Heyndrickxia coagulans
| Bacillus coagulans | |
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| Gram stain of Bacillus coagulans. | |
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| Species: | B. coagulans
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| Binomial name | |
| Bacillus coagulans Hammer, 1915
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Bacillus coagulans is a lactic acid forming bacterial species within the genus Bacillus. The organism was first isolated and described in 1932 and was elaborated in the fifth edition of Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. It was initially considered to be a spore-forming Lactobacillus. Since Bacillus coagulans exhibits characteristics typical of both genera Lactobacillus and Bacillus, its taxonomic position between the families Lactobacillaceae and Bacillaceae was often debated. However, in the seventh edition of Bergey’s, it was finally transferred to the genus Bacillus. DNA-based technology was used in distinguishing between the two genera of bacteria which are morphologically similar and possess similar physiological and biochemical characteristics.[1][2]
B. coagulans is a Gram-positive rod (0.9μm by 3.0μm to 5.0μm in size); catalase positive, spore-forming, motile, a facultative anaerobe. B. coagulans may appear Gram-negative when entering the stationary phase of growth. The optimum temperature for growth is 50 °C; range of temperatures tolerated are 30°C - 55°C. IMViC Tests VP and MR (methyl-red) tests are positive.
Bacillus coagulans has been added by the EFSA to their Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) list[3] and has been approved for veterinary purposes as GRAS by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine, as well as by the European Union and is listed by AAFCO for use as a direct feed microbial in livestock production. Its main use is thus its veterinary applications, especially as a probiotic in pigs and shrimp. There are also references to use of this bacterium in humans, especially in improving the vaginal flora,[4][5][6]improving abdominal pain and bloating in Irritable Bowel Syndrome patients [7] and increasing immune response to viral challenges.[8] The bacterium has also been assessed for safety as a food ingredient.[9] Spores are activated in the acidic environment of the stomach and begin germinating and proliferating in the intestine.
Bacillus coagulans is often marketed as Lactobacillus sporogenes or a 'sporeforming lactic acid bacterium' probiotic , but this is an outdated name due to taxonomic changes in 1939. Although Bacillus coagulans does produce L-lactic acid, the bacterium used in these products is not a lactic acid bacterium, as Bacillus species do not belong to the lactic acid bacteria. By definition, lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium) do not form spores. Therefore, using the name Lactobacillus sporogenes is scientifically incorrect.[1]
References
- ^ a b Lactobacillus sporogenes a probiotioc species ?
- ^ http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/allnamesac.html Official list of bacterial names
- ^ http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1211902221481.htm The maintenance of the list of QPS microorganisms intentionally added to food or feed - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00017.x, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1111/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00017.xinstead. - ^ Hong et al., 2005; SCAN
- ^ http://www.newcenturyhealthpublishers.com/probiotics_and_prebiotics/about/pdf/3-10.pdf
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.3810/pgm.2009.03.1984, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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|doi=10.1016/j.fct.2009.02.018instead.
External links
- Lactobacillus sporogenes or Bacillus coagulans: misidentification or mislabelling? (DOC file)
- Hong, H. A., Duc, L. H., Cutting, S. M., 2005. The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 29, 813-835.
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