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HMS Revenge (06)

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For other ships with the same name, see HMS Revenge.
Revenge at sea, July–August 1940
History
United Kingdom
NameHMS Revenge
Cost£2,406,368
Laid down22 December 1913 (Barrow-in-Furness)
Launched29 May 1915
Commissioned1 February 1916
IdentificationPennant number: 06
FateScrapped, 1948
General characteristics (as built)
Class and typeTemplate:Sclass-
Displacement
  • 29,970 long tons (30,450 t)
  • 31,130 long tons (31,630 t) (Deep load)
Length620 ft 7 in (189.2 m)
Beam88 ft 6 in (27.0 m)
Draught33 ft 7 in (10.2 m) (Deep load)
Installed power
Propulsion
Speed23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph)
Range7,000 nmi (12,960 km; 8,060 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Crew940 (1917)
Armament
Armour

HMS Revenge (pennant number: 06) was the lead ship of the Template:Sclass-s built for the Royal Navy during World War I. Although the class is often referred to as the Royal Sovereign class, official documents of 1914–1918 refer to it as the Revenge class. She was commissioned in 1916, just before the Battle of Jutland.

Design and description

Main article: Revenge-class battleship
Illustration of Revenge as she appeared in 1916

The Revenge-class ships were designed as slightly smaller, slower, and more heavily protected versions of the preceding Template:Sclass-s. As an economy measure they were intended to revert to the previous practice of using both fuel oil and coal, but First Sea Lord Jackie Fisher rescinded the decision for coal in October 1914. Still under construction, the ships were redesigned to employ oil-fired boilers that increased the power of the engines by 9,000 shaft horsepower (6,700 kW) over the original specification.[1]

Revenge had a length overall of 620 feet 7 inches (189.2 m), a beam of 88 feet 6 inches (27.0 m) and a deep draught of 33 feet 7 inches (10.2 m). She had a designed displacement of 27,790 long tons (28,240 t) and displaced 31,130 long tons (31,630 t) at deep load. She was powered by 2 sets of Parsons steam turbines, each driving two shafts, using steam from eighteen Yarrow boilers. The turbines were rated at 40,000 shp (30,000 kW) and intended to reach a maximum speed of 23 knots (42.6 km/h; 26.5 mph). During her sea trials on 22 May 1916, the ship only reached a top speed of 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) from 40,360 shp (30,100 kW).[2] She had a range of 7,000 nautical miles (12,964 km; 8,055 mi) at a cruising speed of 10 knots (18.5 km/h; 11.5 mph).[3] Her crew numbered 909 officers and enlisted men in 1916. Her metacentric height was 3.4 feet (1.0 m) at deep load.[4]

The Revenge class was equipped with eight breech-loading (BL) 15-inch (381 mm) Mk I guns in four twin gun turrets, in two superfiring pairs fore and aft of the superstructure, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. Twelve of the fourteen BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XII guns were mounted in casemates along the broadside of the vessel amidships; the remaining pair were mounted on the shelter deck and were protected by gun shields. The ship also mounted four 3-pounder (47-millimetre (1.9 in)) guns. Her anti-aircraft (AA) armament consisted of two quick-firing (QF) 3-inch (76 mm) 20 cwt Mk I[Note 1] guns. She was fitted with four submerged 21-inch (530 mm) torpedo tubes, two on each broadside.[5]

Revenge was completed with two fire-control directors fitted with 15-foot (4.6 m) rangefinders. One was mounted above the conning tower, protected by an armoured hood, and the other was in the spotting top above the tripod foremast. Each turret was also fitted with a 15-foot rangefinder. The main armament could be controlled by 'X' turret as well. The secondary armament was primarily controlled by directors mounted on each side of the compass platform on the foremast once they were fitted in March 1917.[6] A torpedo-control director with a 15-foot rangefinder was mounted at the aft end of the superstructure.[7]

The ship's waterline belt consisted of Krupp cemented armour (KC) that was 13 inches (330 mm) thick between 'A' and 'Y' barbettes and thinned to 4 to 6 inches (102 to 152 mm) towards the ship's ends, but did not reach either the bow or the stern. Above this was a strake of armour 6 inches thick that extended between 'A' and 'X' barbettes. Transverse bulkheads 4 to 6 inches thick ran at an angle from the ends of the thickest part of the waterline belt to 'A' and 'Y' barbettes.[8] The gun turrets were protected by 11 to 13 inches (279 to 330 mm) of KC armour, except for the turret roofs which were 4.75–5 inches (121–127 mm) thick. The barbettes ranged in thickness from 6–10 inches (152–254 mm) above the upper deck, but were only 4 to 6 inches thick below it. The Revenge-class ships had multiple armoured decks that ranged from 1 to 4 inches (25 to 102 mm) in thickness.[9] The main conning tower had 13 inches of armour on the sides with a 3-inch roof. The torpedo director in the rear superstructure had 6 inches of armour protecting it.[10] After the Battle of Jutland, 1 inch of high-tensile steel was added to the main deck over the magazines and additional anti-flash equipment was added in the magazines.[11]

The ship was fitted with flying-off platforms mounted on the roofs of 'B' and 'X' turrets in 1918, from which fighters and reconnaissance aircraft could launch.[11] During the 1928 refit the platform was removed from 'X' turret. The platform on 'B' turret was removed in 1933.[12]

Major alterations

Revenge's forward HACS Mk III director and its crew in 1940

Revenge was fitted with anti-torpedo bulges between October 1917 and February 1918. They were designed to reduce the effect of torpedo detonations and improve stability. They increased her beam by over 13 feet (4 m) to 101 feet 6 inches (30.9 m), her displacement to 32,460 long tons (32,980 t) and reduced her draught to 31 feet 11 inches (9.7 m), all at deep load.[12] They increased her metacentric height to 5.1 feet (1.6 m).[9] Later in 1918, 30-foot (9.1 m) rangefinders[11] were fitted in 'B' and 'X' turrets.[13] In 1919 her complement was 1,240 officers and enlisted men.[12]

The gun shields for the shelter-deck six-inch guns were replaced by armoured casemates in 1922. Two years later, her anti-aircraft defences were upgraded by replacing the original three-inch AA guns with a pair of QF four-inch (102 mm) AA guns.[13] During the ship's 1928–29 refit, two more four-inch AA guns were added and the six-inch guns from the shelter deck were removed. In addition a High-Angle Control System (HACS) Mk I director was installed on the spotting top. In 1931 one octuple mount for two-pounder Mk VIII "pom-pom" guns was added abreast the funnel (only on the starboard side) for trials. Its director was added abreast and below the fire-control director in the spotting top.[14] The aft pair of torpedo tubes were also removed at that time. The ship's 1936–37 refit saw the removal of the torpedo director and its associated rangefinder. Two years later, Revenge's anti-aircraft defences were strengthened by replacing the single mounts of the AA guns with twin mounts and adding the portside octuple two-pounder "pom-pom" mount and its director.[12] A HACS Mk III director replaced the Mk I on the roof of the spotting top and another was added in the position formerly occupied by the torpedo director. A pair of quadruple mounts for Vickers .50 machine guns were added abreast the conning tower. The forward pair of submerged torpedo tubes were also removed at that time.[15]

Wartime modifications for the Revenge-class ships were fairly minimal. Revenge was fitted with a Type 279 early-warning radar in 1941. The following year saw the addition of a Type 273 surface-search radar, a pair of Type 285 anti-aircraft gunnery sets and two Type 282 radars for the "pom-poms". Two four-barrel "pom-poms" were added in late 1941 atop 'B' and 'X' turrets as well as ten 20 mm Oerlikon guns that replaced the quadruple .50-caliber mounts. To save weight and make more room available for the additional crew required to man the new equipment like the radars and Oerlikons, four 6-inch guns were removed in 1943.[16]

Construction and service

First World War

Shell damage to the German battlecruiser SMS Derfflinger after being engaged by HMS Revenge and other British warships at the Battle of Jutland.

Revenge was present at the battle of Jutland, where she was under the command of Captain E. B. Kiddle, and served in the powerful 1st Battle Squadron, second in line behind Marlborough flying the flag of Vice-Admiral Sir Cecil Burney. The first ship to be engaged by Revenge along with the other ships of the squadron, was the light cruiser, SMS Wiesbaden, which had been disabled by the battlecruiser HMS Invincible. Before the Weisbaden sank, she was able to torpedo the Marlborough, which although already damaged, was able to continue in action. Revenge then engaged the leading German battlecruisers which appeared out of the mist, landing five hits on SMS Derfflinger, two of which caused explosions within the main gun turrets. A single hit was scored on SMS Von der Tann, damaging her superstructure. Finally, Revenge fired her 6-inch batteries against the German 6th and 9th Destroyer Flotillas which had attacked the squadron with torpedoes. Although none of the British ships were hit, in avoiding the incoming torpedoes, the squadron turned away, allowing the German battlecruisers to make good their escape. In the subsequent pursuit, Marlborough had to reduce her speed due to the earlier torpedo damage, so Admiral Burney transferred his flag to Revenge by means of the light cruiser HMS Fearless, although the chase eventually had to be abandoned. Revenge had fired 102 armour piercing shells from her main armament and 87 rounds from her 6-inch guns; she also launched a single 21-inch torpedo without result and had fired at the Zeppelin L11 with her 3-inch anti-aircraft guns.[17]

The day before the Grand Fleet departed their base to confront the surrendering German High Seas Fleet in Operation ZZ, a visit was made by senior members of the British Royal Family: King George V, Queen Mary and Edward, Prince of Wales. The King and his son visited USS New York, HMS Lion (flagship of the Commander-in-Chief David Beatty, when he commanded the battlecrusiers at the Battle of Jutland), and Revenge, flagship of the Second-in-Command. Queen Mary had tea in Revenge.

Inter-war years

In 1919, at Scapa Flow, Admiral Ludwig von Reuter issued the order to the now interned German High Seas Fleet to scuttle the entire fleet of 74 ships to prevent their use by the victorious Allies. After the incident, von Reuter was brought to the quarterdeck of Revenge, flagship of Vice-Admiral Sydney Fremantle and accused of breaching naval honour. Von Reuter replied to the accusation, "I am convinced that any English naval officer, placed as I was, would have acted in the same way." No charges were brought against him.

In January 1920, the 1st Battle Squadron was detached to the Mediterranean due to crises in the region. While there, Revenge supported Greek forces and remained in the Black Sea, due to concerns about the Russian Civil War until July, when she returned to the British Atlantic Fleet.

In 1922, Revenge, with her sister ships Ramillies, Resolution and Royal Sovereign, was again sent to the Mediterranean due to further tension in the area, in no small part due to the forced abdication of King Constantine I of Greece. Revenge was stationed at Constantinople and the Dardanelles throughout her deployment. She rejoined the Atlantic Fleet the following year.

In January 1928 she was paid off for refit at Devonport Dockyard; this included her 3-inch anti-aircraft guns being replaced by 4-inch guns and a control system was installed to direct them from a station on the foremast. Two of the 6-inch guns were removed from the foc’sle deck. She was recommissioned in March 1929 into the British Mediterranean Fleet. A further minor refit in May 1931 added two platforms for the new eight-barrelled 2-pounder pom-pom anti-aircraft guns, although only the starboard set of guns was actually fitted due to a shortage.[17] On 16 July 1935, Revenge was part of the Naval Review of 160 warships at Spithead in celebration of George V's Silver Jubilee. Later that year she was stationed at Alexandria due to potential dangers posed by the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.

In 1936 she was paid off for another refit. She was recommissioned a year later into the 2nd Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet. Early in 1939, her single 4-inch guns were replaced with four twin Mark XVI 4-inch guns and the fire control system was upgraded with a second system being added astern. She finally received the port multiple 2-pounder pom-pom and two four barrelled Vickers .50 machine guns were fitted on either side of the control tower.[17] On 9 August 1939 she was part of another Fleet Review, that was observed by George VI. Revenge was now becoming rather antiquated and slow, but she was still used a great deal throughout the war, being assigned to the North Atlantic Escort Force, together with her sister-ship Resolution.

Second World War

A wartime photograph of a working party scrubbing the deck of HMS Revenge's fo'c'sle.

On 3 September 1939 at the start of hostilities, Revenge formed part of the Channel Fleet based at Portland and escorted troop convoys carrying the British Expeditionary Force to France. Merchant ship SS Pakeha was disguised as HMS Revenge to deceive German aircraft, a role designated as fleet tender, in 1939.[18]

On 1 October Revenge was ordered to prepare to take up convoy escort duties in the South Atlantic, because of the threat posed by the German "pocket battleship", Admiral Graf Spee; however, on 5 October 1939, in a change of orders, she was attached to the North Atlantic Escort Force based at Halifax, Nova Scotia. Fulfilling another urgent need at the same time, Revenge and her sister ship Resolution were to carry gold bullion to Canada, which was needed by the Anglo-French Purchasing Board in New York, to pay for arms bought from the United States. 148 boxes of gold bars, worth a total of £2 million, were loaded onto each battleship at Portland; they departed on 7 October and arrived in Halifax nine days later.[19]

After several convoy escorts, Revenge was again used to transport gold, this time to a value of £10 million, departing from Plymouth on 28 January 1940. On 7 February, she collided with a small British tanker while a convoy was forming up off Halifax; although damaged, she continued as an escort, returning to Halifax on 18 February for repair.[19] On 12 May 1940, she accidentally rammed and sank the Canadian Template:Sclass2- HMCS Ypres which was acting as a boom defence vessel at Halifax, although without loss of life. For the duration of the war that she served, whenever Revenge came to Halifax, the crews of other gate ships would make elaborate and exaggerated "Abandon Ship" manoeuvres in mockery.[20] On 30 May, Revenge took part in Operation Fish, the removal of all of the United Kingdom's gold reserves to Canada, in case of invasion, leaving the River Clyde with £40 million worth of bullion on board, bound for Halifax.

On 3 July 1940, while at Plymouth, boarding parties from Revenge took control of the Paris and the large submarine-cruiser Surcouf, in case their crews decided to return them to Vichy France where they might fall into the hands of the Germans. The first British sailor to board Surcouf, Leading Seaman Albert Webb, was shot dead by a French officer, who was in turn shot dead by a British officer. On the following day. Revenge resumed Operation Fish, this time with a cargo worth £47 million, repeating this on 11 August with £14.5 million from Greenock.[19]

On 15 September, Revenge arrived in Plymouth where she came under the control of Western Approaches Command, in case of an invasion. If the German amphibious landing, codenamed Operation Sealion, had gone ahead as planned, Revenge would have been the only British capital ship in the English Channel area. Unknown to the British high command, Hitler had ordered that the invasion be postponed indefinitely on 17 September; however in the early hours of 11 October, HMS Revenge formed the main element of Operation Medium, which aimed to bombard invasion transport ships and barges that were still concentrated in the French port of Cherbourg. Revenge, six destroyers and a screen of Motor Gun Boats formed the striking force, while a covering force of three cruisers and six destroyers aimed to prevent German naval forces from interfering. There was a simultaneous air raid by RAF Bomber Command who also dropped flares to illuminate the target. During the 18 minute bombardment, Revenge fired 120 15-inch shells at the harbour while her escorts fired 801 rounds from their 4.7-inch guns. The British force came under accurate fire from German heavy coastal artillery but were able to retire undamaged, Revenge managed to make 21½ knots on the return journey, just faster than her designed maximum speed. On 13 November 1940, she resumed North Atlantic convoy duties, which continued without major incident well into 1941.[19]

In August 1941, following the Atlantic Charter between the United Kingdom and the United States, it was proposed that the four Revenge-class battleships should be sent to bolster Singapore against possible Japanese aggression. Winston Churchill was opposed to this scheme, calling the old battleships "coffin ships", so the newer HMS Prince of Wales and the faster HMS Repulse were sent instead as Force Z; both ships were sunk by Japanese naval bombers on 10 December. Revenge and Royal Sovereign were sent instead to the Indian Ocean for convoy escort duties, arriving in Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 31 August to collect a convoy bound for Cape Town and Kilindini in Kenya. She subsequently operated from Trincomalee in Ceylon.[19]

HMS Revenge at Greenock after her return from the Indian Ocean in September 1943.

In March 1942, after a refit at Durban which included new radar equipment, Revenge joined the Eastern Fleet as part of 3rd Battle Squadron, based at Addu Atoll which was more secure than Trincomalee. In April 1942, the Fleet's commander, Admiral James Somerville, withdrew his force from the Indian Ocean to avoid contact with a superior Japanese fleet which he narrowly avoided. Thereafter, convoy escort operations were conducted from Kilindini, and there was a further refit in Durban during the autumn. In February 1943, with the rest of the fleet, Revenge participated in Operation Pamphlet, the escort of a convoy carrying the Australian 9th Division back to their country to allow them to be involved in the Pacific theatre. By September 1943, she had returned to home waters.[19] In October 1943, she was withdrawn from operational service due to her very poor condition, being reduced to Reserve status. However, Winston Churchill remarked in a memo that the venerable battleship should be put to better use and so he embarked on Revenge to sail to Malta, as a leg of the journey to the Tehran Conference being held in Iran.[citation needed]

In May 1944, her main armament was removed to provide spare guns for the battleships Ramillies and Warspite, as well as monitors which were to be vital during the bombardment of the beaches of Normandy during Operation Overlord. She spent the rest of the war as part of the stokers' training establishment HMS Imperieuse.[19]

Postwar

On 8 March 1948 she was placed on the disposal list, being sold for scrap four months later. Some of Revenge's gun turret rack and pinion gearing was reused in the 76-metre (249 ft) diameter Mark I radio telescope built at Jodrell Bank, Cheshire, in the mid-1950s.

See also

  • Claude Choules, the last living British World War I veteran, served aboard HMS Revenge during the Great War.

Notes

  1. ^ "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.

Footnotes

Template:Research help

  1. ^ Burt 1986, pp. 271–72, 81
  2. ^ Burt 1986, pp. 276, 281
  3. ^ Burt 2012, p. 156
  4. ^ Burt 1986, pp. 276, 282
  5. ^ Burt 1986, pp. 274–76
  6. ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 33
  7. ^ Burt 1986, p. 276
  8. ^ Burt 1986, pp. 272–73, 276
  9. ^ a b Raven & Roberts, p. 36
  10. ^ Burt 1986, p. 277
  11. ^ a b c Raven & Roberts, p. 44
  12. ^ a b c d Burt 2012, p. 165
  13. ^ a b Burt 1986, p. 282
  14. ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 140, 170
  15. ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 172
  16. ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 166, 187, 189
  17. ^ a b c Woodward, Steve (13 January 2008). "Revenge Class Battleship - HMS Revenge". www.shipsnostalgia.com. Ships Nostalgia Directory. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  18. ^ Donald A. Bertke; Gordon Smith; Don Kindell (1 March 2011). WORLD WAR TWO SEA WAR. Lulu.com. pp. 210–. ISBN 978-0-578-02941-2. Entry for 21 November 1939
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Mason, Geoffrey B, Lt Cdr RN (Retd) (10 April 2012). "SERVICE HISTORIES of ROYAL NAVY WARSHIPS in WORLD WAR 2 - HMS REVENGE - Royal Sovereign-class 15in gun Battleship". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 26 January 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Switky, Robert (2013), Wealth of an Empire: The Treasure Shipments that Saved Britain and the World, Potomac Books Inc, ISBN 978-1612344966 (Chapter 10)

References

  • Burt, R. A. (2012). British Battleships, 1919–1939 (2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-052-8.
  • Burt, R. A. (1986). British Battleships of World War One. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-863-8.
  • Castillo, Dennis Angelo (2006). The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Security International. ISBN 0-313-32329-1.
  • Daniel, R. J. (2003). The End of An Era : The Memoirs of A Naval Constructor. Penzance, UK: Periscope Publishing. ISBN 1-904381-18-9.
  • Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1984). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1922. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  • Grove, Philip D.; Finlan, Alastair; Grove, Mark J. (2002). The Second World War: The War at Sea. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-397-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  • Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-352-4.
  • Konstam, Angus (2009). British Battleships 1939–45: Queen Elizabeth and Royal Sovereign Classes. Vol. 1. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-388-9.
  • Levy, James P. (2003). The Royal Navy's Home Fleet in World War II. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1773-6.
  • Lovell, Bernard (1967). Our Present Knowledge of the Universe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. OCLC 529639.
  • O'Hara, Vincent P.; Dickson, W. David; Worth, Richard (2010). On Seas Contested: The Seven Great Navies of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-646-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  • O'Hara, Vincent P. (2009). Struggle for the Middle Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-648-3.
  • Paterson, Lawrence (2006). Weapons of Desperation: German Frogmen and Midget Submarines of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-929-0.
  • Plowman, Peter (2003). Across The Sea To War. Dural Delivery Center, NSW: Rosenberg. ISBN 1-877058-06-8.
  • Raven, Alan; Roberts, John (1976). British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-817-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  • Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Rev ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
  • Smith, Peter Charles (2009). Battleships at War: HMS Royal Sovereign and Her Sister Ships. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Maritime. ISBN 978-1-84415-982-6.
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