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Carl Levin
United States Senator
from Michigan
In office
January 3, 1979 – January 3, 2015
Preceded byRobert Griffin
Succeeded byGary Peters
Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee
In office
January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2015
Preceded byJohn Warner
Succeeded byJohn McCain
In office
June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003
Preceded byJohn Warner
Succeeded byJohn Warner
In office
January 3, 2001 – January 20, 2001
Preceded byJohn Warner
Succeeded byJohn Warner
Member of the Detroit City Council
In office
January 7, 1969 – January 7, 1977
Preceded byEd Carey
Succeeded byKenneth Cockrel
Personal details
Born
Carl Milton Levin

(1934-06-28) June 28, 1934 (age 90)
Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
SpouseBarbara Halpern
ChildrenKate
Laura
Erica
Alma materSwarthmore College
Harvard Law School
Signature

Carl Milton Levin (born June 28, 1934) is a former United States Senator from Michigan, having served from 1979 to 2015. He was the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Armed Services and is a member of the Democratic Party.

Born in Detroit, Michigan, Levin is a graduate of Swarthmore College and Harvard Law School. He worked as the General Counsel of the Michigan Civil Rights Commission from 1964 to 1967, and as a special assistant attorney general for the Michigan Attorney General's Office. Levin was elected to the Detroit City Council in 1968, serving from 1969 to 1977, and was president of the City Council from 1973 to 1977.

In 1978, Levin ran for the United States Senate, defeating incumbent Republican Senator Robert P. Griffin. Levin was re-elected in 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2008. On March 7, 2013, Levin announced that he would not seek a seventh term to the Senate, and would retire in 2015.[1] Levin became Michigan's senior senator in 1995. He is the longest-serving senator in the state's history, and was ultimately fourth longest-serving incumbent in the U.S. Senate.[2]

Early life, education and career

Levin was born in Detroit, and is the son of Jewish parents, Bess (née Levinson) and Saul R. Levin. Saul served on the Michigan Corrections Commission.[3][4] He graduated from Detroit Central High School in 1952, and worked as a taxi driver and an auto factory worker.[5] He attended Swarthmore College, graduating with his Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1956.[6] He then attended Harvard Law School, where he earned his Juris Doctor in 1959.[7] He received honorary degrees from Michigan State University in 2004, Wayne State University in 2005, and Michigan Technological University in 2008.[8]

After earning his law degree, he was admitted to the State Bar of Michigan. He entered private practice as a lawyer for Grossman, Hyman and Grossman and taught law at Wayne State University and the University of Detroit Mercy.[9] Levin was the general counsel for the Michigan Civil Rights Commission from 1964 to 1967, where he helped form the Detroit Public Defender's Office and led the Appellate Division of that office, which has become the State Appellate Defender's Office.[10] He served as a special assistant attorney general for the state of Michigan and chief appellate defender for the city of Detroit from 1968 to 1969.

Detroit City Council

Levin was elected to the Detroit City Council (known then as the Detroit Common Council) in 1968, serving two four-year terms from 1969 to 1977.[11] Levin served as president of the City Council throughout his entire second term, until the end of his tenure.[12] During his time as council president, Levin became so frustrated with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's handling of repossessed houses in Detroit (leading neighborhoods to suffer from significant urban decay), that he and other members of the council, went out with a bulldozer "to help raze some of the houses."[13] He was close to Detroit Mayor Coleman Young, the city's first African-American Mayor, and was described by Forbes as Mayor Young's "right hand man."[14] During his time on the City Council, Levin practiced law part-time, working as a counsel for the Schlussel, Lifton, Simon, Rands and Kaufman law firm from 1971 to 1973. He later served as the general counsel at Jaffe, Snider, Raitt, Garratt and Heuer, from 1978 to 1979.[15]

Levin was elected to the United States Senate in 1978, defeating incumbent Republican Senator Robert P. Griffin.

United States Senate

Committee assignments

Legislation sponsored

On January 22, 2013, Levin introduced the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Conservation and Recreation Act (S. 23; 113th Congress) into the Senate.[16] The bill would designate as wilderness about 32,500 acres of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in the state of Michigan. The newly designated lands and inland waterways would comprise the Sleeping Bear Dunes Wilderness, a new component of the National Wilderness Preservation System.[17]

Political positions

Armed Services

Senator Levin and Senator John Warner (R-VA) listen to Admiral Mike Mullen's Senate confirmation hearing for becoming Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Levin was formerly the chairman of the Armed Services Committee.[18] He has served as the Democratic ranking member on the committee since January 7, 1997.[19] Levin previously chaired the committee when the Democratic Party was the majority party in the Senate, January 3–20, 2001 and June 6, 2001 – January 6, 2003.[20]

Levin joined the Armed Services Committee upon joining the Senate. Recalling when he was assigned the committee seat, he said that he wanted to learn more about the armed services. "I had never served, and I thought there was a big gap in terms of my background and, frankly, felt it was a way of providing service."[21]

He is a strong advocate for cost controls regarding military procurements.[22] He has also pushed for less secrecy in government, working to declassify many documents, particularly where claims of ties between Iraq and al-Qaeda are concerned.

Levin believes that in order to improve the military the United States needs to shut down more installations and get rid of excess infrastructure. Under his leadership, the Committee of Armed Forces passed the Defense Base Realignment and Closure Act, which closed some military bases.[citation needed]

Levin supported the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, ensuring that all nuclear, chemical and biological weapons from post-Soviet states, are secured and dismantled. Levin argued that Nunn-Lugar presented "a chance to bury the new Hitlers and Stalins of that region before they have a chance to take root."[23] After members of the U.S. House of Representatives and then-Senator Bob Smith (R-NH) threatened to redirect funds from the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, Levin joined a bipartisan group of senators in opposition to the 20% reduction in funding.[24] In 2003, he voted in favor of the Nunn-Lugar Expansion Act, expanding the provisions to non-Soviet countries, and in 2005 cosponsored Senate Amendment 1030, removing congressionally imposed restrictions that delay the implementations of 2003 expansion act.[25]

In 1992, he voted to ratify the START I treaty,[26] and for the ratification of START II in 1996, banning MIRV's and Intercontinental ballistic missiles.[27] In 2010, Levin voted in favor of the New START Treaty, extending the original treaty until 2021 and reducing both the U.S. and Russia's deployed strategic nuclear arsenal, by almost two-thirds.[28][29] In an op-ed in The Hill, Levin said that, "This treaty is a strong statement that the United States is committed to reducing the dangers to the world that nuclear weapons present. That commitment makes it easier for us to work with the international community."[30]

During the 2009 MDA/AIAA Annual Missile Defense Conference, Levin spoke in favor of the U.S.-Russian cooperation on missile defense:[31] "Leaders in both the U.S. and Russia have recently expressed interest in exploring missile defense cooperation. Did you ever believe that some of our missile defense engineers and experts might be working together with their Russian counterparts? It could happen and if it does, it could help address a major threat. The bottom line is simple: We have a new opportunity to seek a cooperative approach with Russia on missile defense, and we should seize it. The upside potential of such an effort is huge — a geopolitical game changer. The downside is minimal."[31]

In 2014, Levin was recognized by the Jewish Community Center Association of North America with the Frank L. Weil Jewish Military Award for legislation that has benefitted Jews and other minorities serving in the military.[32]

Afghanistan war

After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Levin voted in favor of Senate Joint Resolution 23, authorizing President George W. Bush the use of "necessary and appropriate force" against those who "planned, authorized, committed or aided" al-Qaeda and it affiliates.[33]

Levin grew critical of the Bush administration's handling of the Afghanistan War, saying in 2005 that they "took their eye off the ball when we decided to go after Iraq instead of al-Qaeda, the people who had attacked us on 9/11, and their leader.[34] In 2008, Levin became concerned that the United States and the international community lacked a strategy for success in Afghanistan, and that NATO failed to supply troops and equipment needed in emergency situations.[35][36]

Levin was opposed to the 2009 Afghanistan troop surge (adding 30,000 U.S. combat troops), stressing the advancement of training and expanding the Afghan National Army;[37] saying that the ANA should increase to 240,000 by 2012, from the original goal of 134,000, and the number of active members of the Afghan National Police should expand to 160,000, from the initial goal of 96,000.[38] Though Levin advocated a "surge of Afghan security forces," he said that he wouldn't rule out temporarily expanding the number of combat forces,[39] but stuck with his original position. He questioned top Obama administration officials including Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Secretary of Defense Bob Gates during a senate hearing on the Afghanistan surge, saying that, "Where I have questions is whether the rapid deployment of a large number of U.S. combat forces, without an adequate number of Afghan security forces for our troops to partner with, serves that mission."[40] Levin opposed setting a timetable for Afghanistan, voting against Senate Amendment 4204, requiring the President to submit a safe and orderly redeployment plan for combat troops and a plan to set a date for withdrawal, saying that, "I don't think we know enough about how these events are gonna unfold, for there to be a deadline."[41][42] Levin supports the U.S. keeping a "limited footprint" in troops and in bases in Afghanistan, and has said that he will focus the remainder of his senate tenure on the "rapid transfer of responsibility for Afghan security to the Afghans."[1][43]

Iraq war

Senator Levin speaking at an event during the naming of the USS Gerald R. Ford

Levin was an early opponent of using U.S. military force in Iraq, saying in August 2002 that "if Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction, he wouldn't use them," and that "he's a survivalist, not a suicide bomber".[44] Levin proposed the failed Multilateral Use of Force Authorization Act, as an alternative to the Iraq Resolution, pushing President George W. Bush to build an international coalition in conjunction with the United Nations,[45] so that "Saddam will be looking down the barrel of a gun, with the world at the other end rather than just the United States."[46] Levin was one of 23 Senators who voted against the Iraq Resolution,[47] saying that "If we are going to take on Saddam at some point, it is critical that we have the world with us, that there be a U.N. resolve that authorizes war, because the consequences are very, very severe. If we go without a declaration from the U.N. it is far better to have one, and that means that we've got to bring the world along here."[48] Levin has strongly argued that the War in Iraq was a diversion from the War on Terror. On CNN on November 14, 2005, Levin said that "before the war, the President was saying that you cannot distinguish between Saddam Hussein and Iraq. As a matter of fact, he said that so often that he tried to connect Saddam Hussein with the attackers on us, on 9/11, so often, so frequently and so successfully, even though it was wrong, that the American people overwhelmingly thought, because of the President's misstatements that as a matter of fact, Saddam Hussein had participated in the attack on us on 9/11. That was a deception. That was clearly misinformation. It had a huge effect on the American people."[49]

Iraqi Prime Minister, Nouri al-Maliki, has hit back at senior U.S. politicians who have called for al-Maliki to be removed from office.[50] He singled out Levin and Hillary Clinton, saying the Democratic senators were acting as if Iraq was "their property" and that they should "come to their senses" and "respect democracy".[51]

After the 2006 midterm elections, with the Democratic Party taking control of the Senate and Levin being reappointed as Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, he was seen to have gained an influential position to oppose the Bush administration's Iraq policy,[52] initially proposing efforts for "phased withdrawals".[53] Though on January 10, 2007, after Bush announced intentions to send an additional 20,000 troops to Iraq, Levin said that he would support the plan if it were tied to a broader strategy of reducing the overall amount of U.S. troops; receiving opposition from his own party.[54] In late January 2007, amid what was seen as the fiercest political battle over the Iraq strategy during the Iraq War, Levin joined a bipartisan group of senators, including then Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Joe Biden (D-DE), Susan Collins (R-ME) and Chuck Hagel (R-NE), to oppose any further escalation in Iraq;[55] and voting in March 2007, in favor of setting a withdrawal date for U.S. forces in Iraq.[56] After continued criticism over the Iraq War troop surge, in August 2007, Levin and senator John Warner (R-VA), visited military bases in Mosul and Baghdad, saying that the surge brought "credible and positive results,"[57] though it failed to bring the political reconciliation needed and urged the Iraqi Parliament to hold a "no-confidence vote" on the government of Prime Minister al-Maliki.[58] In October 2011, Levin said that President Barack Obama made the "right decision" in withdrawing U.S. troops in Iraq at the end of 2011, and not continuing a U.S. military presence.[59]

"This is not just a foreign war. They brought that war to our shores on 9/11. They are at war with us. The Supreme Court said, and I am going to read these words again, 'There is no bar to this nation's holding one of its own citizens as an enemy combatant.'[60] "

– U.S. Senator Carl Levin, 2011[61]

National Defense Authorization Act 2012

As part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (the main annual bill used to fund the US military) Levin and Senator John McCain (ranking Republican on Armed Services Committee-AZ) initially proposed to permit the indefinite detention of American citizens by the US military, without charges or trial, solely on grounds of suspected terrorist activity.[62] After objections were raised that such detention violates Americans' constitutional rights,[63] Levin agreed to include language (to section 1031, later 1021, of the bill) which exempted American citizens from the requirement for military detention, but not protecting them from indefinite detention. Levin has cited 'the Supreme Court' in support of his language authorizing indefinite detention (see box above). The NDAA is being challenged as unconstitutional in a lawsuit filed by Chris Hedges, Hedges v. Obama.[64]

Education

Levin was a strong supporter of the creation of The Department of Education. Over the years, Levin has introduced legislation and amendments to improve education, including an amendment that greatly reduced class sizes to help teachers better focus on the needs of each specific child.[citation needed] Levin was a hesitant sponsor of the No Child Left Behind Act, and still believes that the United States Congress should examine the effects of the Act.[citation needed]

Energy

Senator Levin has directed[when?] the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations to investigate whether Department of Energy policies have caused a rise in the price in crude oil.[citation needed] He also led an investigation in 2001 to try to discover the cause of the spike in gasoline prices that summer.[citation needed]

Levin has opposed raising mandatory automobile fuel efficiency standards.[65]

Levin voted for the Energy Policy Act in 2005, a comprehensive energy bill that advanced vehicle technologies, banned drilling in the Great Lakes, improved the electrical grid of the US, and made energy efficiency a component of the United States' energy policy.

Levin led opposition in the Senate to the Rahall Energy Policy Bill (H.R. 6), but lost 65–27.[citation needed]

Environment

Levin is working to prevent garbage from Canada (typically about 160 trucks per day) from being disposed of in Michigan.

Levin wrote legislation in the 2003 National Defense Authorization Act, creating a program for the research and construction of fuel-cell vehicles.

In 1999, Levin obtained $56 million for the Detroit Riverfront Project. The funds will be used in part to acquire land for a major five-mile walkway and greenway along the Detroit River. The Detroit Riverfront has been contaminated for decades by pollutants from factories that once operated there.

Ethics

Senator Levin authored the Competition in Contracting Act, which has led to significant reductions in federal procurement costs. He also authored the Whistleblower Protection Act, which protected federal employees who expose wasteful and unnecessary practices.

Senator Carl Levin announces at a press conference regarding his opposition to the War in Iraq and his willingness to vote "No" on the authorization for President George W. Bush to invade Iraq.

Health care

Senator Levin supported a Patients' Bill of Rights to reduce the ability of managed care organizations to affect medical decisions.

Levin is an advocate for embryonic stem-cell research because of its potential to cure diseases like Alzheimer's, diabetes, and Parkinson's.

Stop Tax Haven Abuse Act

Carl Levin initiated the Stop Tax Haven Abuse Act[66] against alleged tax havens.[67] For the state of the initiative against tax avoidance and tax evasion registered as S.506, and the complementary initiative H.R.1265, see: Thomas (Library of Congress).

Miscellaneous

Levin is a critic of the New Hampshire presidential primary's first-in-the-nation status, saying a more diverse state (such as his own Michigan) should hold its contest first.

In April 2006, Levin was selected by Time as one of "America's 10 Best Senators."[68]

The American Civil Liberties Union has given Levin an 84% lifetime rating on civil liberties issues.[69]

A strong gun control advocate, Levin has been graded F by Gun Owners of America. He was one of the 16 senators who voted against the Vitter Amendment.

He is almost always seen wearing his glasses at the end of his nose, which has drawn much humorous attention. In response, he lightheartedly joked that the late Senator Strom Thurmond (while he was in office) would have never worn his glasses because they "make him look old."[70] Daily Show host Jon Stewart refers to him both as the "kindly old shoemaker", and "Grandpa Munster".

An avid supporter of the non-profit civil rights organization Focus: HOPE, Levin was instrumental in the procurement of equipment and funding for their Machinist Training Institute (MTI).

Political campaigns

Levin was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 1978, defeating Senate Minority Whip Robert P. Griffin.[71]

Levin faced a tough reelection bid in 1984 against former astronaut Jack R. Lousma, winning by only four percent. However, he routed Congressman Bill Schuette in 1990, and was reelected in 1996 and 2002 against only nominal Republican opposition. In 2002, Levin garnered 61% of the vote against Republican Andrew "Rocky" Raczkowski despite the then-high popularity of President George W. Bush and the GOP and a close gubernatorial race that year. In the 2008 election[72] Levin won by a comfortable margin against state representative Jack Hoogendyk.

Electoral history

United States Senate election in Michigan, 2008[73]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Carl Levin (inc.) 3,038,386 62.7 +2.1
Republican Jack Hoogendyk 1,641,070 33.8 −4.1
Libertarian Scotty Boman 76,347 1.6 n/a
Green Harley Mikkelson 43,440 0.9 +0.1
U.S. Taxpayers Michael Nikitin 30,827 0.6 n/a
Natural Law Doug Dern 18,550 0.4 +0.1
Majority 1,397,316
Turnout 4,848,620
United States Senate election in Michigan, 2002[74]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Carl Levin 1,896,614 60.61 +2.25
Republican Andrew Raczkowski 1,185,545 37.89 −1.98
Green Eric Borregard 23,931 0.76 +0.76
United States Senate election in Michigan, 1996[75]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Carl Levin (inc.) 2,195,738 58.4
Republican Ronna Romney 1,500,106 39.9
Libertarian Kenneth L. Proctor 36,911 1.0
Workers World William Roundtree 12,235 0.3
Natural Law Joseph S. Mattingly 11,306 0.3
Socialist Martin P. McLaughlin 5,975 0.2
United States Senate election in Michigan, 1990[76]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Carl Levin (inc.) 1,471,753 57.4
Republican Bill Schuette 1,055,695 41.2
Workers World Susan Farquhar 32,796 1.3
United States Senate election in Michigan, 1984[77]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Carl Levin (inc.) 1,915,831 51.8
Republican Jack Lousma 1,745,302 47.2
Tisch Citizens Arthur Richard Tisch 22,882 0.6
Libertarian Lynn Johnston 7,786 0.2
Socialist Helen Meyers 2,686 0.1
Workers World William Roundtree 2,279 0.1
Independent Max Dean 2,135 0.1
Communist Samuel L. Webb 1,196 0.0
Workers League Fred Mazelis 818 0.0
United States Senate election in Michigan, 1978[78]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Carl Levin 1,484,193 52.1
Republican Rob Griffin (inc.) 1,362,165 47.8

Personal life

Carl Levin married Barbara Halpern in 1961 and they have three daughters: Kate, Laura, and Erica.

Levin's family has long been active in Michigan politics. His older brother, Sander M. Levin, has represented Michigan's 12th congressional district in the House of Representatives since 1983. Sandy's son (Carl's nephew) Andy Levin was a policy analyst for the AFL-CIO and later ran unsuccessfully for the Michigan Senate. Carl's uncle Theodore Levin, was a chief judge on the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. Carl's first cousin Charles Levin was a Michigan Supreme Court judge; another first cousin, Joseph Levin, was a candidate for the House.

Honors and Awards

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Cameron Joseph (March 7, 2013). "Levin retirement leaves Dems defending fourth open seat in 2014 cycle". thehill.com.
  2. ^ "Carl Levin". New York: Nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2010-05-27. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "1 Rootsweb.com". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com. 1934-06-28. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
  4. ^ Todd Spangler (March 8, 2013). "U.S. Sen. Carl Levin won't run for seventh term". Detroit Free Press. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ Associated Press (March 8, 2013). "Race for Carl Levin's seat wide open after his decision not to run". AnnArbor.com. Archived from the original on 2013-03-13. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Ken Thomas (March 8, 2013). "Sen. Carl Levin's decision opens seat in 2014". businessweek.com.[permanent dead link‍]
  7. ^ Bowdoin College (March 13, 2013). "Interview with Carl Levin by Brien Williams". digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu.
  8. ^ "Carl Levin — U.S. Senator from Michigan". Levin.senate.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-05-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Gerald S. Greenberg. Historical Encyclopedia of United States Independent Counsel Investigations. Greenwood Publishing Group. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
  10. ^ "THE HONORABLE CARL M. LEVIN U.S. Senator State of Michigan". nationalsummit.org. March 14, 2013.
  11. ^ Ken Thomas (March 7, 2013). "Sen. Carl Levin's decision opens seat in 2014". miamiherald.com.
  12. ^ San Francisco Chronicle (March 8, 2013). "Sen. Carl Levin's decision opens seat in 2014". sfgate.com.
  13. ^ Kurt F. Stone (March 15, 2012). The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members. books.google.com: Scarecrow Press Inc. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  14. ^ Spyridon Mitsotakis (January 13, 2013). "Detroit Betrayed: The Radical Wrecking Of An Iconic City". forbes.com.
  15. ^ United States Government Printing Office (March 15, 2013). "Congressional Directory for the 112th Congress (2011-2012), December 2011". gpo.gov.
  16. ^ "S. 23 - Summary". United States Congress. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  17. ^ "CBO - S. 23". United States Congress. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  18. ^ "Committee Membership List This report lists the current members of all Senate Committees as of the previous day". senate.gov. March 16, 2013.
  19. ^ Joe Magid (March 16, 2013). "In Their Own words Congressman Sander Levin and Senator Carl Levin". Philadelphia Jewish Voice.
  20. ^ National Archives and Records Administration (March 16, 2013). "Committee Resource Guide: Committees of the U.S. Senate". archives.gov.
  21. ^ "Chairman Offers Tough Scrutiny of Military". Roll Call. 2010-05-24. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  22. ^ "Pentagon's future fighter aircraft doubles in cost". CNN. March 12, 2010.
  23. ^ Paul I. Bernstein, Jason D. Wood (April 2010). "The Origins of Nunn-Lugar and Cooperative Threat Reduction" (PDF). National Defense University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Jason Ellis, Todd Perry (October 1997). "Nunn Lugar's Unfinished Agenda Journal Article, Arms Control Today, volume 27, issue 7, pages 14-22". harvard.edu.
  25. ^ THOMAS Library of Congress (July 21, 2005). "Bill Summary & Status 109th Congress (2005 - 2006) S.AMDT.1380". thomas.loc.gov.
  26. ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 102nd Congress - 2nd Session Definitions; Protocols on Conversion or Elimination, Inspection, Notification, Throw-weight, Telemetry, and Joint Compliance and Inspection Commission; and Memorandum of Understanding; all integral parts of the START Treaty". senate.gov. October 1, 1992.
  27. ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 104th Congress - 2nd Session The Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (the START II Treaty) signed at Moscow on January 3, 1993, including the following documents, which are integral parts thereof: the Elimination and Conversion Protocol; the Exhibitions and Inspections Protocol; and the Memorandum of Attribution". senate.gov. January 26, 1996.
  28. ^ "Senate Vote 298 - Final Passage for Arms Treaty". New York Times. December 22, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  29. ^ Michael E. O'Hanlon. "New START Shouldn't Be Stopped". Brookings Institution. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  30. ^ Carl Levin (July 12, 2010). "New START treaty makes us safer today and tomorrow (Sen. Carl Levin)". thehill.com.
  31. ^ a b Remarks of Senator Carl Levin at the MDA/AIAA Annual Missile Defense Conference Archived April 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, March 23, 2009
  32. ^ "Sen. Carl Levin (D)". National Journal Almanac. Retrieved 15 August 2014.[permanent dead link‍]
  33. ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 107th Congress - 1st Session On the Joint Resolution (S.J. Res. 23 )". senate.gov. March 16, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2001.
  34. ^ "Democrats rip failure to find bin Laden". cnn.com. April 23, 2006.[permanent dead link‍]
  35. ^ Elana Schor (March 7, 2008). "Congress demands testimony from Nato commander in Afghanistan". guardian.co.uk.
  36. ^ "Report of Senator Carl Levin (D-MI) and Senator Bob Casey (D-PA)Travel to Pakistan and Afghanistan". levin.senate.gov. June 3, 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-02-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ Josh Rogin (September 16, 2009). "The Obama administration's draft metrics on "evaluating progress in Afghanistan and Pakistan"". Foreign Policy Magazine. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  38. ^ Eric Schmitt, David E. Sanger (September 10, 2009). "Obama Faces Doubts From Democrats on Afghanistan". New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  39. ^ Jay Newton-Small (September 14, 2009). "Congressional Dems Get Balky on Afghanistan". Time. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  40. ^ Elizabeth Bumiller (December 2, 2009). "Obama Team Defends Policy on Afghanistan". New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  41. ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 111th Congress - 2nd Session On the Amendment (Feingold Amdt. No. 4204 )". senate.gov. May 27, 2010.
  42. ^ "CQ Transcript: Sens. Levin, Graham on NBC's 'Meet the Press'". rollcall.com. October 11, 2009.
  43. ^ Carlo Muñoz (December 6, 2012). "Lawmakers push to station remaining US troops at Afghan bases after 2014". thehill.com.[permanent dead link‍]
  44. ^ British Broadcasting Corporation (August 12, 2002). "US opposition to Iraq attack grows". bbc.co.uk.
  45. ^ Lincoln Chafee (March 1, 2007). "The Senate's Forgotten Iraq Choice". New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  46. ^ Alison Mitchell, Carl Hulse (October 11, 2002). "THREATS AND RESPONSES: THE VOTE; CONGRESS AUTHORIZES BUSH TO USE FORCE AGAINST IRAQ, CREATING A BROAD MANDATE". New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  47. ^ "Senate Roll Call: Iraq Resolution". washingtonpost.com. October 11, 2002.
  48. ^ PBS NewsHour (December 10, 2012). "Senators Richard Lugar and Carl Levin Discuss Next Moves in Iraq". pbs.org.
  49. ^ "Setting the Record Straight: Sen. Levin On Iraq". whitehouse.archives.gov. November 14, 2005.
  50. ^ "Iraq PM to U.S. lawmakers: Stay out of our politics". cnn.com. August 27, 2007.
  51. ^ "Maliki returns fire at US critics". BBC News. 2007-08-26. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
  52. ^ Michael Abramowitz, Thomas E. Ricks (October 20, 2006). "Major Change Expected In Strategy for Iraq War". Washington Post. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  53. ^ Steve Inskeep (November 14, 2006). "Levin: U.S. Pullout Would Force Iraq Political Solution". npr.org.
  54. ^ Jeff Zeleny (January 4, 2007). "Awaiting Bush's Iraq Plan, Democrats Weigh Replies". New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  55. ^ "GOP senator drafting alternative war resolution". cnn.com. January 18, 2007.
  56. ^ Jeff Zeleny, Carl Hulse (March 28, 2007). "Senate Supports a Pullout Date in Iraq War Bill". New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  57. ^ Todd Spangler. "Levin: Troop surge has 'positive results' in Iraq But he doubts military success can end the bloodshed". Detroit Free Press.
  58. ^ Lindsey Ellerson (August 20, 2007). "Success of the Surge?". abcnews.go.com.
  59. ^ "Levin Statement on President's Decision to Withdraw Troops from Iraq". levin.senate.gov. October 21, 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-02-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  60. ^ "Hamdi vs. Rumsfeld". caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. June 28, 2004.
  61. ^ Knickerbocker, Brad, "Guantánamo for US citizens? Senate bill raises questions," The Christian Science Monitor, 3 December 2011: [1].
  62. ^ Barett, Ted (December 2, 2011). "Senate passes defense bill with detainee policy compromise". cnn.com.
  63. ^ Lithwick, Dahlia. "Military Police State". slate.com.
  64. ^ Katz, Basil (14 September 2012). "REFILE-U.S. calls ruling on military detention law harmful". Reuters. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  65. ^ York, Anthony (2002-03-14). "Salon.com". Dir.salon.com. Archived from the original on 2008-05-21. Retrieved 2010-05-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  66. ^ "C:\DOCUME~1\MAT\LOCALS~1\Temp\MAT07232" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-05-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  67. ^ "Portail d'informations Bank Julius Baer". Wikileaks.org. Archived from the original on November 5, 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  68. ^ "Time.com". Time.com. April 14, 2006. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
  69. ^ http://action.aclu.org/site/VoteCenter?page=combLegScore[permanent dead link‍] ACLU Congressional Scorecard
  70. ^ "USAtoday.com". Asp.usatoday.com. 2004-04-16. Archived from the original on 2008-05-21. Retrieved 2010-05-27. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  71. ^ "Carl M. Levin (D-Mich.) – WhoRunsGov.com/The Washington Post". Whorunsgov.com. 2010-04-28. Archived from the original on 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2010-05-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  72. ^ "Detnews.com". Detnews.com. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
  73. ^ Michigan's Secretary of State Office. "MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF STATE Election Results GENERAL ELECTION November 04, 2008". miboecfr.nictusa.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  74. ^ Johnson, Ruth (December 17, 2002). "Election Results: GENERAL ELECTION - November 05, 2002 (United States Senator 6 Year Term (1) Position)". Michigan Department of State.
  75. ^ Parker, Randy; Hingle McCringleberry (July 16, 2007). "Our Campaigns: MI U.S. Senate". Our Campaigns.
  76. ^ Parker, Randy; Reporting for Duty (April 9, 2005). "Our Campaigns: MI U.S. Senate". Our Campaigns.
  77. ^ Parker, Randy; Reporting for Duty (April 9, 2005). "Our Campaigns: MI U.S. Senate". Our Campaigns.
  78. ^ Parker, Randy; crickets chirp (July 7, 2003). "Our Campaigns: MI U.S. Senate". Our Campaigns.
  79. ^ Four Freedoms Award#Freedom Medal
  80. ^ http://www.gd.com/news/press-releases/2016/03/navy-awards-general-dynamics-bath-iron-works-644-million-construction

Further reading

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Carl Levin
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Articles
Party political offices
Preceded by Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Michigan
(Class 2)
1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, 2008 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Michigan
1979–2015
Served alongside: Donald Riegle, Spencer Abraham, Debbie Stabenow 		Succeeded by
Gary Peters
Preceded by Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee
2001 		Succeeded by
John Warner
Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee
2001–2003
Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee
2007–2015 		Succeeded by
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