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Constance Markievicz

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Constance Markievicz
Constance Markievicz
Member of Parliament for
Dublin St Patrick’s
In office
1918–1922
Preceded byWilliam Field
Succeeded byConstituency abolished
Teachta Dála
In office
December 1918 – May 1921
ConstituencyDublin St Patrick's
In office
May 1921 – June 1922
In office
August 1923 – July 1927
ConstituencyDublin South
Minister for Labour
In office
April 1919 – January 1922
Preceded byNew office
Succeeded byJoseph McGrath
Personal details
Born
Constance Georgine Gore-Booth

(1868-02-04)4 February 1868
Buckingham Gate,
London, England
Died15 July 1927(1927-07-15) (aged 59)
Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital,
Dublin, Ireland
Resting placeGlasnevin Cemetery,
Dublin, Ireland
Political partyFianna Fáil (1926–1927)
Sinn Féin (1908–1926)
SpouseCasimir Markievicz (m. 1900)
RelationsEva Gore-Booth (Sister)
ChildrenMaeve Markievicz (1901–1962)
Parents
Military service
AllegianceIrish Republican Brotherhood
Irish Citizen Army
Irish Republican Army
Cumann na mBan
Years of service1913–1923
RankLieutenant[1]
Battles/warsDublin Lockout
Easter Rising
Irish War of Independence
Irish Civil War

Constance Georgine Markievicz (Polish: Markiewicz [marˈkʲɛvitʂ]; née Gore-Booth; 4 February 1868 – 15 July 1927), known as Countess Markievicz, was an Irish politician, revolutionary, nationalist, suffragist, socialist, the first woman elected to the Westminster Parliament, and was elected Minister for Labour in the First Dáil, becoming the first female cabinet minister in Europe. She served as a Teachta Dála for the Dublin South constituency from 1921 to 1922 and 1923 to 1927. She was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Dublin St Patrick's from 1918 to 1922.

A founder member of Fianna Éireann, Cumann na mBan and the Irish Citizen Army, she took part in the Easter Rising in 1916, when Irish republicans attempted to end British rule and establish an Irish Republic. She was sentenced to death but this was reduced on the grounds of her sex. On 28 December 1918, she was the first woman elected to the UK House of Commons,[2] though, being in Holloway Prison at the time and in accordance with party policy, she did not take her seat. Instead, she and the other Sinn Féin MPs (as TDs) formed the first Dáil Éireann. She was also one of the first women in the world to hold a cabinet position, as Minister for Labour, from 1919 to 1922.[a]

Early life

Constance Georgine Gore-Booth was born at Buckingham Gate in London in 1868, the elder daughter of the Arctic explorer and adventurer Sir Henry Gore-Booth, 5th Baronet, an Anglo-Irish landlord who administered a 100 km2 (39 sq mi) estate, and Georgina, Lady Gore-Booth, née Hill. During the famine of 1879–80, Sir Henry provided free food for the tenants on his estate at Lissadell House in the north of County Sligo in the north-west of Ireland. Their father's example inspired in Gore-Booth and her younger sister, Eva Gore-Booth, a deep concern for working people and the poor. The sisters were childhood friends of the poet W. B. Yeats, who frequently visited the family home Lissadell House, and were influenced by his artistic and political ideas. Yeats wrote a poem, "In Memory of Eva Gore-Booth and Con Markiewicz", in which he described the sisters as "two girls in silk kimono, both beautiful, one a gazelle" (the gazelle being Constance).[3] Eva later became involved in the labour movement and women's suffrage in Great Britain, although initially Constance did not share her sister's ideals.

Marriage and early politics

Gore-Booth decided to train as a painter, but at the time only one art school in Dublin accepted women students. In 1892, she went to study at the Slade School of Art in London,[4] where she lived at the Alexandra House for Art Pupils, Kensington Gore, founded five years before by Sir Francis Cook, a wealthy great-uncle of Maud Gonne. One of her contemporaries there was Blanche Georgiana Vulliamy.[5] It was at this time that Gore-Booth first became politically active and joined the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). Later she moved to Paris and enrolled at the prestigious Académie Julian where she met her future husband, Casimir Markievicz, an artist from a wealthy Polish family from Ukraine.[6] Markievicz was known in Paris as "Count Markievicz". When Constance's family enquired as to the validity of the title, they were informed through Pyotr Rachkovsky of the Russian Secret Police that he had taken the title "without right", and that there had never been a "Count Markievicz" in Poland.[7] However, the Department of Genealogy in Saint Petersburg said that he was entitled to claim to be a member of the nobility.[8] Markievicz was married, though separated, at the time that they met, but his wife died in 1899 and he and Gore-Booth married in London on 29 September 1900.[9] She was afterwards known as "Countess Markievicz". She gave birth to their daughter, Maeve, at Lissadell in November 1901.[9] The child was raised by her Gore-Booth grandparents and eventually became estranged from her mother. She undertook the role of mother to Stanislas, Casimir's son from his first marriage, who then accompanied the couple to Ireland.

The Markieviczes settled in Dublin in 1903 and moved in artistic and literary circles, with Constance gaining a reputation as a landscape painter.[10] In 1905, along with artists Sarah Purser, Nathaniel Hone, Walter Osborne and John Butler Yeats, she was instrumental in founding the United Arts Club, which was an attempt to bring together all those in Dublin with an artistic and literary bent. This group included the leading figures of the Gaelic League founded by the future first President of Ireland, Douglas Hyde. Although formally apolitical and concerned with the preservation of the Irish language and culture, the league brought together many patriots and future political leaders. Sarah Purser, whom the young Gore-Booth sisters first met in 1882, when she was commissioned to paint their portrait, hosted a regular salon where artists, writers and intellectuals on both sides of the nationalist divide gathered. At Purser's house, Markievicz met revolutionary patriots Michael Davitt, John O'Leary and Maud Gonne. In 1907, Markievicz rented a cottage in the countryside near Dublin. The previous tenant, the poet Padraic Colum, had left behind copies of The Peasant and Sinn Féin. These revolutionary journals promoted independence from British rule. Markievicz read these publications and was propelled into action.[11]

Sculpture of Markievicz and her cocker spaniel, Poppet, on Townsend Street, Dublin
Sketch of Markievicz by John Butler Yeats
Markievicz with her daughter and stepson

In 1908, Markievicz became actively involved in nationalist politics in Ireland. She joined Sinn Féin and Inghinidhe na hÉireann ('Daughters of Ireland'), a revolutionary women's movement founded by the actress and activist Maud Gonne, muse of W. B. Yeats. Markievicz came directly to her first meeting from a function at Dublin Castle, the seat of British rule in Ireland, wearing a satin ball-gown and a diamond tiara. Naturally, the members looked upon her with some hostility. This refreshing change from being "kowtowed"-to as a countess only made her more eager to join.[citation needed] She performed with Maud Gonne in several plays at the newly established Abbey Theatre, an institution that played an important part in the rise of cultural nationalism. In the same year, Markievicz played a dramatic role in the women's suffrage campaigners' tactic of opposing Winston Churchill's election to Parliament during the Manchester North West by-election, flamboyantly appearing in the constituency driving an old-fashioned carriage drawn by four white horses to promote the suffragist cause. A male heckler asked her if she could cook a dinner, to which she responded, "Yes. Can you drive a coach and four?" Her sister Eva had moved to Manchester to live with fellow suffragette Esther Roper and they both campaigned against Churchill with her. Churchill lost the election to Conservative candidate William Joynson-Hicks, in part as a result of the suffragists' dedicated opposition.[12]

In 1909 Markievicz and Bulmer Hobson founded Fianna Éireann, a para-military nationalist scouting organisation that instructed teenage boys in the use of firearms. At its first meeting in Camden Street, Dublin, on 16 August 1909, she was almost expelled on the basis that women did not belong in a physical force movement, but Hobson supported her, and she was elected to the committee.[13] She was jailed for the first time in 1911 for speaking at an Irish Republican Brotherhood demonstration attended by 30,000 people, organised to protest against George V's visit to Ireland. During this protest Markievicz handed out leaflets, erected great masts: Dear land thou art not conquered yet., participated in stone-throwing at pictures of the King and Queen and attempted to burn the giant British flag taken from Leinster House, eventually succeeding, but then seeing James McArdle imprisoned for one month for the incident, despite Markievicz testifying in court that she was responsible.[14] Her friend Helena Molony was arrested for her part in the stone-throwing and became the first woman in Ireland to be tried and imprisoned for a political act since the time of the Ladies Land League.[14]

Markievicz also joined James Connolly's socialist Irish Citizen Army (ICA), a small volunteer force formed in response to the lock-out of 1913, to defend the demonstrating workers from the police. Markievicz recruited volunteers to peel potatoes in a basement while she and others worked on distributing the food. As all the food was paid out of her own pocket,[citation needed] Markievicz was forced to take out many loans, at this time, and sold all her jewellery. That same year, with Inghinidhe na hÉireann, she ran a soup kitchen to feed poor school children.

Fashion advice attributed to her was: "Dress suitably in short skirts and strong boots, leave your jewels in the bank and buy a revolver."[15]

Easter Rising

Markievicz in uniform examining a Colt New Service Model 1909 revolver, posed c.1915

In 1913 Markievicz's husband moved back to Ukraine, and never returned to live in Ireland. However, they did correspond and he was by her side when she died in 1927. As a member of the ICA, Markievicz took part in the 1916 Easter Rising. She was deeply inspired by the founder of the ICA, James Connolly. Markievicz designed the Citizen Army uniform and composed its anthem, based on the tune of a Polish song.[16]

In the Rising, Markievicz fought in St Stephen's Green, where on the first morning—according to one account—she shot a member of the (unarmed) Dublin Metropolitan Police, Constable Lahiff, who subsequently died of his injuries.[17][18] Other accounts place her at City Hall when the policeman was shot, only arriving at Stephen's Green later.[19] It was long thought that she was second in command to Michael Mallin,[20] but in fact it was Christopher "Kit" Poole who held that position.[21] Markievicz supervised the setting-up of barricades on Easter Monday and was in the middle of the fighting all around Stephen's Green, wounding a British army sniper.[22] Trenches were dug in the Green, sheltered by the front gate; however, after British machine gun and rifle fire from the rooftops of tall buildings on the north side of the Green including the Shelbourne Hotel, the Citizen Army troops withdrew to the Royal College of Surgeons on the west side of the Green.

The Stephen's Green garrison held out for six days, ending the engagement when the British brought them a copy of Pearse's surrender order. The British officer, Captain (later Major) de Courcy Wheeler, who accepted their surrender was married to Markievicz's first cousin.[23][24]

They were taken to Dublin Castle and Markievicz was transported to Kilmainham Gaol. They were jeered by the crowds as they walked through the streets of Dublin. There, she was the only one of 70 women prisoners who was put into solitary confinement. At her court martial on 4 May 1916, Markievicz pleaded not guilty to "taking part in an armed rebellion...for the purpose of assisting the enemy," but pleaded guilty to having attempted "to cause disaffection among the civil population of His Majesty".[25] Markievicz told the court, "I went out to fight for Ireland's freedom and it does not matter what happens to me. I did what I thought was right and I stand by it."[25][26] She was sentenced to death, but the court recommended mercy "solely and only on account of her sex".[25] The sentence was commuted to life in prison. When told of this, she said to her captors, "I do wish your lot had the decency to shoot me".[b][28]

Markievicz was transferred to Mountjoy Prison, Holloway Prison and then to Aylesbury Prison in England in July 1916. She was released from prison in 1917, along with others involved in the Rising, as the government in London granted a general amnesty for those who had participated in it. It was around this time that Markievicz, born into the Church of Ireland, converted to Catholicism.

First Dáil

Election victory procession led by Markievicz in County Clare

In 1918, she was jailed again for her part in anti-conscription activities. At the 1918 general election, Markievicz was elected for the constituency of Dublin St Patrick's, beating her opponent William Field with 66% of the vote, as one of 73 Sinn Féin MPs. The results were called on 28 December 1918.[2] This made her the first woman elected to the United Kingdom House of Commons. However, in line with Sinn Féin abstentionist policy, she did not take her seat in the House of Commons.[29]

Markievicz was in Holloway prison, when her colleagues assembled in Dublin at the first meeting of the First Dáil, the Parliament of the revolutionary Irish Republic. When her name was called, she was described, like many of those elected, as being "imprisoned by the foreign enemy" (fé ghlas ag Gallaibh).[30] She was re-elected to the Second Dáil in the elections of 1921.[31]

Markievicz served as Minister for Labour from April 1919 to January 1922, in the Second Ministry and the Third Ministry of the Dáil. Holding cabinet rank from April to August 1919, she became both the first Irish female Cabinet Minister and at the same time, only the second female government minister in Europe.[a][32] She was the only female cabinet minister in Irish history until 1979 when Máire Geoghegan-Quinn was appointed to the cabinet post of Minister for the Gaeltacht for Fianna Fáil.

Civil War and Fianna Fáil

The bust of Constance Markievicz in St Stephen's Green in Dublin.

Markievicz left government in January 1922 along with Éamon de Valera and others in opposition to the Anglo-Irish Treaty. She fought actively for the Republican cause in the Irish Civil War, including the occupation of Moran's Hotel in Dublin. After the War she toured the United States. She was not elected in the 1922 Irish general election but was returned in the 1923 general election for the Dublin South constituency. In common with other Republican candidates, she did not take her Dáil seat. She was arrested again in November 1923. In prison, she went on hunger strike, and within a month, she and other prisoners were released.[33]

She left Sinn Féin and joined the new Fianna Fáil party on its foundation in 1926, chairing the inaugural meeting of the new party in La Scala Theatre. In the June 1927 general election, she was re-elected to the 5th Dáil as a candidate for Fianna Fáil, which was pledged to return to Dáil Éireann, but died only five weeks later, before she could take her seat.[34] Her fellow Fianna Fáil TDs signed the controversial Oath of Allegiance and took their seats in the Dáil on 12 August 1927, less than a month after her death.[35] The party leader Éamon de Valera described the Oath as "an empty political formula".[36]

Death

Markievicz died at the age of 59 on 15 July 1927, of complications related to appendicitis. She had given away the last of her wealth, and died in a public ward "among the poor where she wanted to be".[37][38] One of the doctors attending her was her revolutionary colleague, Kathleen Lynn.[39] Also at her bedside were Casimir and Stanislas Markievicz, Éamon de Valera and Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington.[39] Refused a state funeral by the Free State government, she was buried at Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin, where de Valera gave the funeral oration.[37][40]

Seán O'Casey said of her: "One thing she had in abundance—physical courage; with that she was clothed as with a garment."[41]

A Dublin City Council 1916 Commemorative plaque, unveiled on 15 July 2019, to commemorate Constance Markievicz and the house she lived in from 1912 to 1916

Tributes

In 2018 a portrait of Markievicz was donated by the Irish government to the British House of Commons to commemorate the 1918 Representation of the People Act, in which, some women were allowed the right to vote for the first time.[42]

In 2019 a Dublin City Council Commemorative Plaque was unveiled at Markievicz's former home in Rathmines, which is Surrey House on Leinster Road.[43]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Alexandra Kollontai was People's Commissar (Minister) for Social Welfare of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1918.
  2. ^ In 1939, 2-Lt William Wylie KC, the prosecutor, published a dissenting account that she "curled up completely", "never stopped moaning" and cried "I am only a woman, and you cannot shoot a woman. You must not shoot a woman."[27]

References

  1. ^ Bureau of Military History, Winess Statement 1666 Archived 27 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine (Fr. T. O'Donoghue), p. 8
  2. ^ a b "Countess Markievicz—'The Rebel Countess'" (PDF). Irish Labour History Society. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  3. ^ Rodgers, Rosemary (11 May 2015). "The Rebel Countess". Irish America. June/July 2015. pp. 42–3. Retrieved 22 November 2018 – via issuu.
    Rodgers, Rosemary (13 May 2015). "The Rebel Countess". Irish America. June/July 2015. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018 – via Irish America website.
  4. ^ "Countess Markievicz (Constance Markievicz)". Centre for Advancement of Women in Politics. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
  5. ^ Naughton, Lindie (2016). Markievicz: A Most Outrageous Rebel. Newbridge, Co. Kildare: Merrion Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-78537-084-7. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  6. ^ "Constance Markievicz: The Countess of Irish Freedom". The Wild Geese today. Archived from the original on 5 May 1998.
  7. ^ Arrington, Lauren (2015). Revolutionary Lives: Constance and Casimir Markievicz. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 21–2. ISBN 978-1-4008-7418-7. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  8. ^ Arrington (2015), p. 22 (footnote).
  9. ^ a b "Constance Georgine Gore-Booth". The Lissadell Estate. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  10. ^ Gore-Booth, Eva, The one and the many, London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1904. Copy with hand-painted illustrations by Constance Markievicz [née Gore-Booth] held in the Manuscripts & Archives Research Library, The Library of Trinity College Dublin. Available in digital form on the Digital Collections website.
  11. ^ Anne Haverty, Constance Markievicz: Irish Revolutionary (Liiliput Press: Dublin, 2016), pp. 73-74.
  12. ^ Marecco, Anne (1967). The Rebel Countess. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  13. ^ Townshend, Charles (2006). Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion. London: Penguin Books. pp. 21–2. ISBN 978-0-14-190276-0. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  14. ^ a b Ward, Margaret (1983). Unmanageable Revolutionaries: Women and Irish Nationalism. London: Pluto Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-86104-700-0.
  15. ^ Sigillito, Gina (2007). The Daughters of Maeve: 50 Irish Women Who Changed World. New York: Kensington Publishing Corp. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8065-3609-5. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  16. ^ Markievicz, Constance (c. 1917). A Battle Hymn. Irish Traditional Music Archive. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  17. ^ Matthews, Ann (2010). Renegades: Irish Republican Women 1900–1922. Mercier Press Ltd. pp. 129–30. ISBN 978-1-85635-684-8. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  18. ^ Arrington, Lauren. "Did Constance Markievicz Shoot the Policeman?". Conference of Irish Historians in Britain.
  19. ^ Haverty, Anne (1988). Constance Markievicz: Irish Revolutionary. London: Pandora. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-86358-161-8.
  20. ^ Ward (1983), p. 112.
  21. ^ Millar, Scott (December 2013). "Not for fame or for name". Liberty. 12 (10): 23.
  22. ^ McKenna, Joseph (2011). Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence, 1919–1921. McFarland. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-7864-8519-2. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  23. ^ "Mauser pistol handed to me by Countess Markievicz when she surrendered to me at the College of Surgeons Dublin in 1916 with Commandant Mallin. H. E. de C. Wheeler. This was presented to me by General Lowe". Catalogue. National Library of Ireland. 1916. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  24. ^ Bunbury, Turtle. "Dorothea Findlater – One Hundred Years On". Retrieved 5 January 2016. Perhaps the most awkward arrest Wheeler made was Countess Markievicz, his wife's first cousin.
  25. ^ a b c Foy, Michael T.; Barton, Brian (2011). The Easter Rising. The History Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-7524-7272-0. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  26. ^ Arrington (2015), p. 141.
  27. ^ Richardson, Neil (2015). "Chapter 8: Dublin University Officer Training Corps: The Defence of Trinity College Dublin". According to their Lights: Stories of Irishmen in the British Army, Easter 1916. Cork: The Collins Press. ISBN 978-1-84889-214-9.
  28. ^ Dowler, Lorraine (2004). "Amazonian Landscapes: Gender, War, and Historical Repetition". In Flint, Colin (ed.). The Geography of War and Peace: From Death Camps to Diplomats. Oxford University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-19-534751-7. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  29. ^ "Archives – The First Women MPs". UK Parliament. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  30. ^ McGuffin, John (1973). "Internment – Women Internees 1916–1973". Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  31. ^ "Countess Constance de Markievicz". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  32. ^ Ward (1983), p. 137.
  33. ^ Pašeta, Senia (2009). "Markievicz, Constance Georgine". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Cambridge University Press.
  34. ^ "Constance Georgina de Markievicz". Houses of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  35. ^ New Deputies take their seats – Dáil Éireann debate – Friday, 12 Aug 1927
  36. ^ "BBC's Short History of Ireland". Bbc.co.uk. 1 January 1970. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  37. ^ a b Depuis, Nicola (2009). Mná Na HÉireann: Women who Shaped Ireland. Cork: Mercier Press Ltd. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-85635-645-9. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  38. ^ Levenson, Leah; Natterstad, Jerry H. (1989). Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington: Irish Feminist. New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 452. ISBN 978-0-8156-2480-6. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  39. ^ a b "Death of Madame Marcievicz". Irish Independent. 15 July 1927.
  40. ^ "The Late Madame Marcievicz: An Impressive Funeral". Irish Independent. 18 July 1927.
  41. ^ Ratcliffe, Susan (2001). People on People: The Oxford Dictionary of Biographical Quotations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-19-866261-7.
  42. ^ Oireachtas, Houses of the (19 July 2018). "Picture of Constance Markievicz, first woman elected to House of Commons, gifted to UK by Ceann Comhairle – 19 Jul 2018, 11.20 – Houses of the Oireachtas". www.oireachtas.ie. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  43. ^ "Countess Markievicz is honoured with a plaque at Rathmines home". Dublingazette.com. Retrieved 17 July 2019.

Further reading

  • O'Faolain, Seán (1934). Constance Markievicz.
  • Lawlor, Damian (2009). Na Fianna Éireann and the Irish Revolution- 1909–1923.
  • Marreco, Anne (1967). The Rebel Countess: The Life and Times of Constance Markievicz.
  • Norman, Diana (1987). Terrible Beauty: A Life of Constance Markievicz, 1868–1927.
  • Haverty, Anne (1993). Constance Markievicz: Irish Revolutionary.
  • McGowan, Joe (2003). Constance Markievicz: The People's Countess.
  • Van Voris, Jacqueline (1967). Constance de Markievicz: In The Cause of Ireland.
  • British Army military intelligence file of 1917
    British Army military intelligence file of 1917
  • British Army military intelligence file of the activities of Countess Constance Georgina Markievicz to 1919
    British Army military intelligence file of the activities of Countess Constance Georgina Markievicz to 1919
  • British Army military intelligence file of the activities of Countess Constance Georgina Markievicz of 1922
    British Army military intelligence file of the activities of Countess Constance Georgina Markievicz of 1922
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constance Markievicz.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Sinn Féin MP for Dublin St Patrick's
1918–1922 		Constituency abolished
Oireachtas
New constituency Sinn Féin Teachta Dála for Dublin St Patrick's
1918–1921 		Constituency abolished
New constituency Sinn Féin Teachta Dála for Dublin South
1921–1922 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
New seat in constituency
 Sinn Féin Teachta Dála for Dublin South
1923–1927 		Succeeded by
Herself
as a Fianna Fáil TD
Preceded by
Herself
as a Sinn Féin TD 		Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála for Dublin South
June–July 1927 		Succeeded by
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New office Minister for Labour
1919–1922 		Succeeded by
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