salt
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ECHA InfoCard 100.033.453 Edit this at Wikidata
UNII
  • [N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[Ga+3]
Properties
Ga(NO3)3
Molar mass 255.7377 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Gallium nitrate (brand name Ganite) is the gallium salt of nitric acid with the chemical formula Ga(NO3)3. It is a drug used to treat symptomatic hypercalcemia secondary to cancer. It works by preventing the breakdown of bone through the inhibition of osteoclast activity, thus lowering the amount of free calcium in the blood.[1][2] Gallium nitrate is also used to synthesize other gallium compounds.

History

Gallium (Ga) was discovered in 1875 by P.É. Lecoq de Boisbaudran.[3] In most of its compounds, gallium is found with an oxidation number of 3+. Gallium chemically behaves similarly to iron 3+ when forming a coordination complex.[4] That means gallium(III) and iron(III) are similar in similar coordination number, electrical charge, ion diameter and electron configuration.

Biological activity

Gallium atoms are bound to the phosphates of DNA at low gallium concentrations, forming a stable complex.[5] Gallium competes with magnesium in DNA binding, since its DNA affinity is 100 times higher than that of magnesium. No interactions have been found between the metal and DNA bases.[6] According to Hedley et al., gallium inhibits replicative DNA synthesis, the major gallium-specific target probably being ribonucleotide reductase.[6] In addition to that, it was reported by Chitambar that gallium binds to transferrin more strongly than iron. The transferrin gallium complex inhibits DNA synthesis by acting on the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase.[7] Gallium(III) seems to act as an antagonist to the actions of several ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+) in processes of cellular metabolism. The action of gallium on bone metabolism decreases hypercalcemia associated with cancer. However, gallium is mostly found within the cell as a salt in lysosomes.

Preparation

Gallium nitrate is commercially available as the hydrate. The nonahydrate may also be prepared by dissolving gallium in nitric acid, followed by recrystallization.[8] The structure of gallium nitrate nonahydrate has been determined by X-ray crystallography.[9]

Use and manufacturing

Preparation of gallium nitride from gallium nitrate

GaN powder was synthesized using a direct current (DC) non-transferred arc plasma.[10]

Medication Information

Gallium nitrate injection is a clear, colorless, odorless, sterile solution of gallium nitrate, a hydrated nitrate salt of the group IIIa element, gallium. The stable, nonahydrate, Ga(NO3)3•9H2O is a white, slightly hygroscopic, crystalline powder of molecular weight 417.87, that is readily soluble in water. Each mL of Ganite (gallium nitrate injection) contains gallium nitrate 25 mg (on an anhydrous basis) and sodium citrate dihydrate 28.75 mg. The solution may contain sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment to 6.0-7.0.[11]

Overdose

Use of higher doses of gallium nitrate than recommended may cause nausea, vomiting and increases risk of chronic kidney disease. In the case of overdose, serum calcium should be monitored, patients should receive vigorous hydration for 2–3 days and any further drug administrations should be discontinued.[11]

Treatment

The action of gallium in gallium nitrate on bone metabolism decreases the hypercalcemia associated with cancer. Gallium inhibits osteoclastic activity and therefore decreases hydroxyapatite crystal formation, with adsorption of gallium onto the surfaces of hydroxyapatite crystals.[12] Also, the increased concentration of gallium in the bone leads to increasing the synthesis of collagen as well as the formation of the bone tissue inside the cell. It has been reported that a protracted infusion was effective against cancer-associated hypercalcemia.[13] Preliminary studies in bladder carcinoma, carcinoma of the urothelium and lymphomas are also promising.[14] Another interesting schedule of subcutaneous injection with low doses of gallium nitrate has been proposed, especially for the treatment of bone metastases, but the definitive results have not yet been published.[15]

Chemical Reactivity

Gallium nitrate can react with reducing agents to generate heat and products that may be gaseous. The products may themselves be capable of further reactions (such as combustion in the air). The chemical reduction of materials in this group can be rapid, but often requires initiation of heat, catalyst and addition of a solvent. Explosive mixtures of gallium nitrate with reducing agents often persist unchanged for long periods if initiation is prevented. Some inorganic oxidizing agents such as gallium nitrate are salts of metals that are soluble in water; dissolution dilutes but does not nullify the oxidizing power of such materials. Generally, inorganic oxidizing agents can react violently with active metals, cyanides, esters, and thiocyanates.[11]

Adverse Reaction

Kidney

Adverse renal effects have been reported in about 12.5% of patients treated with gallium nitrate. Two patients receiving gallium nitrate and one patient receiving calcitonin developed acute renal failure in a controlled trial of patients with cancer-related hypercalcemia. Also, it was reported that gallium nitrate should not be administered to patients with serum creatinine >2.5 mg/dL.[11]

Blood Pressure

In a controlled trial of patients, it was noticed a decrease in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure after the treatment with gallium nitrate. The decrease in blood pressure was asymptomatic and did not require specific treatment.[11]

Hematologic

High doses of gallium nitrate were associated with anemia when used in treating patients for advanced cancer. In results, several patients have received red blood cell transfusions.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ Gallium Nitrate monograph. Lexi-Comp Online, Lexi-Drugs Online, Lexi-Comp Inc. Hudson, OH. Available at: [1] Archived 2004-11-16 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed September 13th, 2008.
  2. ^ Ganite at drugs.com
  3. ^ Green, MA; Welch, MJ (1989). "Gallium radiopharmaceutical chemistry". Int J Rad Appl Instrum B. 16 (5): 435–448. doi:10.1016/0883-2897(89)90053-6. PMID 2681083.
  4. ^ Hart, MM; Adamson, RH (1971). "Antitumor activity and toxicity of salts of inorganic group 3a metals: aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 68 (7): 1623–1626. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.7.1623. PMID 5283954.
  5. ^ Hart, MM; Smith, CF; Yancey, ST; Adamson, RH (1971). "Toxicity and antitumor activity of gallium nitrate and periodically related metal salts". J Natl Cancer Inst. 47: 1121–1127. PMID 4330799.
  6. ^ a b Manfait, M; Collery, P (1984). "Etude in vitro par spectroscopie Raman de la conformation d'un ADN sous l'influence des ions magnésium et gallium". Magnesium Bull. 4: 153–155.
  7. ^ Hedley, DW; Tripp, EH; Slowiaczek, P; Mann, GJ (1988). "Effect of gallium on DNA synthesis by human T-cell lymphoblasts". Cancer Res. 48 (11): 3014–3018. PMID 3259158.
  8. ^ Birnara, Christiana; Kessler, Vadim G.; Papaefstathiou, Giannis S. (2009). "Mononuclear gallium(III) complexes based on salicylaldoximes: Synthesis, structure and spectroscopic characterization". Polyhedron. 28 (15): 3291. doi:10.1016/j.poly.2009.04.039.
  9. ^ Hendsbee, Arthur; Pye, Cory; Masuda, Jason (2009). "Hexaaquagallium(III) trinitrate trihydrate". Acta Crystallographica E. 65 (8): i65. doi:10.1107/S1600536809028086. PMC 2977161. PMID 21583299.
  10. ^ Kim, Tae-Hee, Sooseok Choi, and Dong-Wha Park. "Thermal plasma synthesis of crystalline gallium nitride nanopowder from gallium nitrate hydrate and melamine." Nanomaterials 6.3 (2016): 38.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Gallium Nitrate. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. April 13th, 2012
  12. ^ Warrell, RP Jr; Issacs, M; Alcock, NW; Bockman, RS (1987). "Gallium nitrate for treatment of refractory hypercalcemia from parathyroid carcinoma". Ann Intern Med. 107 (5): 683–686. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-107-5-683. PMID 2821862.
  13. ^ Warrell, RP Jr (1988). "Questions about clinical trials in hypercalcemia [editorial]". J Clin Oncol. 6 (5): 759–761. doi:10.1200/jco.1988.6.5.759. PMID 3284973.
  14. ^ Seligman, PA; Crawford, ED (1991). "Treatment of advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder with continuousinfusion gallium nitrate". J Natl Cancer Inst. 83 (21): 1582–1584. doi:10.1093/jnci/83.21.1582. PMID 1960756.
  15. ^ Warrell, RP Jr (1997). "Gallium nitrate for the treatment of bone metastases". Cancer. 80: 1680–1685. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19971015)80:8+<1680::aid-cncr19>3.0.co;2-w. PMID 9362436.
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