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The Parthian Empire ruled over an area roughly corresponding to present-day Iran from the third century BC to the third century AD. It contained a varying number of subordinate semi-autonomous kingdoms each with its own ruler.
Vonones 12–16 (Former king of Parthia as Vonones I )
Orodes 16–18 (Son of Artabanus III king of Parthia)
Artaxias III 18–35 (From the house of Polemon )
Arsaces I 35 (Son of Artabanus III king of Parthia)
Orodes 35 (Again)
Mithridates I 35–37 (Son of Mithridates (IV) king of Iberia)
Orodes 37–42 (Again)
Mithridates I 42–52 (Again)
Rhadamistus 52–54 (Son of Pharasmanes (III) king of Iberia)
Tiridates I 54–60 (Son of Vonones II king of Parthia & Medes)
Tigranes VI 60–62 (From the house of Herod )
Tiridates I 62–c. 75 (Again)
Unknown king c. 75–89 (Probably Vologases II of Parthia )
Sanatruces I 89–109 (Son of Vologases I of Parthia )
Axidares (Ashkhadar) 110–113 (Son of Pacorus II king of Parthia)
Parthamasiris (Partamasir) 113–114 (Son of Pacorus II king of Parthia)
Mithridates II 114–116 (Brother of Sanatruces I & Osroes I king of Parthia)
Sanatruces II 116 (Son of Mithridates II)
Vologases I from 116 (Son of Sanatruces I )
?Achaemenes until 138/144
Sohaemus 138/144–161 (Son of Achaemenes)
Pacorus I 161–164 (Aurelius Pacorus)
Sohaemus 164–178 (Again)
Vologases II 178–197
Unknown king 197-215
Khosrov I 215–216 (Son of Vologases II )
Tiridates II 217–222
?Khosrov (II) 222–238
?Tiridates (III) 238–253
Sasanian occupation 253-279
Hormozd-Ardashir 253-270 (Later king of Iran as Hormizd I son of Shapur I Sassanid )
Narseh 270-293 (Later king of Iran as Narseh son of Shapur I Sassanid )
Artavasdes VI c. 260
Khosrov II 279–287
Tiridates (IV) 287–298
Tiridates III 298–330
Pacorus II 330 (Usurper)
Khosrov III 330–338
Tigranes VII 338–351
Arsaces II (Arshak II) 351–367
Papas (Pap) 367–374
Varasdates (Varazdat) 374–378
Vologases III 378–386 (Co-ruler with Arsaces III (Arshak III) )
Arsaces III 378–389 (Co-ruler with Vologases III then Khosrov IV )
Khosrov IV 386–392 (Co-ruler with Arsaces III & then alone)
Vramshapuh 392–414
Khosrov IV 414–416 (Again)
Tigranes VIII 416 co-ruler with Arsaces IV
Arsaces IV 416 co-ruler with Tigranes VIII
Shapur 416–420 (Later king of Iran as Shapur IV son of Yazdegerd I Sassanid )
Artaxias IV 422–428
Arsacids of Media 144 BC – 232 AD
Vologases (Bagasha) 144–122 BC[1]
Arsaces 122–111[1]
Artaxerxes 111–97[1]
Artabanus 97–88[1]
Mithridates 88–67[1]
Darius 67–65[1]
Mithridates 65–55
Orodes 55–50
Pacorus 50–38
?Tiridates c. 30–25
?Mithridates 12–9 BC[2]
?Orodes c. 4–6 AD
Artabanus 9–12 AD
Vonones c. 45–51
Pacorus 51–75 son of Vonones
Arsaces c. 136 AD
?Pacorus to 163 AD
Vologases to 208
Artabanus 213–226
Pacorus from 226 AD son of Artabanus
Vachagan I the Brave
Vache I
Urnayr
Vachagan II
Mirhavan
Satoy
Asay
Aswagen
Vache
Vachagan III the Pious
Arsacids of Hyrcania c. 170 BC – c. 230 AD
Arsaces c. 165 BC son of Phraates I
Himerus to 129 BC
Otanes c. 70 BC
Artabanus c. 9–40 AD
Gotarzes 40–51 AD
Indo-Parthian rulers of Sistan (Drangiana)[3]
Gondophares I Great king of kings, Autocrator (c. 20 BC – first years AD)
Gondophares II Gadana Orthagnes (c. 20 AD – 30 AD?), brother of Gondophares I
Gondophares III Sases (mid-1st century AD)
Gondophares IV Gadana Obouzanes , son of Orthagnes
Sanabares Great King, son of Obouzanes
Abdagases II King, son of Sanabares
Pacores (late 1st century AD)
? Tiridates (No coins), son of Sanabares
? Atursasan (No coins), son of Tiridates
Farnsasan , son of Atursasan
Indo-Parthian rulers of Arachosia (Kandahar)[3]
Gondophares I Great king of kings, Autocrator (c. 20 BC – first years AD)
Sarpedones Basileontos (first years AD – c. 20 AD)
Gondophares II Gadana Orthagnes Basileontos (c. 20 AD – 30 AD?)
Abdagases I , nephew of Gondophares I (first years AD – mid-1st century AD)
Sarpedones Great king of kings, Dikaios, Soter, Nikiphoros
Gondophares III Sases (mid-1st century AD)
Sanabares Great King, Soter
Abdagases II King
Pacores (late 1st century AD)
Indo-Parthian rulers of Jammu[3]
Gondophares I (c. 20 BC – first years AD)
Abdagases I (first years AD – mid-1st century AD)
Sarpedones
Gondophares III Sases (mid-1st century AD)
Gondophares IV Gadana Obouzanes
Gondophares III Sases (mid-1st century AD)
Indo-Parthian rulers of Indus shore (Balochistan)[3]
Sarpedones
Satavastra
Gondophares III Sases (mid-1st century AD)
Indo-Parthian rulers of Gandhara[3]
Gondophares I (c. 20 BC – first years AD)
Abdagases I Basileontos (first years AD – mid-1st century AD)
Abdagases I Great king, king of kings (first years AD – mid-1st century AD)
Gondophares III Sases (mid-1st century AD)
Indo-Parthian rulers of Taxila[3]
Abdagases I (first years AD – mid-1st century AD)
Gondophares III Sases (mid-1st century AD)
Indo-Parthian rulers of North Arachosia (Bagram)[3]
Gondophares I Great king of kings, Autocrator, Soter (c. 20 BC – first years AD)
Abdagases I Great king, Soter (first years AD – mid-1st century AD)
? cont. with Phraates V
? cont. with Artabanus II
? cont. with Gotarzes II and Vardanes I
D ... c. 50 AD
Po ... cont. with Vologases I
Sanabares c. 2nd half of the 1st century AD
Pacores c. 100 AD
? cont. with Vologases III and Mithridates IV
? cont. with Vologases III and Mithridates IV
Tiren cont. with Vologases IV
? cont. with Vologases IV
Ardashir c. 200 AD
? 1st half of the 3rd century
? 1st half of the 3rd century
? c. 250 AD
Kings of Persis [5] c. 230 BC – c. 210 AD
Name
Date
Family Relations
Note
1
Vahbarz I
beg. of 3rd century BC
?
leader of a revolution against Seleucids (?)
2
Baykard
?
Fratarakā dynasty
3
Baydād (bgdt )
end of 3rd/ beg. of 2nd century BC
Fratarakā dynasty - son of Baykard
sub-Seleucid
4
Ardaxšīr I (rtḥštry )
1st half of 2nd century
Fratarakā dynasty
sub-Seleucid
5
Vahbarz II (whwbrz - called Oborzos in Polyenus 7.40)
1st half of 2nd century
Fratarakā dynasty
6
Vādfradād I (wtprdt )
mid-3nd century BC
Fratarakā dynasty - son of Vahbarz
Vadfradad I and his successors were as sub-Parthian dynasts.
7
Vadfradad II
c. 140
?
8
‘Unknown king I’ (Syknlt?)
2nd half of 2nd century
?
9
Darev I
end of 2nd century
?
10
Vadfradad III
1st half of 1st century
?
11
Darev II
1st century
son of Vadfradad III
12
Ardashir II
2nd half of 1st century
son of Darev II
killed by his brother Vahshir I
13
Vahshir I
2nd half of 1st century
son of Darev II
14
Pakor I
1st half of 1st century AD
son of Vahshir I
15
Pakor II
1st half of 1st century
?
16
Nambed
mid-1st century
son of Ardashir II
17
Napad
2nd half of 1st century
son of Nambed
18
‘Unknown king II’
end of 1st century
?
19
Vadfradad IV
1st half of 2nd century
?
20
Manchihr I
1st half of 2nd century
?
21
Ardashir III
1st half of 2nd century
son of Manchihr I
22
Manchihr II
mid-2nd century
son of Ardashir III
23
Pakor III[6]
2nd half of 2nd century
?
24
Manchihr III
2nd half of 2nd century
son of Manchihr II
25
Ardashir IV
end of 2nd century
son of Manchihr III
26
Vahshir II
c. 206-210 AD
?
The last of Bazarangids .
27
Shapur
beg. of 3rd century
Brother of the first Sasanian, Ardashir I
28
Ardashir V
beg. of 3rd century
First Sasanian ruler, under the name of Ardashir I
In inscriptions found at Hatra, several rulers are mentioned. Other rulers are sporadically mentioned by classical authors. They appear with two titles. The earlier rulers are called mry´ (translation uncertain, perhaps administrator ), the later ones mlk -king .
Name
Title
Date
Family Relations
Note
1
Worod
mry´
2
Ma’nu
mry´
3
Elkud
mry´
155/156 AD
4
Nashrihab
mry´
128/29 - 137/38 AD
5
Naṣru
mry´
128/29 - 176/77
6
Wolgash I
mry´ and mlk - King
7
Sanatruq I
mry´ and mlk - King
176/177 AD
ruled together with Wolgash I
8
Wolgash (II?)
son of Wolgash (I)
9
Abdsamiya
mlk - King
192/93 - 201/202 AD
Supported the Roman emperor Pescennius Niger
10
Sanatruq II
mlk - King
207/08 - 229/230 AD
Kings of Elymais [7] c. 147 BC – c. 224 AD
Kamnaskires I Megas Soter (c. 147–c. 145 BC)
Kamnaskires II Nikephoros (c 145–c. 139 BC)
Okkonapses (c. 139/138 BC)
Tigraios (c. 138/137 – c. 133/132 bc)
Darius (before c. 129 BC)
Kamnaskires III Megas Nikephorus (c. 85 BC)
Kamnaskires IV (c. 82/81–c. 76/75 BC) with Anzaze (his Queen)
Kamnaskires V[8] (c. 73/72–c. 46 BC)
Kamnaskires VI[9] (c. 46–c. 28 BC)
Kamnaskires VII[10] (c. 28 BC – c. 1 AD)
Kamnaskires VIII[11] (c. 1–c. 15 AD)
Kamnaskires IX[12] (c. 15–c. 25 AD)
Orodes I (c. 25–c. 50 AD)
Orodes II (c. 50–c. 70 AD) son of Orodes I
Phraates[13] (c. 70–c. 90 AD) son of Orodes (I or II)
Orodes III[14] (c. 90–c. 100 AD) son of Orodes II
Kamnaskires-Orodes[15] (c. 100–c. 120 AD) son of Orodes II
Ariobarzanes (c. 125 AD)
Osroes (c. 125–c. 130 AD)
Unknown King I (c. 130–c. 140 AD)
Orodes IV[16] & Ulpan (c. 140–c. 160 AD)
Abarbasi[17] (c. 160–c. 170 AD)
Orodes V[18] (c. 170–c. 180 AD) son of Beldusa
Vologases [19] (c. 180–c. 190 AD)
Unknown King II[20] (c. 190–c. 210 AD)
Unknown King III[21] (c. 210–c. 220 AD)
Orodes VI[22] (c. 220 – 224 AD)
Kings of Characene [23] c. 170 BC–c. 222 AD
Hyspaosines c. 127–122/121 BC
Apodakos c. 110/109-104/103 BC
Tiraios I 95/94-90/89 BC
Tiraios II 79/78-49/48 BC
Artabazos 49/48-48/47 BC
Attambelos I 47/46-25/24 BC
Theonesios I c. 19/18 BC
Attambalos II c. 17/16 BC - AD 8/9
Abinergaos I 10/11; 22/23
Orabazes I c. 19
Attambalos III c. 37/38-44/45
Theonesios II c. 46/47
Theonesios III c. 52/53
Attambalos IV 54/55-64/65
Attambalos V 64/65-73/74
Orabazes II c. 73-80
Pakoros (II) 80-101/02 king of Iran
Attambalos VI c. 101/02-105/06
Theonesios IV c. 110/11-112/113
Attambalos VII 113/14-117
Meredates c. 131-150/51 son of Pakoros (II) king of Iran
Orabazes III c. 150/151-165
Abinergaios II (?) c. 165-180
Attambalos VIII c. 180-195 (?)
Maga (?) c. 195-210
Abinergaos III c. 210-222
Kings of Osrhoene 132 BC–c. 293 AD
Aryu (132–127 BC)
Abdu bar Maz'ur (127–120 BC)
Fradhasht bar Gebar'u (120–115 BC)
Bakru I bar Fradhasht (115–112 BC)
Bakru II bar Bakru (112–94 BC)
Ma'nu I (94 BC)
Abgar I Piqa (94–68 BC)
Abgar II bar Abgar (68–52 BC)
Ma'nu II (52–34 BC)
Paqor (34–29 BC)
Abgar III (29–26 BC)
Abgar IV Sumaqa (26–23 BC)
Ma'nu III Saphul (23–4 BC)
Abgar V Ukkama bar Ma'nu (Abgarus of Edessa ) (4 BC–7 AD)
Ma'nu IV bar Ma'nu (7–13 AD)
Abgar V Ukkama bar Ma'nu (13–50)
Ma'nu V bar Abgar (50–57)
Ma'nu VI bar Abgar (57–71)
Abgar VI bar Ma'nu (71–91)
Sanatruk (91–109)
Abgar VII bar Ezad (109–116)
Roman interregnum 116–118
Yalur (118–122, co-ruler with Parthamaspates)
Parthamaspates (118–123)
Ma'nu VII bar Ezad (123–139)
Ma'nu VIII bar Ma'nu (139–163)
Wa'il bar Sahru (163–165)
Ma'nu VIII bar Ma'nu (165–167)
Abgar VIII (167–177)
Abgar IX (the great) (177–212)
Abgar X Severus bar Ma'nu (212–214)
Abgar (X) Severus Bar Abgar (IX) Rabo (214–216)
Ma’nu (IX) Bar Abgar (X) Severus (216–242)
Abgar (XI) Farhat Bar Ma’nu (IX) (242–244)
Kings of Adiabene c. 69 BC – c. 310 AD
Abdissares (c. 164 BC)
Unknown king (c. 69 BC)
Artaxares (cont. with Augustus )
Izates I (c. 15 AD)
Bazeus Monobazus I (20?–30?)
Heleni (c. 30–58)
Izates II bar Monobazus (c. 34–58)
Vologases (Parthian occupation opposing Izates II) (c. 50)
Monobazus II bar Monobazus (58 – middle of the 70s)
Izates III (c. 109)
Meharaspes (?–116)
Racbactus (until 136)
Atwr ('tlw) (c. 150)
Narsai of Adiabene (c. 170–200)
Shahrat (Shahrad) (c. 216-227)
Adorzahab (until c. 240)
Aphraates (c. 310)
Kings of Korduene c. 140 BC – c. 359 AD
Zarbienus; early mid-1st century BC until c. 69 BC. Killed by Tigranes II .
Manisarus ; ~ 115 AD: He took control over parts of Armenia and Mesopotamia, in the time of Trajan.
Ardashir; ~ 340s AD: He was against the Christianization of Corduene.[24]
Jovinian ~ 359 AD [25]
Notes and references
^ a b c d e f Qashqai, "The successors of Mithridates II"
^ Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVI, Ch.8.4
^ a b c d e f g Fröhlich, 2004; Qashqai, 2017
^ Baratin, 2009.
^ Wiesehöfer, 1996, p. 319.
^ Rezakhani, Kh., "The “Unbekannter König III” and the Coinage of Hellenistic and Arsacid Persis", Nameye Iran-e Bastan, 15 (2010)
^ Wiesehöfer, 1996, p. 318. Pakzadian, 2007, pp. 56-57 & VII-X.
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires V, VI, VII, VIII and IX.
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires X and XI.
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires XII and XIII.
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires XIV and XV.
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Late Kamnaskires Successors types 1, 2 and 3.
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Phraates I, II and III.
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Orodes III and IV.
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires-Orodes I and II.
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Orodes V, VI and VII.
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: 1st Unknown King (A)
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Unknown Kings 2nd(B), 3rd(C) and 4th(D)
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Vologases I and II.
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Unknown Kings 5th(E), 6th(F) and 7th(G)
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: Unknown Kings 8th(H) and 9th(I)
^ According to Pakzadian, 2007: 10th Unknown King (J)
^ Wiesehöfer, 1996, pp. 317-318.
^ History of the Syrian Nation and the Old Evangelical-Apostolic Church of the East, page: 128, George David Malech, Published 2006, Gorgias Press LLC, 484 pages, ISBN 1-59333-408-7
^ The Later Roman Empire: AD 354-378, Ammianus Marcellinus, Translated by Walter Hamilton, page 155, Contributor Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, Published 1986, Penguin Classics, ISBN 0-14-044406-8
Bibliography
Baratin, Charlotte, "Les provinces orientales de l’empire parthe", Thèse de doctorat en Langues, histoire et civilisations des mondes anciens, Université Lumière Lyon2, 2009, V. Entre Parthes et Kushans.
Fröhlich, C. Indo-Parthian Dynasty. Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. Xiii, Fasc. 1: 100-103, 2004.
Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews.
Pakzadian, Hasan. "The Coins of Elymais", Tehran, 2007. (in Persian)
Qashqai, Hamidreza, "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.(in Persian)
Qashqai, Hamidreza. "Indo-Parthian descendants in the Sasanian era", 2017.
The Cambridge History of Iran (CHI), vol. 3(I), THE SELEUCID, PARTHIAN AND SASANIAN PERIODS, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
The Cambridge History of Iran (CHI), vol. 3(II), THE SELEUCID, PARTHIAN AND SASANIAN PERIODS, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Wiesehöfer, Josef, "ANCIENT PERSIA from 550 BC to 650 AD", tr. by Azizeh Azodi, I.B.Tauris Publishers, London, 1996.
www.parthia.com
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