Antipope Benedict XIII
Antipope Benedict XIII | |
|---|---|
| el Papa Luna | |
 | |
| Diocese | Avignon, France |
| Elected | 28 September 1394 |
| Papacy began | 11 October 1394 |
| Quashed | 12 March 1403 |
| Papacy ended | 23 May 1423 |
| Predecessor | Clement VII |
| Successor | Clement VIII |
| Opposed to | Roman claimants: Boniface IX Innocent VII Gregory XII Pisan claimants: Alexander V John XXIII |
| Other post(s) | Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin |
| Previous post(s) | Apostolic Administrator of Avignon (28 September 1394–1398) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 3 October 1394 by Jean de Neufchatel |
| Consecration | 11 October 1394 by Jean de Neufchatel |
| Created cardinal | 20 December 1375 |
| Rank | Cardinal-Deacon |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor 25 November 1328 |
| Died | 23 May 1423 (aged 95) Peniscola, Crown of Aragon |
| Buried | Castillo Palacio del Papa Luna, Illueca (skull) |
| Occupation | Professor |
| Profession | Canon law |
| Alma mater | University of Montpellier |
| Coat of arms | .svg) |
| Other popes and antipopes named Benedict | |
Benedict XIII, born Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor (25 November 1328 – 23 May 1423), known as [el Papa Luna] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) in Spanish, was an Aragonese nobleman, who is considered an antipope (see Western Schism) by the Catholic Church.
Biography
Early life
Pedro Martínez de Luna was born at Illueca, Kingdom of Aragon (part of modern Spain) in 1328. He belonged to the de Luna family, who were part of the Aragonese nobility. He studied law at the University of Montpellier, where he obtained his doctorate and later taught Canon law. His knowledge of canon law, noble lineage, and austere way of life won him the approval of Pope Gregory XI, who appointed de Luna to the position of Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin on 20 December 1375.[1]
Avignon election
In 1377 Pedro de Luna and the other cardinals returned to Rome with Pope Gregory, who had been persuaded to leave his papal base at Avignon by Catherine of Siena.[2] After Gregory's death on 27 March 1378, the people of Rome feared that the cardinals would elect a French Pope and return the papacy to Avignon. Consequently, they rioted and laid siege to the cardinals, insisting on an Italian Pope. The conclave duly elected Bartolomeo Prignano, Archbishop of Bari, as Urban VI on 9 April, but the new Pope proved to be intractably hostile to the cardinals. Some of them reconvened at Fondi in September 1378, declared the earlier election invalid and elected Robert of Geneva as their new Pope, initiating the Western Schism. Robert assumed the name Clement VII and moved back to Avignon.[1]
Clement VII sent him as legate to Spain for the Kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal, in order to win them over to the obedience of the Avignon pope. Owing to his powerful relations, his influence in the Province of Aragon was very great. In 1393 Clement VII appointed him legate to France, Brabant, Flanders, Scotland, England, and Ireland. As such he stayed principally in Paris, but he did not confine his activities to those countries that belonged to the Avignon obedience.[1] Following Clement's death on 16 September 1394, the cardinals met at Avignon. The conclave consisted of 11 French cardinals, eight Italians, four Spaniards, and one from Savoy, all proclaiming the ardent wish to reunite the church. The cardinals then elected Luna as the new pope, on the condition that he should labor to quell the schism, and should resign the papal dignity whenever the pope of Rome should do the same, or the college of cardinals demand it.
On the death of Urban VI in 1389 the Roman College of Cardinals had chosen Boniface IX; the election of Benedict therefore perpetuated the Western Schism. At the start of his term of office, de Luna was recognised as Pope by France, Scotland, Sicily, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal. In 1396 Benedict sent Sanchez Muñoz, one of the most loyal members of the Avignon curia, as an envoy to the Bishop of Valencia to bolster support for the Avignon papacy in the Crown of Aragon.
Decline of Avignon Papacy
In 1398 the Kingdom of France withdrew its recognition of the Avignon papacy.[3] Benedict was abandoned by 17 of his cardinals, with only five remaining faithful to him.
Benedict's rationale for continuing the rivalry lay in the fact that he was the last living cardinal created by Gregory XI, the last undoubted Supreme Pontiff. As the only unquestioned cardinal, Benedict argued, he was, by right and by canon law, the only qualified candidate left who could validly claim the papacy. Following the Council of Constance Benedict's logic was completely disregarded.
An army led by Geoffrey Boucicaut, brother of Jean Boucicaut, occupied Avignon and started a five-year siege of the papal palace which ended when Benedict managed to escape from Avignon on 12 March 1403, and seek shelter in territory belonging to Louis II of Anjou. Avignon immediately submitted again to him, and his cardinals likewise recognized him, and popular sentiment being again in his favor, he was recognized as the legitimate pope by France, Scotland, Castile, Portugal, and Sicily.
After the Roman Pope Innocent VII died in 1406, the newly elected Roman Pope, Gregory XII, started negotiations with Benedict, suggesting that they both resign so a new Pope could be elected to reunite the Catholic Church. When these talks ended in stalemate in 1408, the French king, Charles VI, declared that France was neutral to both papal contenders. Charles helped to organise the Council of Pisa in 1409. This council was supposed to arrange for both Gregory and Benedict to resign, so that a new universally recognised Pope could be elected. To oppose this, Benedict convoked the Council of Perpignan but with little success. Since both Benedict and Gregory refused to abdicate, the only thing in Pisa that was achieved was that a third candidate to the Holy See was put forward: Peter Philarghi, who assumed the name Alexander V.[4]
University of St Andrews
A group of Augustinian clergy, driven from the University of Paris by the Schism and from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge by the Anglo-Scottish Wars, formed a society of higher learning in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland in 1410. The Bishop of St Andrews, Henry Wardlaw, then successfully petitioned Benedict to grant the school university status by issuing a series of papal bulls, which followed on 28 August 1413.[5] Having lost the support of France and driven out from Avignon, Benedict by then had taken refuge in Perpignan, on the Catalan border of the Crown of Aragon, but Scotland was among the handful of supporters that remained loyal. Nowadays, the University of St Andrews's coat of arms/emblem still incorporates that of the hapless anti-pope.
Etsi doctoribus gentium
In part to bolster faltering support for his papacy, Benedict initiated the year-long Disputation of Tortosa in 1413, which became the most prominent Christian–Jewish disputation of the Middle Ages.[6] Two years later Benedict issued the Papal bull Etsi doctoribus gentium which was one of the most complete collections of anti-Jewish laws.[7] Synagoges were closed, Jewish goldsmiths were forbidden to produce objects as chalices and crucifixes[8] and Jewish book binders were forbidden to bind books which included the names of Jesus or Mary.[9] Those laws were repealed by Pope Martin V, after he received a mission of Jews, sent by the famous synod convoked by the Jews in Forlì, in 1418.
Council of Constance
In 1415 the Council of Constance brought this clash between papal claimants to an end. Gregory XII and Baldassare Cossa, who had succeeded Philarghi as the Pisan papal contender in 1410 and had assumed the name John XXIII, both agreed to resign. Benedict, on the other hand, refused to stand down.
Finally, Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg organised a European summit in Perpignan, to convince the Benedict to resign his office and end the Western Schism. On 20 September 1415, the Emperor met with Benedict at the Palace of the Kings of Majorca, accompanied by King Ferdinand I of Aragon, delegates of the Counts of Foix, Provence, Savoy, and Lorraine, embassies from the Kings of France, England, Hungary, Castile, and Navarre, and the Church's representative at the Council of Constance. Benedict still refused to resign, clashing with the Emperor, who left Perpignan on 5 November.[10]
Because of this stubbornness, the Council of Constance declared Benedict a schismatic and excommunicated him from the Catholic Church on 27 July 1417. Benedict, who had lived in Perpignan from 1408 to 1417, now fled to the castle of Peniscola, near Tortosa, in the Kingdom of Aragon. He still considered himself the true Pope. His claim was now only recognized in the kingdom of Aragon, where he was given protection by King Alfonso V. Benedict remained at Peñíscola from 1417 until his death there on 23 May 1423.[4]
Succession
| Papal styles of Benedict XIII | |
|---|---|
| File:Coat of arms of antipope Benedict XIII.png | |
| Reference style | His Eminence (in Rome) His Holiness (in Avignon) |
| Spoken style | Your Eminence (in Rome) Your Holiness (in Avignon) |
| Religious style | Holy Father (in Avignon) |
The day before his death, Benedict appointed four cardinals of proven loyalty to ensure the succession of another Pope who would remain faithful to the now beleaguered Avignon line. Three of these cardinals met on 10 June 1423 and elected Sanchez Muñoz as their new Pope, with Muñoz assuming the papal name of Clement VIII. The fourth cardinal, Jean Carrier, the archdeacon of Rodez near Toulouse, was absent at this conclave and disputed its validity, whereupon Carrier, acting as a sort of one man College of Cardinals, proceeded to elect Bernard Garnier, the sacristan of Rodez, as Pope, with Garnier taking the name Benedict XIV.[11]
Burials
Benedict XIII was buried in Peniscola castle. His body was later moved to Illueca; but during the War of the Spanish Succession his remains were destroyed. Only his skull was saved, and it rests in Condes de Argillo Palace in Aragon,Sabiñan (Spain).
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Pedro de Luna." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 2 January 2016
- ^ McGinn, Bernard The Varieties of Vernacular Mysticism, (Herder & Herder, 2012), p. 561.
- ^ McBrien, Richard P., Lives of the Popes, (HarperCollins, 1997), p. 250.
- ^ a b Brusher, Rev. Joseph Stanislaus (1980) [1959 Van Nostrand]. "The Great Schism". Popes through the Ages (3rd ed.). Neff-Kane. ISBN 978-0-89141-110-9.
- ^ Great Britain. Commission for Visiting the Universities and Colleges of Scotland (1837). University of St. Andrews. W. Clowes and Sons. pp. 173–.
- ^ Beinart, Haim (2008). "Tortosa, Disputation of". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
- ^ Grayzel, Solomon (2008). "Bulls, Papal". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
- ^ Wasserman, Henry (2008). "Goldsmiths and Silversmiths". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
- ^ Ansbacher, B. Mordechai (2008). "Books". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
- ^ Cárdenas, Fabricio (2014). 66 petites histoires du Pays Catalan [66 Little Stories of Catalan Country] (in French). Perpignan: Ultima Necat. ISBN 978-2-36771-006-8. OCLC 893847466.
- ^ Pham, John-Peter. Heirs to the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 331-332.
Accounts on his Life
The Anti-pope (Peter de Luna, 1342–1423) A study in obstinacy by Alec Glasfurd, Roy Publishers, New York (1965) B0007IVH1Q is a somewhat fictionalized or imaginative account of his life.
Pluja seca by Jaume Cabré (2001) is a play based on his death and succession.
References
- . The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Chow, Gabriel. "Antipope Benedict XIII (1394–1423)". GCatholic.org. Toronto. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- Hughes, Philip E. (1 January 1947). A History of the Church:Volume 3: The Revolt Against the Church: Aquinas to Luther. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-7220-7983-6.
| Late Antiquity | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early Middle Ages | |||||||
| High Middle Ages | |||||||
| Late Middle Ages / Western Schism |
| ||||||
| Modern era |
| ||||||
| Late Antiquity | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early Middle Ages | |||||||
| High Middle Ages | |||||||
| Late Middle Ages / Western Schism |
| ||||||
| Modern era |
| ||||||
