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Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)
Possible time of origin25,000–45,000 years BP
Possible place of originSouth Asia
AncestorGHIJK
Defining mutationsL901/M2939
Highest frequenciesSouth Asia and Romani people

In human genetics, Haplogroup H (Y-DNA), also known as H-L901/M2939 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. This haplogroup is found at high frequencies among some populations in South Asia, particularly the subclade H1 (H-M69), including its direct descendant H1a (M52). Outside South Asia, H1a1 (H-M82) – which is a direct descendant of H1a (M52) – is found commonly in the paternal lineage of Romani people.

Haplogroup H2 (P96) seems to be primarily European, and very ancient. It was recently found in Linear Pottery culture and Neolithic Iberia[1][2] and may have entered Europe as long ago during the Epipaleolithic. It was founded to have somewhat of a higher average concentration in Western Europe, but was also found amongst many ethnicities of the Near East; most notably Armenians and Iranian peoples; as well as India and other Southern Asia.

Structure

H-L901/M2939 is a direct descendant of Haplogroup GHIJK. There are, in turn, three direct descendants of H-L901/M2939 – their defining SNPs are as follows:

Distribution

H-L901/M2939 is believed to have arisen in South Asia between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago.[4] Its probable site of introduction is South Asia, since it is concentrated there. It seems to represent the main Y-Chromosome haplogroup of the paleolithic inhabitants of Indian-Subcontinent. Some individuals in South Asia have also been shown to belong to the much rarer subclade H3 (Z5857).

However, in South Asia, haplogroup H is by no means restricted to specific populations. For example, H is possessed by about 28.8% of Indo-Aryan castes.[5][5] and in tribals about 25–35%.[6][7]

South Asia

Haplogroup H-M69 is fairly common among populations of India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Nepal, with lower frequency in Afghanistan.[8] The highest frequencies of H-M69 are in India, especially in southern India at (32.9%).[5][9] and H-M52 among Kalash (20.5%) in Pakistan.[10][11]

Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in:

  • South India – 27.2% (110/405) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition.[12][13] Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in 26.4% (192/728) of an ethnically diverse pool of samples from various regions of India.[5]
  • Sri Lanka – in 25.3% (23/91) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition[12][13] and in 10.3% (4/39) of a sample of Sinhalese.[11]
  • Nepal – one study has found Haplogroup H-M69 in approximately 12% of a sample of males from the general population of Kathmandu(including 4/77 H-M82, 4/77 H-M52(xM82), and 1/77 H-M69(xM52, APT)), in 6% of a sample of Newars (4/66 H-M82) and 25.7% in Tharus of Nepal.[14]
  • Pakistan – in 4.1% Burusho, 20.5% Kalash, 4.2% Pashtun, and 6.3% in other Pakistanis.[5][10] Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in approximately 8% (3/38) of a sample of Burusho (also known as Hunza), including 5% (2/38) H-M82(xM36, M97, M39/M138) and 3% (1/38) H-M36.[15][15]
  • Afghanistan – in 6.1% Pashtun.[8]

Romani people

Haplogroup H-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the Balkan Romani group, accounting for approximately 60% of the total.[16] A 2-bp deletion at M82 locus defining this haplogroup was also reported in one-third of males from traditional Romani populations living in Bulgaria, Spain, and Lithuania (Gresham et al. 2001). High prevalence of Asian-specific Y chromosome haplogroup H-M82 supports their Indian origin and a hypothesis of a small number of founders diverging from a single ethnic group in India (Gresham et al. 2001).

Important studies show a limited introgression of the typical Romani Y-chromosome haplogroup H1 in several European groups, including approximately 0.61% in Gheg Albanians, 2.48% in Tosk Albanians and 0.9% in Serbians.[17]

Central Asia and the Middle East

Haplogroup H1 has been found very rarely outside of the Indian subcontinent and the Romani populations, including approximately 12.5% (2 out of 16 individuals) H-M52 in a sample of Tajiks from Dushanbe,[18] 6% (1/17) H-M52 in a sample of Turks,[18] 5% (1/20) H-M69 in a sample of Syrians,[19] 4% (2/45) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Samarkand,[18] 4% (2/53) H-M52 in a sample of Iranians from Samarkand,[18] 3% (2/70) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Khorezm,[18] 3% (1/38) H-M82 in a sample of Balkarians,[20] 2.6% (3/117) H-M82 in a sample from southern Iran,[21] 2% (1/41) H-M52 in a sample of Uyghurs from Kazakhstan,[18] 1% (1/92 H-M82)[20] to 2% (1/50 H-M69)[19] of Ukrainians, 2% (1/56) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Bukhara,[18] 2% (1/57) H-M82 in a sample of Macedonian Greeks,[20] 2% (1/63) H-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from the Fergana Valley,[18] 0.9% (1/113) H-M82 in a sample of Serbians,[16] 0.6% (3/523) H-M370 in a sample of Turks,[22] and 0.5% (1/201) H-M52 in a sample of Somali immigrants in Denmark.[23]

In the Arabian Peninsula, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 4.3% (7/164) of males from the United Arab Emirates (including 4/164 = 2.4% H-M69(xM52,Apt) and 3/164 = 1.8% H-M82),[24] approximately 2% of males from Oman,[25] 1.9% (3/157) of males from Saudi Arabia (including 2/157 = 1.3% H-M69(xM52) and 1/157 = 0.6% H-M82),[26] and 1.4% (1/72 H-M82) of males from Qatar.[24]

The subclade H-APT has been found in 1.3% (1/77) of a sample of Greeks.[10]

East and Southeast Asia

At the easternmost extent of its distribution, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in Thais from northern Thailand (1/17 = 5.9% H-M69),[27] Balinese (19/551 = 3.45% H-M69),[13] Tibetans (3/156 = 1.9% H-M69(xM52, APT)),[14] Bamars from Myanmar (1/59 = 1.7% H-M82, with the relevant individual having been sampled in Bago Region),[28] Chams from Binh Thuan, Vietnam (1/59 = 1.7% H-M69),[27] and Mongolians (1/149 = 0.7% H-M69).[12] The subclade H-M39/M138 has been observed in the vicinity of Cambodia, including one instance in a sample of six Cambodians[5] and one instance in a sample of 18 individuals from Cambodia and Laos.[15]

Haplogroup H2 (P96)

The H-P96 lineage is defined by seven SNPs. They are P96, M282, L279, L281, L284, L285, and L286. H-P96 defines the H-P96 subclade. H2 (P96) was found in Neolithic Iberia.[1] There is somewhat of a concentration of H-P96 in Western Europe: in France, Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. But it is also found in Armenia, Iran, and India. It is hypothesized that Haplogroup H2 may have been one of the original patrilineal lineages of the earliest Europeans; and may indicate that ancient Europeans once shared a common ancestor with the Proto-Dravidian peoples of the Southern Indian Subcontinent.

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup H and its Subclades tree – 2016.[29]

  • H-M69 (H1) (M69, M370)
    • H-M52 (H1a) (M52)
      • H-M82 (H1a1) (M82)
        • H-M36 (H1a1a1) (M36, M197)
        • H-M97 (H1a1b) (M97)
        • H-M39 (H1a1c) (M39, M138)
        • H-M2914/Z4382 H1a1d
          • H-Z5871 H1a1d1
          • H-Z4361 H1a1d2
      • H-Z4469 (H1a2)
        • H-Z4487 H1a2a
          • H-Z4417 H1a2a1
    • H-L588 (H1b)
      • H-APT (H1b1) (APT)
      • H-P80 (H1b1a) (P80, P314)
      • H-P266 (H1b1b) (P266)
      • H-Z14258 (H1b2)
        • H-Z5868 H1b2a
    • H-P254 (H1c) (P254)
  • H-P96 (H2) (P96, M282; formerly known as Haplogroup F3 and H-M282.[30])
  • H-Z5857 (H3)
    • H-Z5866 (H3a)
      • H-Z5864 (H3a1)
      • H-Z5863 (H3a2)
        • H-Z5865 (H3a2a)
          • H-Z5860 (H3a2a1)
          • H-Z5862 (H3a2a2)
        • H-Z5858 (H3a2b)
    • H-Z13871 (H3b)
      • H-Z5859 (H3b1)

Distribution of H1a1-M82 and H2-P96

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for M82 and P96, showing its distribution in different part of the world.[31]

Region/Ethnicity Country/Population Size H1a freq. (%) H2 freq. (%) Reference
East/Southeast Asia Tibet 156 0 Gayden et al. 2007
East/Southeast Asia Cambodia 6 16.67 Sengupta et al. 2006
East/Southeast Asia Cambodia/Laos 18 5.56 Underhill et al. 2000
East/Southeast Asia Japan 23 0 Sengupta et al. 2006
South Asia Nepal 188 4.25 Gayden et al. 2007
South Asia Afghanistan 204 3.43 Haber et al. 2012
South Asia Malaysian Indians 301 18.94 Pamjav et al. 2011
South Asia Terai-Nepal 197 10.66 Fornarino et al. 2009
South Asia Hindu New Delhi 49 10.2 Fornarino et al. 2009
South Asia Andhra Pradesh Tribals 29 27.6 Fornarino et al. 2009
South Asia Northwest India 842 14.49 Rai et al.2012
South Asia South India 1845 20.05 Rai et al.2012
South Asia Central India 863 14.83 Rai et al.2012
South Asia North India 622 13.99 Rai et al.2012
South Asia East India 1706 8.44 Rai et al.2012
South Asia West India 501 17.17 Rai et al.2012
South Asia Northeast India 1090 0.18 Rai et al.2012
South Asia Andaman Island 20 0 Thangaraj et al. 2003
North Asia Siberia 18 0 Sengupta et al. 2006
Middle East and North Africa Qatar 72 1.39 Cadenas et al. 2008
Middle East and North Africa United Arab Emirates 164 1.84 Cadenas et al. 2008
Middle East and North Africa Yemen 62 0 Cadenas et al. 2008
Middle East and North Africa Saudi Arabia 157 0.64 Abu-Amero et al. 2009
Middle East and North Africa Oman 121 0 Abu-Amero et al. 2009
Middle East and North Africa Egypt 147 0 Abu-Amero et al. 2009
Middle East and North Africa Somalia 201 0 Abu-Amero et al. 2009
Middle East and North Africa Lebanese 916 0 Abu-Amero et al. 2009
Middle East and North Africa Jordan 146 0 Abu-Amero et al. 2009
Middle East and North Africa Iraq 203 0 Abu-Amero et al. 2009
Middle East and North Africa Turkish 523 0.19 Cinnioglu et al. 2004
Middle East and North Africa Iran 150 2 Abu-Amero et al. 2009
Middle East and North Africa Iran 938 1.2 Grugni et al. 2012
Caucasus Caucasians 1789 0 Yunusbayev et al. 2011
Caucasus Georgians 66 0 Battaglia et al. 2009
Caucasus Balkarians 38 2.6 Battaglia et al. 2009
Europe Slovakian Romani 62 30.65 Pamjev et al. 2011
Europe Portuguese Romani 126 16.67 Gusmao et al. 2008
Europe Kosovo, Belgrade, Vojvodina Romani 88 43.18 Regueiro et al. 2011
Europe Bulgarian Romani 248 39.52 Gresham et al. 2001
Europe Spanish Romani 27 18.52 Gresham et al. 2001
Europe Croatian Romani 377 20.16 Battaglia et al. 2009
Europe Macedonian Romani (Skopje) 257 13.23 Peričić et al. 2005
Europe Hungarian Romani 424 16.98 Pamjav et al. 2011
Europe Lithuanian Romani 20 50 Gresham et al. 2001
Europe Greeks 92 0 Battaglia et al. 2009
Europe Macedonian Greeks 57 2 Battaglia et al. 2008
Europe Albanians 55 0 Battaglia et al. 2009
Europe Bosniaks 324 0 Battaglia et al. 2009
Europe Slovenians 75 0 Battaglia et al. 2009
Europe Northeastern Italians 67 0 Battaglia et al. 2009
Europe Hungarians 53 0 Battaglia et al. 2009
Europe Czechs 75 0 Battaglia et al. 2009
Europe Poles 99 0 Battaglia et al. 2009
Europe Ukrainians 92 1.1 Battaglia et al. 2009
Europe Herzegovinians (Mostar, Široki Brijeg) 141 0 Peričić et al. 2005
Europe Serbians (Belgrade) 113 0.9 Peričić et al. 2005

See also

References

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