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Björn Ironside

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The barrow of Björn Ironside (Swedish: Björn Järnsidas hög) on the island of Munsö, Ekerö, in lake Mälaren, Sweden. The barrow is crowned by a stone containing the fragmented Uppland Runic Inscription 13.

Björn Ironside (Old Norse: Bjǫrn Járnsíða, Icelandic: Björn Járnsíða, Swedish: Björn Järnsida, Danish: Bjørn Jernside; Medieval Latin: Bier Costae ferreae) was a historical Viking chief who also figures in late sources as a son of Ragnar Lodbrok and a legendary king of Sweden. He lived in the 9th century, being securely dated between 855 and 858.[1] Björn Ironside is said to have been the first ruler of the Munsö dynasty. In the early 18th century, a barrow on the island of Munsö was claimed by antiquarians to be Björn Järnsidas hög or Björn Ironside's barrow.[2][3]

Medieval sources refer to Björn Ironside's potential sons and grandsons, including Erik Björnsson and Björn at Haugi.[4] His descendants in the male line supposedly ruled over the Swedes until c. 1060.

Björn in Frankish sources

A powerful Viking chieftain and naval commander, "Berno" appears in contemporary sources such as Annales Bertiniani and the Chronicon Fontanellense. He is first mentioned in the summer of 855. The oldest text that details his origins is the Norman history of William of Jumièges (c. 1070). According to William the Danish kings had the custom to expel the younger sons from the kingdom to have them out of the way. After King Lodbrok succeeded his father, he remembered this regulation and ordered his junior son Björn to leave his realm. Björn thus left Denmark with a considerable fleet and started to ravage in West Francia.[5] The contemporary annals show that he cooperated with another Viking called Sigtrygg and sailed up the Seine in 855, from which his and Sigtrygg's forces raided the inland. Their combined forces were beaten in Champagne by Charles the Bald of West Francia in the same year, but not decisively.[6] Sigtrygg withdrew in the next year, but Björn received reinforcement from another Viking army and could not be expelled from the Seine area. He and his men took up winter quarters at the so-called Givold's Grave, which served as base for an assault against Paris which was plundered around the new year 856-857.[7] Björn constructed a fortification on the island Oissel above Rouen which he kept as his stronghold for years.[8] He certainly swore fealty to Charles the Bald in Verberie in 858 but it is not clear if he kept his pledge. King Charles eventually resolved to meet the unruly Seine Vikings with all his available forces and besieged Oissel in July. The siege failed badly, for the pirates defended the fortification with vigour.[9] Moreover, Charles's brother Louis the German of East Francia invaded his lands and many vassals fell from him.[10] Thus the siege was broken off in September.[11]

After Björn's meeting with Charles in Verberie we don't find his name in contemporary sources. However, the Viking warriors in the Seine continued their raids during the following years and even plundered Paris again in 861. In his despair Charles the Bald tried to use another Viking chief, Veland, whose men operated in the Somme region, to attack the Seine Vikings at Oissel. However, this scheme backfired since the two Viking armies made a deal and united their forces.[12] The Norsemen were encamped by the lower Seine in 861-862, but then split again. Veland agreed to become a Christian and joined royal service, while the Seine Vikings went at sea. Some of them joined the fighting between the ruler of Bretagne and some Frankish counts.[13]

Expedition to the Mediterranean

The complicity of Björn in all this is unclear. However, a number of Frankish, Arab and Irish sources mention a large Viking raid into the Mediterranean in 859-861 where he was supposedly involved. After raiding down the Iberian coast and fighting their way through Gibraltar, the Norsemen pillaged the south of France, where the fleet stayed over winter, before landing in Italy where they captured the city of Pisa.[14] Flush with this victory and others around the Mediterranean (including in Sicily and North Africa) during the Mediterranean expedition, the Vikings are recorded to have lost 40 ships to a storm. They returned to the Straits of Gibraltar and, at the coast of Medina-Sidonia, lost 2 ships to fire catapults in a surprise raid by Andalusian forces, leaving only 20 ships intact. The remnants of the fleet came back to French waters in 862. Björn Ironside was the leader of the expedition according to the later chronicle of William of Jumièges. The Fragmentary Annals of Ireland say that two sons of Ragnall mac Albdan (Ragnar Lodbrok?), a chief who has been expelled from Lochlann by his brothers and stayed in the Orkney Islands, headed the enterprise.[15]

William of Jumièges refers to Björn as Bier Costae ferreae (Ironside) who was Lotbroci regis filio (son of King Lodbrok).[16] William's circumstantial account of the Mediterranean expedition centers around Björn's foster-father Hastein. The two Vikings conducted many (mostly successful) raids in France. Later on Hastein got the idea to make Björn the new Roman Emperor and led a large Viking raid into the Mediterranean together with his protegée. They proceeded inland to the town of Luni, which they believed to be Rome at the time, but were unable to breach the town walls. To gain entry a tricky plan was devised: Hastein sent messengers to the bishop to say that, being deathly ill, he had a deathbed conversion and wished to receive Christian sacraments and/or to be buried on consecrated ground within their church. He was brought into the chapel with a small honor guard, then surprised the dismayed clerics by leaping from his stretcher. The Viking party then hacked its way to the town gates, which were promptly opened letting the rest of the army in. When they realised that Luni was not Rome, Björn and Hastein wished to invest this city but changed their minds when they heard that the Romans were well prepared for defense. After returning to West Europe, the two men parted company. Björn was shipwrecked at the English coast and barely survived. He then went to Frisia where he passed away.[17] There are some historical problems with this account. Hastein appears in the contemporary sources later than Björn and could hardly, for chronological reasons, be his foster-father. Moreover, Luni is known to have been plundered by Saracens rather than by Vikings.[18]

Tale of Ragnar's Sons

The story of Björn and his brothers, sons of the Scandinavian king Ragnar Lodbrok, was retold in different versions throughout the Middle Ages. The Tale of Ragnar's Sons (Ragnarssona þáttr) is an Icelandic Fornaldar Saga from about the 14th century that combines a number of legendary and semi-historical themes. It tells that Björn was the son of Ragnar and Aslaug,[19][20] and that he had the brothers Hvitserk, Ubba, Ivar the Boneless, Halfdan Ragnarsson and Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, and the half-brothers Eric and Agnar.

The saga portrays Ragnar as the overlord of large parts of Sweden and Denmark. While he was still alive, Björn and his brothers left Sweden to conquer Zealand, Reidgotaland (here Jutland), Gotland, Öland and all the minor islands. They then settled at Lejre in Zealand, Denmark with Ivar the Boneless as their leader.

Ragnar's sons Eric and Agnar then sailed into Lake Mälaren and sent a message to the Swedish King Eysteinn, a vassal of Ragnar, that they wanted him to submit to Ragnar's sons. Moreover, Eric said that he wanted Eysteinn's daughter Borghild as wife. Eysteinn said that he first wanted to consult the Swedish chieftains. The chieftains said no to the offer, and ordered an attack on the rebellious sons. A battle ensued and Eric and Agnar were overwhelmed by the Swedish forces, whereupon Agnar died and Eric was taken prisoner.

Eysteinn offered Eric as much of Uppsala öd as he wanted, and Borghild, in wergild for Agnar. Eric proclaimed that after such a defeat he wanted nothing but to choose the day of his own death. Eric asked to be impaled on spears that raised him above the dead and his wish was granted. In Zealand, Björn, Aslaug and Hvitserk, who had been playing tafl, became upset and sailed to Sweden with a large army. Aslaug rode with cavalry across the land. In a great battle they killed Eysteinn.

According to the saga, their father Ragnar was captured and killed by King Ælla in England after a foolhardy invasion attempt. Björn and his brothers, seeking revenge, attacked Ælla but were beaten back. As Ivar realised that the English king could not be defeated right away, he sought reconciliation. He only asked for as much land as he could cover with an ox's hide and swore never to wage war against Ælla. Then Ivar cut the ox's hide into such fine strands that he could envelop a large fortress (in an older saga it was York and according to a younger saga it was London) which he could take as his own. Ivar made himself popular in England and asked his brothers to attack again. During the battle Ivar sided with his brothers and so did many of the English chieftains with their people, in loyalty to Ivar. Ælla was taken captive and in revenge they carved the blood eagle on him.

Later Björn and his brothers pillaged in England, Normandy, France, and Lombardy, until they came to the town Luna in Italy. When they came back to Scandinavia, they divided the kingdom so that Björn Ironside took Uppsala and Sweden.[21]

Other sources

The Hervarar saga from the 13th century tells that Eysteinn Beli was killed by Björn and his brothers as told in Ragnar Lodbrok's saga, and they conquered all of Sweden. When Ragnar died Björn Ironside inherited Sweden. He had two sons, Refil and Erik Björnsson, who became the next king of Sweden.[22] According to the Saga of Erik the Red, Björn had a son named Asleik (Aslak), who was the ancestor of Thorfinn Karlsefni.

Anglo-Saxon and Irish sources suggest that the Danish invasion of England after 865 was led by three brothers called Ingvar (i.e. Ivar), Ubbe and Halfdan who, judging from the Irish Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib, were sons of a Ragnall (Ragnar or a similar name).[23] Björn is not mentioned in this context, but later Norman tradition suggests that he may have been a brother.[24] According to William of Jumièges he died in Frisia, which also had an association with the invaders of England. Ubbe is sometimes labeled the "Frisian Jarl" and the invaders are occasionally called Scaldingi (men from Schelde). The Swedish kingship of Björn is historically problematic since it is not supported by older sources and presents insurmountable chronological inconsistencies.[25]

In fiction

A principal character in the television series Vikings, played as a young boy by Nathan O'Toole and through adulthood by Alexander Ludwig, is loosely based on the historical character and portrayed as the son of Lagertha, rather than of Aslaug. According to the lore Björn is not the eldest son.[26]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Chronicon Fontanellense, Anno 855, 856 [1]; Annales de Saint Bertin, Anno 856, 858 [2]
  2. ^ Lagerquist 1997:24
  3. ^ Carl Bernadotte et al. (1956), Sveriges hundra konungar. Stockholm: Biblioteksböcker, p. 81. This work dates Björn's reign in Sweden in c. 785-800 on the assumption that an early Swedish king was mixed up with a later Viking chief.
  4. ^ The Saga of King Heidrik the Wise, p. 60 [3]
  5. ^ Guillaume de Jumièges, Histoire des ducs de Normandie, p. 11-3 [4]
  6. ^ Chronicon Fontanellense, Anno 855 [5]
  7. ^ Annales de Saint Bertin, Anno 856, 857 [6]
  8. ^ Chronicon Fontanellense, Anno 856 [7]
  9. ^ Annales de Saint Bertin, Anno 858 [8]
  10. ^ Die Jahrbücher von Fulda, Anno 858 [9], p. 29.
  11. ^ Gustav Storm (1877), Historisk Tidskrift II:1, p. 407 [10]
  12. ^ Annales de Saint Bertin, Anno 861 [11]
  13. ^ Annales de Saint Bertin, Anno 862 [12]
  14. ^ Annales de Saint Bertin, Anno 859, 860 [13]
  15. ^ Gustav Storm (1877), Historisk Tidskrift II:1, p. 420 [14]
  16. ^ Kings and kingship in Viking Northumbria, by Rory McTurk (University of Leeds) Archived September 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Guillaume de Jumièges, Histoire des ducs de Normandie, p. 20 [15]
  18. ^ Gustav Storm (1877), Historisk Tidskrift II:1 [16]
  19. ^ "The Saga of Ragnar Lodrok and his Sons". Translated by Tunstall, Peter. 2005.
  20. ^ Peter August Gödecke in Sagan om Ragnar Lodbrok och hans söner Norstedts Stockholm 1880 p. 24
  21. ^ The Tale of Ragnar's Sons [17]
  22. ^ The Saga of King Heidrik the Wise, p. 60 [18]
  23. ^ Alfred P. Smyth (1977), Scandinavian kings in the British Isles. Oxford.
  24. ^ Kings and kingship in Viking Northumbria, by Rory McTurk (University of Leeds) Archived September 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Gustav Storm (1877), Historisk Tidskrift II:1. p. 426, 477-8 [19]
  26. ^ "Bjorn Ironside, Ragnar Lothbrok's Son - Mythologian.Net". mythologian.net. Retrieved 2017-04-14.

Bibliography

  • Lagerquist, Lars O. (1997). Sveriges Regenter, från forntid till nutid. Norstedts, Stockholm. ISBN 91-1-963882-5
Björn Ironside
Legendary titles
Preceded by Semi-legendary king of Sweden Succeeded by
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