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Anton Cermak

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Anton Cermak
34th Mayor of Chicago
In office
April 7, 1931 – March 6, 1933
Preceded byWilliam Hale Thompson
Succeeded byFrank J. Corr
President of the Cook County Board of Commissioners
In office
January, 1923 – March 23, 1931
Preceded byDaniel Ryan, Sr.
Succeeded byEmmett Whealan
Personal details
Born
Antonín Josef Čermák

(1873-05-09)May 9, 1873
Kladno, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary
DiedMarch 6, 1933(1933-03-06) (aged 59)
Miami, Florida, U.S.
Resting placeBohemian National Cemetery
(Chicago, Illinois)
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
Mary Horejs (Marie Hořejšová)
​
​
(m. 1894⁠–⁠1928)​
(her death)[1]
Children3

Anton Joseph Cermak (Template:Lang-cs, pronounced [ˈantoɲiːn ˈjozɛf ˈtʃɛrmaːk]; May 9, 1873 – March 6, 1933) was an American politician who served as the 34th mayor of Chicago, Illinois from April 7, 1931 until his death on March 6, 1933 from complications of an assassination attempt 23 days earlier.

Life

Cermak was born to a mining family in Kladno, Austria-Hungary (now in the Czech Republic).[2]

He emigrated with his parents to the United States in 1874 and grew up in the town of Braidwood, Illinois, where he was educated before beginning to work full time while still a teenager.[3] He followed his father into coal mining, and labored at mines in Will and Grundy Counties.[4] After moving to Chicago at age 16, Cermak worked as a tow boy for the horse-drawn streetcar line,[5] and then tended horses in the stables of Chicago's Pilsen neighborhood.[4] During the early years of his working life, Cermak supplemented his education with evening high school and business college classes.[6]

After saving enough money to buy his own horse and cart, he went into business selling firewood, and he subsequently expanded his venture into a haulage business.[6] As he became more active politically, Cermak served in municipal government jobs including clerk in the city police court. As his political fortunes began to rise, Cermak was able to avail himself of other business opportunities, including interests in real estate, insurance, and banking.[6]

He began his political career as a Democratic Party precinct captain, and in 1902 he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives. Seven years later, he became alderman of the 12th Ward. Cermak was elected president of the Cook County Board of Commissioners in 1922, chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party in 1928, and mayor of Chicago in 1931.[7]

In 1928 he ran for the United States Senate and was defeated by Republican Otis F. Glenn, receiving 46% of the vote.

Mayor of Chicago (1931–1933)

His mayoral victory came in the wake of the Great Depression and the deep resentment many Chicagoans had of Prohibition and the increasing violence resulting from organized crime's control of Chicago, typified by the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.[citation needed]

The many ethnic groups such as Czechs, Poles, Ukrainians, Jews, Italians, and African Americans that began to settle in Chicago in the early 1900s were mostly detached from the political system, due in part to lack of organization which led to underrepresentation in the City Council. As an immigrant himself, Cermak recognized Chicago's relatively new immigrants as a significant population of disenfranchised voters and a large power base for Cermak and his local Democratic organization.[citation needed]

Before Cermak, the Democratic party in Cook County was run by Irish Americans. As Cermak climbed the local political ladder, the resentment of the Party leadership grew. When the bosses rejected his bid to become the mayoral candidate, Cermak swore revenge. He formed his political army from the non-Irish elements, and even persuaded black politician William L. Dawson to switch from the Republican to the Democratic Party.[citation needed]

Dawson later became U.S. Representative (from the 1st District) and soon the most powerful black politician in Illinois.[citation needed] Cermak's political and organizational skills helped create one of the most powerful political organizations of his day. With support from Franklin D. Roosevelt on the national level, Cermak gradually wooed members of Chicago's growing black community into the Democratic fold. Walter Wright, the superintendent of parks and aviation for the city of Chicago, aided Cermak in stepping into office.[citation needed]

When Cermak challenged the incumbent "Big Bill" Thompson in the 1931 mayor's race, Thompson, representative of Chicago's existing Irish-dominated power structure, responded with ethnic slurs:

I won't take a back seat to that Bohunk, Chairmock, Chermack or whatever his name is.
Tony, Tony, where's your pushcart at?
Can you picture a World's Fair mayor with a name like that?

Cermak replied, "He doesn't like my name... it's true I didn't come over on the Mayflower, but I came over as soon as I could." It was a sentiment to which ethnic Chicagoans could relate and Thompson's slur largely backfired.[8][9]

Thompson's reputation as a buffoon, many voters' disgust with the corruption of his machine, and his inability or unwillingness to clean up organized crime in Chicago, were cited as major factors in Cermak capturing 58% of the vote in the mayoral election on April 6, 1931. Cermak's victory finished Thompson as a political power and largely ended the Republican Party's power in Chicago; indeed, all the mayors of Chicago since 1931 have been members of the Democratic Party. For nearly his entire administration, Cermak had to deal with a major tax revolt. From 1931-33, the Association of Real Estate Taxpayers mounted a "tax strike".[citation needed]

At its height, ARET, which was headed by John M. Pratt and James E. Bistor, had over thirty thousand members. Much to Cermak's dismay, it successfully slowed down the collection of real estate taxes through litigation and promoting refusal to pay. In the meantime, the city found it difficult to pay teachers and maintain services. Cermak was obliged to meet President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt to 'mend fences' and get money to fund essential city services.[citation needed]

Death

Anton Cermak's tomb at Bohemian National Cemetery in Chicago

While shaking hands with President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt at Bayfront Park in Miami, Florida on February 15, 1933, Cermak was shot in the lung and mortally wounded by Giuseppe Zangara, who was attempting to assassinate Roosevelt. At the critical moment, Lilian Cross, a woman standing near Zangara, hit Zangara's arm with her purse and spoiled his aim.[10] In addition to Cermak, Zangara hit four other people, one of whom, Mabel Gill, also died of her injuries.[10]

Zangara told the police that he hated rich and powerful people, but not Roosevelt personally.[11] Once at the hospital, Cermak reportedly uttered the line that is engraved on his tomb. Speaking to FDR, Cermak allegedly said: "I'm glad it was me instead of you." The Chicago Tribune reported the quote without attributing it to a witness, and most scholars doubt it was ever said.[12] Zangara was executed on the electric chair months later for the shooting.

Later, rumors circulated that Cermak, not Roosevelt, had been the intended target, as his promise to clean up Chicago's rampant lawlessness posed a threat to Al Capone and the Chicago organized crime syndicate.[13][14] According to Roosevelt biographer Jean Edward Smith, there is no proof for this theory.[15]

One of the first people to suggest the organized crime theory was reporter Walter Winchell, who happened to be in Miami the evening of the shooting.[16][17]

Long-time Chicago newsman Len O'Connor offers a different view of the events surrounding the mayor's assassination. He has written that aldermen Paddy Bauler and Charlie Weber informed him that relations between Cermak and FDR were strained because Cermak fought FDR's nomination at the Democratic convention in Chicago.[18]

Author Ronald Humble offers another view as to why Cermak was killed. In his book Frank Nitti: The True Story of Chicago's Notorious Enforcer, Humble contends that Cermak was as corrupt as Thompson and that the Chicago Outfit hired Zangara to kill Cermak in retaliation for Cermak's attempt to murder Frank Nitti.[citation needed]

Monument to Anton Cermak in the town in which he was born.

Cermak died at Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami[19] on March 6, partly because of his wounds. On March 30, however, his personal physician, Dr. Karl A. Meyer, said that the primary cause of Cermak's death was ulcerative colitis, commenting, "The mayor would have recovered from the bullet wound had it not been for the complication of colitis. The autopsy disclosed the wound had healed ... the other complications were not directly due to the bullet wound." [20]

Cermak was interred in a mausoleum at Bohemian National Cemetery in Chicago. The mayor's death was followed by a struggle for succession to his party chairmanship and to the mayor's office.[21]

A plaque honoring Cermak still lies at the site of the assassination in Miami's Bayfront Park. It is inscribed with Cermak's alleged words to FDR after he was shot, "I'm glad it was me instead of you." Following Cermak's death, 22nd Street, a major east-west artery that traversed Chicago's West Side and the close-in suburbs of Cicero and Berwyn, areas with a significant Czech population, was renamed Cermak Road. Zangara was charged with murder after Cermak's death, and electrocuted in Florida's electric chair on March 20, 1933. In 1943, a Liberty ship, the SS A. J. Cermak was named in Cermak's honor. It was scrapped in 1964.[citation needed]

Descendants

Cermak's son-in-law, Otto Kerner Jr., served as the 33rd Governor of Illinois, and as a federal circuit judge.

His grandson, Frank J. Jirka, Jr., who was with him in Miami when he was assassinated, later became a highly decorated UDT naval officer. He was awarded the Silver Star and Purple Heart for his actions during the Battle of Iwo Jima; the wounds he suffered led to the amputation of both legs below the knee. After WWII, he became a physician, and in 1983 president of the American Medical Association. Cermak's great niece, Kajon Cermak, is a radio broadcaster.[22] His daughter, Lillian, was married to Richey V. Graham who served in the Illinois General Assembly.[23]

  • A hastily produced movie about Cermak, The Man Who Dared, was released within months of his death.
  • There was a made-for-TV movie, The Gun of Zangara, about Cermak's assassination. It was originally a two-part episode of The Untouchables, where it had the title "The Unhired Assassin." Cermak has a major role in the story as an honest man and was played by Robert Middleton.
  • Cermak is mentioned in Stephen Sondheim's play Assassins during the song "How I Saved Roosevelt."
  • Cermak and his rise to the mayoralty has also been mentioned in Jeffrey Archer's novel Kane and Abel.
  • Part of the episode "Objects in Motion" of the television series Babylon 5 is based on the circumstances of Cermak's death.[24]
  • Cermak is referenced by Kelsey Grammer's Chicago mayor Tom Kane in several episodes of the Starz TV series Boss.
  • In "Red Team III", the seventh episode in the second season of HBO's The Newsroom, Will McAvoy (Jeff Daniels) references Anton Cermak.
  • The history-based crime novel True Detective, the first in Max Allan Collins' Nathan Heller series, includes a fictionalized account of the Cermak slaying.
  • In the first episode of the second season of the Netflix cartoon sitcom F is for Family, the fictional school of Anton Cermak Tech is mentioned during a broadcast.

See also

References

  1. ^ NNDB - Anton Cermak
  2. ^ Johnston, Rosie (June 18, 2008). "Antonín Čermák: from Czech miner to Chicago mayor". Radio Praha. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  3. ^ Sawyers, June Skinner (2012). Chicago Portraits: New Edition. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-8101-2649-7.
  4. ^ a b Chicago Portraits: New Edition, p. 65.
  5. ^ Wisconsin State Assembly (1933). Journal of Proceedings of the Sixty-First Session of the Wisconsin Legislature. Madison, WI: Democrat Printing Company, State Printer. p. 533.
  6. ^ a b c Journal of Proceedings, p. 533.
  7. ^ Hirsch, Arnold R. "Democratic Party." Encyclopedia of Chicago.
  8. ^ Wendt, Lloyd (1979). Chicago Tribune. Chicago: Rand McNally. ISBN 0-528-81826-0.
  9. ^ Gottfried, Alex. Boss Cermak of Chicago: A Study of Political Leadership. Seattle: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
  10. ^ a b Smith, pg. 297.
  11. ^ Smith, pp. 297–98.
  12. ^ Benzkofer, Stephen (February 10, 2013). "'Tell Chicago I'll pull through': In 1933, a bullet meant for FDR hit Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak instead". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 22, 2016. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  13. ^ "Freedom of Information Act : Franklin D. Roosevelt (assassination attempt)". Retrieved 2008-08-04. [dead link‍]
  14. ^ Gumbel, Andrew: Steal This Vote. Nation Books, 2005; ISBN 1-56025-676-1, page 157.
  15. ^ Smith, Jean Edward, FDR (2007), Random House; ISBN 978-1-4000-6121-1, pg. 715n.
  16. ^ Ridings, J. (2010). Chicago to Springfield: Crime and Politics in the 1920s. Arcadia. p. 19. ISBN 9780738583730. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
  17. ^ Alter, Jonathan (2007). The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope. Simon and Schuster. p. 367. ISBN 9780743246019. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
  18. ^ O'Connor, Len: Clout: Mayor Daley and His City McGraw-Hill/Contemporary, 1984; ISBN 0-8092-5424-7
  19. ^ "Kerner-Cermak family of Illinois". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  20. ^ Reveals Colitis Fatal to Cermak", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 31, 1933, pg. 1
  21. ^ Chicago Tribune - Assassination of Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak - March 1933, galleries.apps.chicagotribune.com; accessed April 17, 2018.
  22. ^ Levy, Rachel; Kendall, Peter; Benzkofer, Stephan. "School in Prague to be named after Mayor Cermak". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 24, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ 'Illinois Blue Book 1929-1930,' Biographical Sketch of Richey V. Graham, pg. 224
  24. ^ Babylon 5 Magazine #4

Sources

  • Beito, David T. Taxpayers in Revolt: Tax Resistance during the Great Depression. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.

Media related to Anton Cermak at Wikimedia Commons

Political offices
Preceded by Cook County Board President
1922–1931 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Mayor of Chicago
1931–1933 		Succeeded by
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