International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) was proclaimed by the Polisario Front on 27 February 1976, in Bir Lehlu, Western Sahara. SADR claims sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony; however, at present the SADR government controls only about 20–25% of the territory it claims.[1] It calls the territories under its control the "Liberated Territories".
As of September 2022, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has been recognized by 84 UN member states.[note 1] Of these, 38 have since "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition.[note 2] SADR has, at some point in time, been recognised by 43.5% of United Nations (UN) member states, 38 out of 54 (70%) African Union (AU) member states, 18 out of 57 (32%) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member states, and 5 out of 22 (23%) Arab League (AL) member states. Several states that do not recognize the Sahrawi Republic nonetheless recognize the Polisario Front as the legitimate representative of the population of the Western Sahara, but not as the government-in-exile of a sovereign state.
The SADR has been a member of the African Union (AU), formerly the Organization of African Unity (OAU), since 1984. Morocco withdrew from the OAU in protest, until rejoining in 2017.[2] The SADR also participates as guest on meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement[3][4] or the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership,[5] over Moroccan objections to SADR participation.
The Arab League simply supports "Moroccan territorial integrity", without further specification.[6][7] While no other country has ever recognized Morocco's unilateral annexation of Western Sahara,[8][9] a number of countries have expressed their support for a future recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over the territory as an autonomous part of the Kingdom. Overall, the annexation has not garnered as much attention in the international community as many other disputed annexations (e.g. the Russian annexation of Crimea).
Besides Mexico, Algeria, Iran, Venezuela, Vietnam, Nigeria and South Africa, India was the major middle power to have ever recognized SADR, having allowed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open an embassy in New Delhi in 1985. However, India "withdrew" its recognition in 2000.[10]
States that have recognized SADR
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Recognition_of_SADR.svg/614px-Recognition_of_SADR.svg.png)
84 UN member states and South Ossetia either currently recognize SADR or have recognized it in the past. Of these, 38 have "suspended", "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition[note 2] (most recently Paraguay). Several African countries and Caribbean or Pacific island-states have taken such actions subsequent to Moroccan lobbying and offers of economic and other exchanges, although the association of such decisions and these efforts is discussable.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][21][22][23] As of 9 July 2011, South Sudan is the most recent nation to formally recognise the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. The parliament of Sweden voted to recognize Western Sahara in December 2012 but this has not been enacted by the Swedish government. In January 2014 a bill was submitted in the Danish parliament that would recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic but it has not been voted on.
The following lists all the states that have ever recognized the SADR.
States that currently recognize (46 UN member states and South Ossetia) | |
States that have "withdrawn", "frozen" or "suspended" recognition[note 2] (38 UN member states) |
State[note 3] | Date of recognition[28][29][30][31] | Diplomatic relations[note 4] | Relevant membership, further details | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
28 February 1976[32] | No | AU; Recognized by the Democratic Republic of Madagascar. Recognition "frozen" 6 April 2005.[33][34][35][36][37] |
2 | ![]() |
1 March 1976[38][39] | No | AU; Recognition "frozen" 5 May 2006,[38][40] resumed 16 June 2008,[41][42] but "withdrawn" 25 October 2010.[43][44][45][46] |
3 | ![]() |
6 March 1976[47] | Yes | AU, Arab League, OIC |
4 | ![]() |
11 March 1976[39][48] | No | AU, OIC; Recognized by the People's Republic of Benin. Recognition "suspended" 21 March 1997.[48][49][50][51] |
5 | ![]() |
11 March 1976[39] | Yes | AU; Recognized by the People's Republic of Angola. |
6 | ![]() |
13 March 1976[39] | Yes | AU, OIC; Recognized by the People's Republic of Mozambique. |
7 | ![]() |
15 March 1976 | No | AU, OIC; Recognition "withdrawn" 2 April 1997,[52][53][54] recognition resumed 26 May 2009,[55][56][57] but "withdrawn" again 30 March 2010.[58][59][60] |
8 | ![]() |
16 March 1976 | Yes | — |
9 | ![]() |
17 March 1976 | No | AU, OIC. Recognition "withdrawn" 16 June 1997.[52][61][62] |
10 | ![]() |
1 April 1976 | Yes | AU |
11 | ![]() |
2 February 1977 | No | Arab League, OIC; Recognition granted by People's Democratic Republic of Yemen which unified with the Yemen Arab Republic 22 May 1990.
Further details United Yemen took over the recognition made by South Yemen. In a joint letter to the UN Secretary-General sent just prior to unification, the Ministers of Foreign affairs of North and South Yemen stated that "All treaties and agreements concluded between either the Yemen Arab Republic or the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and other States and international organizations in accordance with international law which are in force on 22 May 1990 will remain in effect, and international relations existing on 22 May 1990 between the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic and other States will continue".[63] Other sources indicate that recognition was continued by united Yemen.[28][30] Currently, according to Moroccan sources, Yemen supports the Moroccan claims on Western Sahara,[64] but there are no sources indicating that recognition of the SADR has been formally "withdrawn" or "frozen".[30] |
12 | ![]() |
25 October 1977[65] | No | AU; Recognition "withdrawn" 17 March 2008.[66][67][68] |
13 | ![]() |
3 July 1978 | No | AU; Recognized by the People's Republic of Congo. Recognition "withdrawn" 13 September 1996.[30] |
14 | ![]() |
22 July 1978 | No | AU; Recognition "withdrawn" 23 October 1996.[30] |
15 | ![]() |
23 July 1978 | Yes | Recognition "suspended" 20 November 2013.[69][70][71][72] Resumed 7 January 2016.[73][74] |
16 | ![]() |
3 November 1978 | No | AU; Recognition "withdrawn" 2 May 1980.[30] |
17 | ![]() |
9 November 1978 | Yes | AU |
18 | ![]() |
24 February 1979 | Yes | AU; Recognized by the Socialist Ethiopia. |
19 | ![]() |
2 March 1979[75][76] | No | There is conflicting information on Vietnam's current position.
Further details According to several Moroccan sources recognition was "withdrawn" in 2010 or earlier.[when?][77][78][79][80] The latest source suggesting "withdrawal" of recognition is from June 2013.[81] However, a web page of the MFA of Vietnam still shows the SADR on a list of states with which Vietnam maintains diplomatic relations. This list was updated in May 2013, three years or more after they were purported to have "withdrawn" their recognition.[82] |
20 | ![]() |
10 April 1979 | No | Recognized by the People's Republic of Kampuchea. Recognition denounced 14 August 2006.[83][84][85] |
21 | ![]() |
9 May 1979 | Yes | — |
22 | ![]() |
23 May 1979 | No | OIC; Recognized by the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Recognition "withdrawn" 11 July 2002.[86][87] |
23 | ![]() |
4 June 1979[88] | Yes | AU; Recognition "frozen" 27 July 2007,[88][89][90] resumed 6 February 2012 or before.[91][92][when?] |
24 | ![]() |
20 August 1979 | No | Recognition "withdrawn" 11 August 2010.[93][94][95] |
25 | ![]() |
24 August 1979 | Yes | AU; Recognition "frozen" May 2001,[30][citation needed] but resumed 2011.[96][when?] |
26 | ![]() |
1 September 1979 | Yes | OIC |
27 | ![]() |
1 September 1979 | No | Recognition "withdrawn" 22 July 2010.[97][98] |
28 | ![]() |
1 September 1979 | No | Recognition "withdrawn" 21 March 1989,[99] "withdrawal" reiterated 9 August 2010.[94][95][99][100] |
29 | ![]() |
6 September 1979 | No | — |
30 | ![]() |
6 September 1979 | Yes | Recognition "frozen" 21 July 2000,[101][102] but diplomatic relations resumed 12 January 2007.[103] |
31 | ![]() |
6 September 1979 | Yes | AU, OIC |
32 | ![]() |
8 September 1979 | Yes | — |
33 | ![]() |
9 October 1979 | Yes | AU |
34 | ![]() |
12 October 1979[104] | Yes | AU; Recognition "withdrawn" 29 March 2011,[105][106][107] but resumed 21 November 2012.[108] On 9 July 2016, Zambia's MFA was quoted as saying that it had again withdrawn recognition, a claim that was repeated by the official Moroccan news agency in February 2017, but the Zambian MFA put out a press release in February 2017 denying that it had withdrawn recognition.[109][110] |
35 | ![]() |
20 January 1980 | Yes | — |
36 | ![]() |
27 February 1980[111] | No | OIC |
37 | ![]() |
27 March 1980 | Yes | AU, OIC; Recognition "frozen" 16 July 2003,[112][113] but resumed 20 June 2011.[114] |
38 | ![]() |
15 April 1980 | No | Arab League, OIC |
39 | ![]() |
15 April 1980 | No | AU, Arab League, OIC; Recognized by the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. |
40 | ![]() |
28 April 1980 | No | AU; Recognition "withdrawn" 4 July 1997.[52] |
41 | ![]() |
14 May 1980 | No | AU |
42 | ![]() |
3 June 1980[115] | Yes | AU |
43 | ![]() |
4 July 1980 | No | AU, OIC; Recognition "withdrawn" 9 May 1997,[52] resumed[when?] then "withdraw" 17 March 2006,[116][117] diplomatic relations at the level of ambassador reportedly launched 17 July 2007,[118] but this was denied by the Prime Minister of Chad 20 July 2007.[119][120] |
44 | ![]() |
4 July 1980 | No | AU, OIC |
45 | ![]() |
30 October 1980 | No | Recognition "frozen" 22 April 2000.[121][122][123] |
46 | ![]() |
26 November 1980[124][125] | Yes | Recognition "withdrawn" 24 November 2000,[124][125][126][127][128] diplomatic relations resumed 31 July 2008.[129][130] |
47 | ![]() |
12 August 1981 | No | Recognition "withdrawn" 30 March 2011.[131][132][133][134] |
48 | ![]() |
12 August 1981 | No | Recognition "withdrawn" 3 September 2000.[126][135][136] |
49 | ![]() |
12 August 1981 | No | Recognition "withdrawn" 3 September 2000.[126][135][136] |
50 | ![]() |
12 August 1981 | No | Recognition "withdrawn" 3 September 2000.[126][135][136] |
51 | ![]() |
12 August 1981 | No | Recognition "withdrawn" January 1989.[30] |
52 | ![]() |
1 July 1982 | Yes | AU; Recognition "withdrawn" 17 January 2014,[137][138][139] but resumed 23 November 2015.[140][141] |
53 | ![]() |
3 August 1982 | Yes | — |
54 | ![]() |
11 August 1982 | No | OIC |
55 | ![]() |
14 December 1982[142] | Yes | — |
56 | ![]() |
14 November 1983 | Yes | Recognition "withdrawn" 14 June 2004,[143][144] but resumed 8 February 2006.[145] |
57 | ![]() |
27 February 1984 | No | AU, Arab League, OIC |
58 | ![]() |
4 March 1984 | No | AU, OIC; Recognized by the Republic of Upper Volta. Recognition "withdrawn" 5 June 1996.[52][146] |
59 | ![]() |
16 August 1984 | No | Recognition "frozen" 9 September 1996.[147] |
60 | ![]() |
11 November 1984 | Yes | AU, OIC |
61 | ![]() |
28 November 1984[30] | No | Recognition granted by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, but "withdrawn" 26 October 2004 by Yugoslavia's self-declared successor state Serbia and Montenegro[148][149] (whose own successor state is Serbia). |
62 | ![]() |
27 February 1985[150] | No | Recognition "frozen" 20 December 2000.[30][citation needed]
Further details Colombia's Senate passed a resolution in May 2014 stating that they "consider it important to recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic."[151] |
63 | ![]() |
31 July 1985 | Yes | AU; Recognition "withdrawn" 5 September 1997,[52][152][153] but resumed 30 October 2012 or before.[154][when?] |
64 | ![]() |
1 October 1985 | No | Recognition "withdrawn" 26 June 2000.[10][155] |
65 | ![]() |
10 April 1986 | No | Recognition "frozen" April 1998,[30][citation needed] Guatemala allegedly denied having ever recognized the SADR July 2002.[156][citation needed]
Further details Although Guatemala does not recognize the SADR as a state, it does recognize Sahrawi passports and grants visas to its holders.[157] |
66 | ![]() |
24 June 1986[158] | No | Recognition "frozen" 23 May 2002.[158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165] |
67 | ![]() |
1 November 1986 | No | — |
68 | ![]() |
18 November 1986 | Yes | — |
69 | ![]() |
25 February 1987 | No | Recognition "withdrawn" 12 August 2010.[94][95][166] |
70 | ![]() |
27 February 1987 | No | Recognition "withdrawn" 12 August 2010.[94][95][167] |
71 | ![]() |
29 December 1987 | No | OIC; Recognized by the Socialist People's Republic of Albania. Recognition "withdrawn" 11 November 2004.[168] |
72 | ![]() |
27 February 1988 | No | Recognition "frozen" 11 February 2013.[169][170][171][172] |
73 | ![]() |
31 July 1989 | Yes | Recognition "withdrawn" April 1997,[30] then resumed 6 June 2009 or before.[173][when?] |
74 | ![]() |
8 November 1989 | Yes | Recognition allegedly "withdrawn" January 2000,[174] but this was denied by the SADR[175] and reiterated by Morocco.[176] On 5 June 2013 the two states signed an agreement that in part "expressed their wish to initiate the process for the restoration of diplomatic relations".[177][178][179][180] |
75 | ![]() |
11 June 1990[181] | Yes | AU |
76 | ![]() |
16 November 1994[182] | No | AU; Recognition "withdrawn" 26 June 2001,[183] diplomatic relations established 24 March 2002,[184][185] recognition "withdrawn" 27 December 2002,[186] diplomatic relations reestablished 1 February 2008,[182][187][188] recognition "withdrawn" 16 September 2008,[189][190][191][192][193][194][195][196] diplomatic relations resumed 6 March 2014,[197][198] and then recognition "withdrawn" again 5 May 2017.[199][198] |
77 | ![]() |
9 February 2000[200] | No | Recognition "frozen" 25 July 2000,[30] resumed 12 August 2008,[201] but "suspended" 3 January 2014.[202][203][204][205][206] |
78 | ![]() |
14 February 2002[207] | No | Recognition "frozen" 13 February 2013.[208][209][210] |
79 | ![]() |
20 May 2002[211] | Yes | — |
80 | ![]() |
15 September 2004[104][212][213][214] | Yes | AU |
81 | ![]() |
25 June 2005[104][215] | Yes | AU; Diplomatic relations temporally frozen 18 October 2006,[215][216] recognition "frozen" 26 June 2007,[217][218] then resumed 6 February 2014 or before.[219][220][when?] |
82 | ![]() |
26 December 2005[221][222][223] | Yes | — |
83 | ![]() |
22 November 2006[224] | No | Recognition "withdrawn" 2 October 2013.[225][226][227][228][229] |
— | ![]() |
27 February 2011[230] | No | |
84 | ![]() |
9 July 2011[232] | Yes | AU |
See also
- Political status of Western Sahara
- Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
- List of states with limited recognition
Notes
- ^ SADR is also recognised by South Ossetia, which itself has been recognised by six UN members, of which one have subsequently withdrawn recognition.
- ^ a b c d According to international law regarding recognition of states, contained in article 6 of the Montevideo Convention: "Recognition of a state simply means that the state recognizes it accepts the personality of the other with all the rights and duties determined by international law. Recognition is unconditional and irrevocable". Therefore, once one state recognizes another as a fellow sovereign state, this recognition cannot be revoked, except when one or the other ceases to exist. One can only revoke the recognition of a government (for example by breaking off diplomatic relations), not of the state itself.[24][25] The provisions of the Montevideo Convention are generally considered to be a restatement of customary international law, codifying existing legal norms and its principles, and therefore do not apply merely to the parties to the Convention, but to all subjects of international law as a whole.[26][27]
- ^ States with limited recognition are included, but not numbered in the first column.
- ^ The information in this column is taken from Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
- ^ Such statements are interpreted as a method of implied recognition.[231]
References
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The Polisario Front of Western Sahara suffered another diplomatic setback when Benin announced on 21 March that it was suspending recognition of the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (Sadr) as a state. Benin, which had recognized Sadr on 11 March 1976...
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{{cite news}}
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