Isotopes of lutetium
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Standard atomic weight Ar°(Lu) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Naturally occurring lutetium (71Lu) is composed of 1 stable isotope 175Lu (97.41% natural abundance) and one long-lived radioisotope, 176Lu with a half-life of 3.78 × 1010 years (2.59% natural abundance). Thirty-four radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable, besides 176Lu, being 174Lu with a half-life of 3.31 years, and 173Lu with a half-life of 1.37 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 9 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half an hour. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being 177mLu (t1/2 160.4 days), 174mLu (t1/2 142 days) and 178mLu (t1/2 23.1 minutes).
The isotopes of lutetium range in atomic weight from 149.973 (150Lu) to 183.961 (184Lu). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 175Lu, is electron capture (with some alpha and positron emission), and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before 175Lu are isotopes of ytterbium and the primary products after are isotopes of hafnium.
List of isotopes
nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life[n 1] | decay mode(s)[4][n 2] |
daughter isotope(s)[n 3] |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | ||||||||
150Lu | 71 | 79 | 149.97323(54)# | 43(5) ms | p (80%) | 149Yb | (2+) | |
β+ (20%) | 150Yb | |||||||
150mLu | 34(15) keV | 80(60) µs [30(+95−15) µs] |
p | 149Yb | (1,2) | |||
151Lu | 71 | 80 | 150.96757682 | 80.6(5) ms | p (63.4%) | 150Yb | (11/2−) | |
β+ (36.6%) | 151Yb | |||||||
151mLu | 77(5) keV | 16(1) µs | p | 150Yb | (3/2+) | |||
152Lu | 71 | 81 | 151.96412(21)# | 650(70) ms | β+ (85%) | 152Yb | (5−,6−) | |
β+, p (15%) | 151Tm | |||||||
153Lu | 71 | 82 | 152.95877(22) | 0.9(2) s | α (70%) | 149Tm | 11/2− | |
β+ (30%) | 153Yb | |||||||
153m1Lu | 80(5) keV | 1# s | IT | 153Lu | 1/2+ | |||
153m2Lu | 2502.5(4) keV | >0.1 µs | IT | 153Lu | 23/2− | |||
153m3Lu | 2632.9(5) keV | 15(3) µs | IT | 153m2Lu | 27/2− | |||
154Lu | 71 | 83 | 153.95752(22)# | 1# s | β+ | 154Yb | (2−) | |
154m1Lu | 58(13) keV | 1.12(8) s | (9+) | |||||
154m2Lu | >2562 keV | 35(3) µs | (17+) | |||||
155Lu | 71 | 84 | 154.954316(22) | 68.6(16) ms | α (76%) | 151Tm | (11/2−) | |
β+ (24%) | 155Yb | |||||||
155m1Lu | 20(6) keV | 138(8) ms | α (88%) | 151Tm | (1/2+) | |||
β+ (12%) | 155Yb | |||||||
155m2Lu | 1781.0(20) keV | 2.70(3) ms | (25/2−) | |||||
156Lu | 71 | 85 | 155.95303(8) | 494(12) ms | α (95%) | 152Tm | (2)− | |
β+ (5%) | 156Yb | |||||||
156mLu | 220(80)# keV | 198(2) ms | α (94%) | 152Tm | (9)+ | |||
β+ (6%) | 156Yb | |||||||
157Lu | 71 | 86 | 156.950098(20) | 6.8(18) s | β+ | 157Yb | (1/2+,3/2+) | |
α | 153Tm | |||||||
157mLu | 21.0(20) keV | 4.79(12) s | β+ (94%) | 157Yb | (11/2−) | |||
α (6%) | 153Tm | |||||||
158Lu | 71 | 87 | 157.949313(16) | 10.6(3) s | β+ (99.09%) | 158Yb | 2− | |
α (.91%) | 154Tm | |||||||
159Lu | 71 | 88 | 158.94663(4) | 12.1(10) s | β+ (99.96%) | 159Yb | 1/2+# | |
α (.04%) | 155Tm | |||||||
159mLu | 100(80)# keV | 10# s | 11/2−# | |||||
160Lu | 71 | 89 | 159.94603(6) | 36.1(3) s | β+ | 160Yb | 2−# | |
α (10−4%) | 156Tm | |||||||
160mLu | 0(100)# keV | 40(1) s | ||||||
161Lu | 71 | 90 | 160.94357(3) | 77(2) s | β+ | 161Yb | 1/2+ | |
161mLu | 166(18) keV | 7.3(4) ms | IT | 161Lu | (9/2−) | |||
162Lu | 71 | 91 | 161.94328(8) | 1.37(2) min | β+ | 162Yb | (1−) | |
162m1Lu | 120(200)# keV | 1.5 min | β+ | 162Yb | 4−# | |||
IT (rare) | 162Lu | |||||||
162m2Lu | 300(200)# keV | 1.9 min | ||||||
163Lu | 71 | 92 | 162.94118(3) | 3.97(13) min | β+ | 163Yb | 1/2(+) | |
164Lu | 71 | 93 | 163.94134(3) | 3.14(3) min | β+ | 164Yb | 1(−) | |
165Lu | 71 | 94 | 164.939407(28) | 10.74(10) min | β+ | 165Yb | 1/2+ | |
166Lu | 71 | 95 | 165.93986(3) | 2.65(10) min | β+ | 166Yb | (6−) | |
166m1Lu | 34.37(5) keV | 1.41(10) min | EC (58%) | 166Yb | 3(−) | |||
IT (42%) | 166Lu | |||||||
166m2Lu | 42.9(5) keV | 2.12(10) min | 0(−) | |||||
167Lu | 71 | 96 | 166.93827(3) | 51.5(10) min | β+ | 167Yb | 7/2+ | |
167mLu | 0(30)# keV | >1 min | 1/2(−#) | |||||
168Lu | 71 | 97 | 167.93874(5) | 5.5(1) min | β+ | 168Yb | (6−) | |
168mLu | 180(110) keV | 6.7(4) min | β+ (95%) | 168Yb | 3+ | |||
IT (5%) | 168Lu | |||||||
169Lu | 71 | 98 | 168.937651(6) | 34.06(5) h | β+ | 169Yb | 7/2+ | |
169mLu | 29.0(5) keV | 160(10) s | IT | 169Lu | 1/2− | |||
170Lu | 71 | 99 | 169.938475(18) | 2.012(20) d | β+ | 170Yb | 0+ | |
170mLu | 92.91(9) keV | 670(100) ms | IT | 170Lu | (4)− | |||
171Lu | 71 | 100 | 170.9379131(30) | 8.24(3) d | β+ | 171Yb | 7/2+ | |
171mLu | 71.13(8) keV | 79(2) s | IT | 171Lu | 1/2− | |||
172Lu | 71 | 101 | 171.939086(3) | 6.70(3) d | β+ | 172Yb | 4− | |
172m1Lu | 41.86(4) keV | 3.7(5) min | IT | 172Lu | 1− | |||
172m2Lu | 65.79(4) keV | 0.332(20) µs | (1)+ | |||||
172m3Lu | 109.41(10) keV | 440(12) µs | (1)+ | |||||
172m4Lu | 213.57(17) keV | 150 ns | (6−) | |||||
173Lu | 71 | 102 | 172.9389306(26) | 1.37(1) y | EC | 173Yb | 7/2+ | |
173mLu | 123.672(13) keV | 74.2(10) µs | 5/2− | |||||
174Lu | 71 | 103 | 173.9403375(26) | 3.31(5) y | β+ | 174Yb | (1)− | |
174m1Lu | 170.83(5) keV | 142(2) d | IT (99.38%) | 174Lu | 6− | |||
EC (.62%) | 174Yb | |||||||
174m2Lu | 240.818(4) keV | 395(15) ns | (3+) | |||||
174m3Lu | 365.183(6) keV | 145(3) ns | (4−) | |||||
175Lu | 71 | 104 | 174.9407718(23) | Observationally Stable[n 4] | 7/2+ | 0.9741(2) | ||
175m1Lu | 1392.2(6) keV | 984(30) µs | (19/2+) | |||||
175m2Lu | 353.48(13) keV | 1.49(7) µs | 5/2− | |||||
176Lu[n 5][n 6] | 71 | 105 | 175.9426863(23) | 38.5(7)×109 y | β− | 176Hf | 7− | 0.0259(2) |
176mLu | 122.855(6) keV | 3.664(19) h | β− (99.9%) | 176Hf | 1− | |||
EC (.095%) | 176Yb | |||||||
177Lu | 71 | 106 | 176.9437581(23) | 6.6475(20) d | β− | 177Hf | 7/2+ | |
177m1Lu | 150.3967(10) keV | 130(3) ns | 9/2− | |||||
177m2Lu | 569.7068(16) keV | 155(7) µs | 1/2+ | |||||
177m3Lu | 970.1750(24) keV | 160.44(6) d | β− (78.3%) | 177Hf | 23/2− | |||
IT (21.7%) | 177Lu | |||||||
177m4Lu | 3900(10) keV | 7(2) min [6(+3−2) min] |
39/2− | |||||
178Lu | 71 | 107 | 177.945955(3) | 28.4(2) min | β− | 178Hf | 1(+) | |
178mLu | 123.8(26) keV | 23.1(3) min | β− | 178Hf | 9(−) | |||
179Lu | 71 | 108 | 178.947327(6) | 4.59(6) h | β− | 179Hf | 7/2(+) | |
179mLu | 592.4(4) keV | 3.1(9) ms | IT | 179Lu | 1/2(+) | |||
180Lu | 71 | 109 | 179.94988(8) | 5.7(1) min | β− | 180Hf | 5+ | |
180m1Lu | 13.9(3) keV | ~1 s | IT | 180Lu | 3− | |||
180m2Lu | 624.0(5) keV | >=1 ms | (9−) | |||||
181Lu | 71 | 110 | 180.95197(32)# | 3.5(3) min | β− | 181Hf | (7/2+) | |
182Lu | 71 | 111 | 181.95504(21)# | 2.0(2) min | β− | 182Hf | (0,1,2) | |
183Lu | 71 | 112 | 182.95757(32)# | 58(4) s | β− | 183Hf | (7/2+) | |
184Lu | 71 | 113 | 183.96091(43)# | 20(3) s | β− | 184Hf | (3+) |
- ^ Bold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable)
- ^ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition - ^ Bold for stable isotopes
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 171Tm
- ^ primordial radionuclide
- ^ Used in Lutetium-Hafnium dating
Notes
- Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
References
- ^ a b Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Lutetium". CIAAW. 2007.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|registration=
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suggested) (help)
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help)
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|laysummary=
ignored (help)
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|nopp=
ignored (|no-pp=
suggested) (help)
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.