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Al-Manar
TypeSatellite television network
Country
Lebanon
Availability
Webcast
MottoStation of the resistance
OwnerLebanese Communication Group 
Launch date
4 June 1991; 33 years ago (1991-06-04)
Picture format
4:3 (576i · SDTV)
Official website
Arabic, French, Spanish, English
Part of a series on
Hezbollah
Political activities
Military activities
Capabilities
Organizations
Media
People
Secretaries-General
Senior officials

Al-Manar (Arabic:المنار al-Manār;English: the beacon) is a Lebanese satellite television station affiliated with Hezbollah,[1] broadcasting from Beirut, Lebanon.[2]

Al-Manar was designated as a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist entity," and banned by the United States on 17 December 2004.[3] It has also been banned by France, Spain and Germany,[4][5][6] and has run into some service and license problems outside Lebanon,[7] making it unavailable in the Netherlands,[8][9] Canada[10] and Australia[11][12] while it has not officially been banned in any of these regions.

History

Al-Manar first began terrestrial broadcasting from Beirut, Lebanon on 4 June 1991.[13] By 2000, the station began broadcasting via satellite at a cost that was a couple of million dollars.[14][better source needed] The station was located in the Shi'a-controlled neighborhood Haret Hreik in the southern suburbs of Beirut, where the Hezbollah is also headquartered.[14] Originally, the station employed only a few men that had studied media in London during the mid-1980s. But almost a year later, Al-Manar was employing over 150 people.[14]

Initially, Al Manar would broadcast only five hours per day. Shortly before the 1992 election, it began broadcasting regular news bulletins in order to help Hezbollah attain more votes and spread its message to more people. In 1993, the station expanded its broadcasting to seven hours a day and extended its signal to the southern part of the Bekaa Valley. Ahead of the 1996 Lebanese parliamentary elections, additional antennas were erected in Northern Lebanon and throughout the Mount Lebanon range, so that the station could be viewed not only in Lebanon, but also in western Syria and northern Israel. Broadcasting was extended to 20 hours in 1998 but reduced to 18 hours in 2000.[15]

In 1996, the Lebanese government granted broadcasting licenses to only five television stations, not including Al-Manar. Approximately 50 stations were forced to close at the time. Several stations appealed the government's decision, but only four of them were finally granted licenses, one of which was Al-Manar. On 18 September, the Lebanese Cabinet decided to grant Al-Manar a license after having been requested to do so by then Syrian president Hafiz al-Asad. Al-Manar received the license in July 1997.[16]

According to the US department of treasury, Al Manar is the media arm of the Hezbollah.[17] The station manager Muhammad Afif Ahmad, said that Al Manar belongs to Hezbollah culturally and politically.[18] By 2004, Al Manar was estimated to hold 10-15 million viewers daily worldwide.[19]

Satellite broadcasting

During the 1990s, the popularity of satellite broadcasting greatly increased in the Arab world and in Lebanon. The first Lebanese station to use this technology was Future Television, launching Future International SAT in 1994, while LBCI and the Lebanese government followed by launching LBCSAT and Tele Liban Satellite respectively. In order to compete with these emerging stations, and in order to find an international audience, Al-Manar announced its intention to launch a satellite channel on 9 March 2000. Muhammad Ra'd, a Hezbollah member of parliament and al-Manar's largest shareholder, submitted the request to the minister of transmission, which was approved in April 2000. Although the launch of the satellite station was originally planned for July, the date was moved up in order to coincide with the end of the Israeli occupation of South Lebanon on 25 May. This success led other television stations to follow in launching satellite stations, including Murr TV in November 2000, but it was shut down for "violating an election law prohibiting propaganda" — a fate which al-Manar did not meet, although its programming was also considered propaganda by many analysts[who?] [citation needed]. ArabSat, a leading communications satellite operator in the Middle East, headquartered in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, was at first wary about collaborating with al-Manar, because of the station's Shi'a agenda[citation needed] — the two companies agreed, however, that the programming would be adapted to the pan-Arab audience, leading to a slight difference between the local broadcast and the one via satellite. At first, only three hours of satellite programming were broadcast per day, but by December 2000, the station was broadcasting around the clock.[20]

Al-Manar was soon carried by many satellite providers. However, starting with the removal of the station from TARBS World TV in Australia in 2003, many satellite television providers stopped featuring it. Until then the station was featured by the following providers at one time or another:

According to the BBC on 26 July 2006, Al-Manar had three satellite signals:[21]

  • ArabSat 2B at 30.5 degrees east
  • Badr 3 at 26 degrees east
  • NileSat 102 at 7 degrees west

Al-Manar during 2006 Lebanon War

Israeli Air Force strike

The channel was continuously struck by missiles during Israeli air raids. The Israeli Air Force attacks on 13 July 2006 led to injury of three employees.[22] The attack on Al Manar's facilities shortly followed another strike against the Rafic Hariri International Airport in Beirut earlier that morning. Despite the attack, the station remained on air, broadcasting from undisclosed locations.

The IDF bombed Al-Manar's Beirut complex again on July 16 causing fire in the complex and surrounding buildings. The station's signal disappeared briefly several times, then continued normal programming.[23]

Illegality of bombing

The bombing of media outlets violates international law when they are not being used for military purposes ("it is unlawful to attack facilities that merely shape civilian opinion; neither directly contributes to military operations"),[24] according to Human Rights Watch.

This incident has been condemned by the International Federation of Journalists.[25] The Israel Association of Journalists withdrew from the federation due to this criticism, claiming that Al-Manar employees "are not journalists, they are terrorists".[26][27]

The New York based Committee to Protect Journalists, has also expressed alarm over the incident as "it (Al-Manar) does not appear based on a monitoring of its broadcasts today to be serving any discernible military function, according to CPJ’s analysis."[28]

Content

Al-Manar's programming consists of 25% music videos and fillers, 25% series and dramas, 25% talk shows, and finally 25% news and family shows.[29] Most of the programming is self-produced, although on occasion, programming from IRIB (Iran) is used. The point-of-view of the programming is strongly anti-Israel and anti-US. "Appearing on al-Manar, Hezbollah Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah frequently calls for `Death to America`" and the Statue of Liberty is depicted "as a ghoul, her gown dripping blood, a knife instead of a torch in her raised hand."[30]

Programs

The news programming includes much footage from the international press, especially the Israeli. Additionally the station subscribes to the following wire services: Reuters, Associated Press, Agence France Presse, and Deutsche Presse Agentur. It also sources stories from Iranian news agencies such as FARS and IRNA. The station airs eight news bulletins a day in Arabic in addition to one in English and one in French.[31]

Several talk shows are regularly aired on al-Manar. The best known of these is Beit al-ankabut (The Spider's House); its title alludes to a metaphor, Hassan Nasrallah often employs to describe Israel. It is dedicated to uncovering the "weakness of the Zionist entity", i.e. Israel. It attempts to convince the Arab world that Israel could easily be destroyed, for example, by an increase in the Arab population and the implementation of the Palestinian right of return.[32] Further talk shows include Hadith al-sa'a (Talk of the Hour), Matha ba'ad (What's Next?), Ma'al Hadath (With The Event), Bayna Kawsayn (Between The Brackets), Milafat (Files), Al-din wa al-hayat (Religion and Life), and Nun wa al-qalam (The 'Nun' and the Pen). Guests include well-known journalists, analysts, writers, Lebanese politicians, spokespersons of terrorist groups, and Islamic scholars, who then discuss current religious, political, and cultural, regional and global topics.[33]

Al-Manar often airs music videos and fillers in between full-length programs and during commercial breaks. The music videos are generally dedicated to the following seven purposes: the promotion of the Hezbollah, highlighting the importance of armed resistance against Israel, the glorification of martyrdom, spreading of anti-Americanism, denunciation of Israel and Zionism as the embodiments of terrorism, the appeals for the destruction of Israel, and the depiction of the future of Arab youths.[34] The videos are on average three minutes long. The videos are usually professionally produced by the station itself and each usually takes about three to four days to make.[34] The filler material usually consists of appeals to donate money to the Hezbollah, lists of demonstrations taking place worldwide, and slogans in English, Hebrew, or Arabic.[35]

The station also offers sports broadcasting - such as the programs Goal and Tis'in daqiqa (Ninety Minutes) -, family programming - such as Al-mustakshifoun al-judud (The New Explorers), Al-Muslimoun fi al-Sin (Muslims in China), and Ayday al-khayr (Hands of Benevolence) -, game shows - including Al-mushahid shahid (The Viewer Is the Witness), where contestants attempt to guess the names of Israeli political and military figures, and Al-muhima (The Mission) -, and even a children's program called Al-manr al-saghir (The Little Manar), which is in the style of the US show Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood, targeting three- to seven-year-olds.[35] Al-Manar also broadcasts Iranian soap operas, dubbed into Modern Standard Arabic.

During Ramadan, al-Manar features special programs, many of which are self-produced. In 2001, Izz al-Din al-Qassam: Qisat al-jihad wa al-muqawama (Izz al-Din al-Qassam: A Story of Jihad and Resistance), a four-part drama based on the life of Izz al-Din al-Qassam, an early-twentieth-century Arab, after whom the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades are named. It was considered a success among Palestinians. The 2002 program Faris bi la jawad (A Knight without a Horse), which was produced by an Egyptian, was based on the The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an old Russian anti-Semitic text claiming a conspiracy of Jews control the world, like many programs of the station. The 29-part series Ash-Shatat (The Diaspora), which was aired in 2003, was also based on The Protocols and produced in Syria; it led to the banning of al-Manar in France.[36][37]

Religion

Al-Manar was the first TV station to report Hezbollah's condemnation of the September 11 attacks. Other non-state attacks against the United States have also been condemned on Al Manar, including the 2000 USS Cole bombing suicide attack against a US Navy destroyer.[38]

Al-Manar was once described as one of the channels, among other complex reasons, of the spread of Shiism in Syria in the years before 2009.[39]

Until the Israeli withdrawal from South Lebanon, al-Manar's programming political focus was mainly against the Israeli presence in Lebanon. While the withdrawal in May 2000 left a void in the station's programming, Hezbollah and al-Manar consider the Shebaa Farms to be Lebanese territory occupied by Israel, and this became a focal point for political programming. In September of that year, the al-Aqsa Intifada broke out, and al-Manar began to cover the issue of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict more extensively, overtly propagandizing to support the Palestinian militants.[40]

Journalistic standards and neutrality

According to Al Manar's news director, Hassan Fadlallah, Al Manar does not aim to be neutral in its broadcasting, "Neutrality like that of Al Jazeera is out of the question for us," Fadlallah said. "We cover only the victim, not the aggressor. CNN is the Zionist news network, Al Jazeera is neutral, and Al Manar takes the side of the Palestinians...He said Al Manar's opposition to neutrality means that, unlike Al Jazeera, his station would never feature interviews or comments by Israeli officials. "We're not looking to interview Sharon," Fadlallah said. "We want to get close to him in order to kill him."[19]

Accusations and restrictions

Designation as a 'terrorist entity'

Al-Manar was placed on a US terrorist watchlist in December 2004.[38] Reporters without Borders said that no evidence was presented of Al-Manar's involvement with terrorism.[38] The main evidence provided for Al-Manar being anti-semitic was its partial showing, in October–November 2003, of the Syrian-produced 29-part series Ash-Shatat ("The Diaspora"). "Al Manar management apologized for airing the series, dropped it and explained that the Station had purchased it without first viewing the entire series."[38] Lebanon's ambassador to the United States, Farid Abboud, protested: "If you want simply to demonize or eliminate one side, you're not going to advance the issue. If you are going to focus on one side simply because of the political message, it's unacceptable and it's a grave breach of the freedom of speech.".[41]

In March 2006 Al-Manar was designated as a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist entity" by the United States, declaring it "owned or controlled by the Iran-funded Hezbollah terrorist network".[42] As a result, Al-Manar was made subject to US sanctions.[2][42][43]

Allegations of anti-Jewish programming

One of the satellite providers which have transmitted Al-Manar has been the French satellite Hot Bird 4, owned by the Eutelsat Satellite organisation. On 13 December 2004, the French Conseil d'État, the highest administrative Court in France, ordered the French-based Eutelsat Company to shut down Al-Manar broadcasts following accusations that its programmes were anti-Semitic and could incite hatred.[44][45]

Al-Manar claims the French decision was political and not legal, influenced by Israel and Jewish lobbies.[46]

Banning of broadcasts

Wikinews has related news:

Al-Manar's broadcasts have been banned by the US, France,[4] Spain,[5] and Germany.[6]

After the U.S. Department of State placed Al-Manar on the Terrorist Exclusion List on 17 December 2004, transmissions to North America via Intelsat's satellites were blocked.[41][47] Javed Iqbal, a resident of New York City is the first person to charged under this law. Iqbal, 45, a Pakistani who had been living in the U.S. for more than 25 years, was charged by federal prosecutors with providing material support to a foreign terrorist organization by broadcasting Al Manar to U.S. customers, in exchange for thousands of dollars payment. In a 2008 plea bargain, he agreed to serve a prison term of up to 6+1⁄2 years. Saleh Elahwal, who also operates HDTV, was also charged and went on trial 5 January 2009.[48][49] Donna Lieberman, executive director of the New York Civil Liberties Union, says it's constitutional for the government to outlaw businesses with direct operational ties to terrorist organizations, and media outlets that directly incite and direct violent action, but in this case, the government is trying to stop the spread of ideas.[50] Mark Dubowitz, who founded the Coalition Against Terrorist Media to in part stop Al-Manar, said Al-Manar was shouting fire in a crowded theater, although Lieberman disagreed with that metaphor.[50]

The Dutch Media Authority "discovered that a satellite owned by New Skies Satellites was carrying Al-Manar and has ordered the company to stop doing so, because the channel did not have the required Dutch licence."[51][52] Many, including Radio Netherlands Worldwide Media Network[8][9] consider this to be a ban. The Spanish authorities banned the retransmission of Al-Manar by Hispasat on 30 June 2005 (which effectively prevents its reception not only in the Iberian Peninsula but also in South America).[5]

The lack of transmission from Intelsat had the effect of making Al-Manar unavailable in Canada, which some have interpreted as a "ban".[10] While Al-Manar is not approved for distribution in Canada,[53] there is no record of application for approval having been made.[54]

TARBS World TV voluntarily stopped broadcasting al-Manar in Australia on 5 November 2003, 15 days into an investigation by the ABA regarding accusations of "broadcast programs that are likely to incite or perpetuate hatred against or gratuitously vilify any person or group on the basis of their ethnicity, nationality, race or religion". The report for this investigation was never finalised as TARBS had gone into receivership by that time. Al-Manar in August 2009 received approval for broadcast by Australian Communications and Media Authority.[55]

Al-Manar provides a live feed of its programming on the Internet through its website. This effectively circumvents the bans as Al-Manar is still available in all the areas it does not broadcast to via satellite.

Google and Apple applications

On 25 July 2012, Al Manar launched an application through Apple's iTunes app store, directing users to various content produced by the Hezbollah television station, including speeches by Hezbollah leader, Hassan Nasrallah.[56]

However, the application was subsequently pulled from iTunes four days later, and two days after that, Google announced that the al-Manar app had been removed from Google Play.[57] Maha Abouelenein, Head of Communications for the Mena at Google, subsequently stated that “We remove applications that violate our policies, such as apps that are illegal or that promote hate speech” although she added that “We don’t comment on individual applications — however, you can check out our policies for more."[58]

Al Manar TV subsequently blamed "Israeli incitement against Al Manar TV" as the reason Al-Manar mobile apps were removed by Apple and Google. An Al-Manar TV reporter stated that: "Al Manar TV is once again targeted by America and Israel. The removal of the channel's mobile apps from the Google and Apple stores is a new attempt to curb Al-Manar's message of resistance.[59]

Al Manar TV Director-General Abdallah Qasir stated that the removal of the apps "indicates that Al Manar TV has the ability to cause great harm to Israel, and that Israel is extremely annoyed by Al Manar becoming so widespread and by its great credibility. Israel cannot even bear to see the Al-Manar icon on smartphones." Abd Al-Hadi Mahfouz, president of the Lebanese National Media Council, also supported Al-Manar, arguing that: "This move contradicts all laws pertaining to radio and television, to the exercising of media liberties, and to the right of citizens, Western and Arab alike, to information." Rabi' Al-Ba'lbaki, the head of the Lebanese IT Association reportedly called for a boycott of Apple and Google if they do not restore service for Al-Manar's applications.[59]

In a statement issued on 16 August 2012, Al Manar says it is “back on Ipad and Iphone applications via alternative ways, following the campaign carried out by the Jewish Anti-Defamation League to deactivate Al-Manar applications on smart phones at Google Play and apple store.”[60] In an effort to avoid distributor policies and control, the new applications are downloadable directly from Al-Manar’s website, which is hosted British server.[60] The website also provides instructions, along with screen shots, on configuring Android phones to accept applications “not sourced in Android Market” and for installing the application on iPhones.[60]

In March 2014, Al Manar relaunched their application in Apple's iTunes store under the name "LCG."[61]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Germany bans Hezbollah's al-Manar TV Channel 21 November 2008, Ya Libnan
  2. ^ a b Elise Labott and Henry Schuster (2006). "Lebanese media outlets' assets blocked". CNN.
  3. ^ Nasser, Cilina (23–29 December 2004). "Al-Manar in the dog house". Al Ahram Weekly (722). Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b "France pulls plug on Arab network". BBC News. 14 December 2004. Retrieved 9 August 2006.
  5. ^ a b c Commission of the European Communities Commission document SEC (2006) 160 Retrieved 31 July 2006
  6. ^ a b "Germany bans Hezbollah television station Al Manar". Fox News. 21 November 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
  7. ^ "Commission Of The European Communities" (PDF). Wales. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  8. ^ a b Radio Netherlands Worldwide Blog Iranian commentator reacts to Dutch ban on two satellite TV stations Retrieved 30 July 2006
  9. ^ a b Radio Netherlands Worldwide Blog Two Islamic TV stations banned in the Netherlands Retrieved 30 July 2006
  10. ^ a b "Banning Al-Manar TV in North America and France(Chat session with Mohammad S. Dalbah)". Islam online. 30 December 2004. Archived from the original on 24 August 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ ABA News Release NR 135/2004 22 October 2004 ABA investigation into Al Manar programming on TARBS Retrieved 15 August 2006
  12. ^ "Cable broadcaster under investigation by ABA". ABC Australia. 14 November 2003. Retrieved 9 August 2006.
  13. ^ Zahera Harb (15 April 2011). Channels of Resistance in Lebanon: Liberation Propaganda, Hezbollah and the Media. I.B.Tauris. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-84885-120-7. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  14. ^ a b c Jorisch (2004), p. 26
  15. ^ Jorisch (2004), pp. 26–27
  16. ^ Jorisch (2004), pp. 23–25
  17. ^ [1] Archived 21 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ The Washington Post, 19 June 1995, Al-Manar: Hizbullah TV, 24/7, Avi Jorisch, Middle East Quarterly Winter 2004, pp. 17–31
  19. ^ a b Jeffrey Goldberg (14 October 2002). "A Reporter At Large: In The Party Of God (Part I)". The New Yorker. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  20. ^ Jorisch (2004), pp. 25–27
  21. ^ BBC News, July 26, 2006 Israel steps up "psy-ops" in Lebanon Retrieved 1 August 2006
  22. ^ "Media in Lebanon: Reporting on a Nation Divided" (Mission Report). IPI. December 2006. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  23. ^ "Hizbollah rockets hit Haifa, Israel strikes Lebanon". Retrieved 27 March 2007.
  24. ^ "Can Israel attack Hezbollah radio and television stations?". Retrieved 27 March 2007.
  25. ^ The "International Federation of Journalists condemned bombing of Al-Manar". Retrieved 27 March 2007.
  26. ^ Jerusalem Post, 16 July 2006, Israel threatens to leave World Press Federation Note that this article refers to the "World Press Federation" in an apparent error
  27. ^ Jerusalem Post, 20 July 2006, Israeli journalists pull out of IFJ Retrieved 27 July 2006
  28. ^ Lebanon: "Israeli forces strike Al-Manar TV facilities". Retrieved 27 March 2007. [dead link]
  29. ^ Jorisch (2004), p. 36
  30. ^ Avi Jorisch, National Review, 22 December 2004, Terrorist Television Hezbollah has a worldwide reach.
  31. ^ Jorisch (2004), p. 101
  32. ^ Jorisch (2004), p. 102
  33. ^ Jorisch (2004), pp. 102–103
  34. ^ a b Jorisch (2004), p. 104
  35. ^ a b Jorisch (2004), p. 105
  36. ^ Jorisch (2004), pp. 103–104
  37. ^ Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies: Legal proceedings to ban Al-Manar in France and Lebanon’s rushing to Hezbollah’s aid
  38. ^ a b c d Franklin Lamb (1–3 January 2010). "The Israel Lobby's War on Al Manar TV: How a Lebanese Television Station Got Included on the T-List". CounterPunch. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ Sindawi (2009)
  40. ^ Jorisch (2004), p. 84
  41. ^ a b Reuters, 18 December 2004 U.S. designates Al-Manar TV as 'terrorist' Retrieved 1 August 2006
  42. ^ a b U.S. Department of the Treasury (2006). "U.S. Designates Al-Manar as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist Entity". U.S. Department of the Treasury.
  43. ^ "U.S. Treasury List of Organizations sanctioned under Executive Order 13224" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ (full text of the decision, press release, in French; BBC report)
  45. ^ EU, Brussels, 17 March 2005 EU Rules and Principles on Hate Broadcasts: Frequently Asked Questions Retrieved 26 July 2006
  46. ^ Al Jazeera, 27 December 2004 US designates Al-Manar TV 'terrorist' Retrieved 1 August 2006
  47. ^ The Washington Times, 19 December 2004 Hezbollah's TV loses U.S. feed Retrieved 1 August 2006
  48. ^ NY man pleads guilty to broadcasting Hezbollah TV, Reuters, 23 December 2008
  49. ^ NYC man admits he helped air Hezbollah TV, Larry Neumeister, AP, 23 December 2008
  50. ^ a b N.Y. Man Charged with Aiding Hezbollah TV Channel, NPR, Weekend Edition 27 August 2006, Liane Hansen, host.
  51. ^ Al Jazeera, 17 March 2005 Al-Manar TV to go off Dutch platform Retrieved 30 July 2006
  52. ^ Haaretz, 18 March 2005 EU blocks Hezbollah TV broadcasts in Europe Retrieved 30 July 2006
  53. ^ "Revised lists of eligible satellite services". 28 July 2006. Archived from the original on 15 July 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ "Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) Search page". Retrieved 3 August 2006.[permanent dead link]
  55. ^ "ACMA says 'OK' to Hezbollah, but 'No Way' to Lezbollah". Galus Australis. 24 August 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  56. ^ "Hezbollah on Your iPhone: There's An App for That". Anti-Defamation League. 27 July 2012.
  57. ^ Hezbollah TV app banned by Apple and Google by Gabe Fisher, Times of Israel, 1 August 2012.
  58. ^ Google and Apple ban web application for Hezbollah TV station Jumana Al Tamimi, Gulf News, 8 August 2012.
  59. ^ a b Hizbullah's Al-Manar TV after Google and Apple Banned Its Apps: We Will Find Other Ways to Deliver "Message of Resistance", MEMRITV, Clip No. 3517 (transcript), 2 August 2012.
  60. ^ a b c "Hezbollah Re-Launches Apps; Blames ADL For Failure Of Previous Effort". Anti-Defamation League. 16 August 2012.
  61. ^ Hezbollah’s Al-Manar news station launches app in Apple’s iTunes store JNS.org, JNS.org, 14 March 2014.

Bibliography

Further reading

Template:International news channels

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