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{{Infobox_President | name=Kim Jong-il <br> 김정일
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Revision as of 19:51, 29 February 2008

Template:Korean name Template:Redirect6

Kim Jong-il
김정일
File:RetardoDeeDee.jpg
Chairman of Defense Commission
Incumbent
Assumed office
April 9, 1993
Preceded byKim Il-sung (김일성)
Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army
Incumbent
Assumed office
July, 1994
Preceded byKim Il-sung (김일성)
General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
Incumbent
Assumed office
October 8, 1997
Preceded byKim Il-sung (김일성)
Personal details
Born (1941-02-16) February 16, 1941 (age 83), Vyatskoye, Soviet Union
(Soviet records) or
(1942-02-16) February 16, 1942 (age 82),
Mt. Baekdu, Japanese Korea
(North Korean records)
NationalityNorth Korean
Political partyWorkers' Party of Korea
Kim Jong Il
Chosŏn'gŭl
김정일
Hancha
金正日
Revised RomanizationKim Jeong(-)il
McCune–ReischauerKim Chŏngil

Kim Jong-il (also written as Kim Jong Il) (born February 16, 1941, Vyatskoye, Soviet Union; official biographies state February 16, 1942, Baekdu Mountain, Japanese Korea) is the leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. He is the Chairman of the National Defense Commission, Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army, and General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (the ruling party since 1948). He succeeded his father Kim Il-sung, founder of North Korea, who died in 1994, and commands the 5th largest standing army in the world. North Korea officially refers to him as the "Great Leader"; until the mid-1990s, his English honorific was "Dear Leader".

There are a number of disputes amongst historians in regard to events in Kim Jong-il's life. These relate to his alleged cult of personality, which is discussed here.

Childhood

Birth

File:Kim-il-sung Kim-jong-suk Kim-jong-il.jpg
Three-year-old Kim Jong-il with his father Kim Il-sung and mother Kim Jong-suk in 1945.

Kim Jong-il's official biography states that he was born in a secret military camp on Baekdu Mountain (백두산) in northern Korea on February 16, 1942[1]. Official biographers claim that his birth at Baekdu Mountain was foretold by a swallow, and heralded by the appearance of a double rainbow over the mountain and a new star in the heavens. However, Soviet records show he was born in the village of Vyatskoye, near Khabarovsk, in 1941[2] where his father, Kim Il-sung, commanded the 1st Battalion of the Soviet 88th Brigade, made up of Chinese and Korean exiles.

Kim Jong-il's mother, Kim Jong-suk, was Kim Il-sung's first wife. During his youth in the Soviet Union, Kim Jong-il was known as Yuri Irsenovich Kim (Юрий Ирсенович Ким), taking his patronymic from his father's Russified name, Ir-sen.

In 1945, Kim was three years old when World War II ended and Korea regained independence from Japan. His father returned to Pyongyang that September, and in late November Kim returned to Korea via a Soviet ship, landing at Sonbong (선봉군, also Unggi). The family moved into a former Japanese officer's mansion in Pyongyang, with a garden and pool. Kim Jong-il's brother, "Shura" Kim (the first Kim Jong-il, but known by his Russian nickname), drowned there in 1948. In 1949 his mother died in childbirth.[3]

Education

According to his official biography, Kim completed the course of general education between September 1950 and August 1960. He attended Primary School No. 4 and Middle School No. 1 in Pyongyang.[4] This is contested by foreign academics, who believe he is more likely to have received his early education in the People's Republic of China as a precaution to ensure his safety during the Korean War.[5]

Throughout his schooling, Kim was involved in political activities. He was active in the Childrens' Union[6] and Democratic Youth League (DYL), taking part in study groups of Marxist political theory and other literature. In September 1957 he became vice-chairman of his middle school's DYL branch. He pursued a programme of anti-factionalism and attempted to encourage greater ideological education amongst his classmates. He organized academic competitions and seminars, as well as helping to arrange field trips.

During his youth Kim's interests included music, agriculture and automotive repair. At school he repaired trucks and electric motors in a practice workshop, and he often visited factories and farms with his classmates.[7]

Kim Jong Il began studying at Kim Il Sung University in September 1960, majoring in Marxist political economy. His minor subjects included philosophy and military science. While at university, he also undertook production training at Pyongyang Textile Machinery Factory, as a road-working apprentice and as a worker building TV broadcasting equipment.

Kim joined the Workers' Party of Korea in July 1961. He began accompanying his father in 'tours of field guidance', which consisted of visits to factories, farms and workplaces around the country.

Kim graduated from Kim Il Sung University in April 1964.[8]

Kim is also said to have received English language education at the University of Malta in the early 1970s, on his infrequent holidays in Malta as guest of Prime Minister Dom Mintoff.[9]

The elder Kim had meanwhile remarried and had another son, Kim Pyong-il (named after Kim Jong-il's drowned brother). Since 1988, Kim Pyong-il has served in a series of North Korean embassies in Europe and is currently the North Korean ambassador to Poland. Foreign commentators suspect that Kim Pyong-il was sent to these distant posts by Kim Il-sung in order to avoid a power struggle between his two sons.[10]

Early political career (1964-1979)

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File:DRPK Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il.jpg
Kim Jong-il (left), with his father Kim Il-sung in Pyongyang, c. mid-1970s.

After graduating in 1964, Kim Jong-il began his ascension through the ranks of the ruling Korean Workers' Party (KWP). His entrance to politics was met by the tensions within the global communist movement caused by the Sino-Soviet split. Still following Marxism-Leninism as their core ideology, the KWP had launched an offensive against elements within the party deemed revisionist. Dubbed 'anti-Party revisionists,' senior cadre had spread feudal Confucian ideas, attempted to water down the party's revolutionary line and ignored orders from General Secretary Kim Il-sung.

Shortly after his graduation, Kim was appointed instructor and section chief to the Party Central Committee. His first activities were undertaking parts of the WPK offensive. He agitated amongst officials to ensure party activities did not deviate from the ideological line set by Kim-Il sung, and worked to reveal anti-Party revisionists. He also put in place measures to ensure the 'Party's monolithic idealogical system' was rigidly enforced amongst the media, writers and artists.[11]

During the late 1960s, Kim wrote a number of discourses on economics. He rallied against moves to make material incentive the primary force behind economic development, and toured the country giving guidance on technical restructuring occurring within industry at the time.[12]

Between 1967-1969, Kim turned his attention to the military. He believed bureaucrats within the Korean People's Army (KPA) were oppressing the Army's political organizations and distorting state orders. Kim decided these elements posed a threat to the WPK's control of the military. At the Fourth Plenary Meeting of the Fourth Party Committee of the KPA, he exposed certain officers believed to be responsible, who were subsequently expelled.[13]

During his early years in the Party Central Committee, Kim also oversaw activities of the Propaganda and Agitation Department, in which he worked to revolutionize the Korean fine arts. Artists were encouraged to create works new in content and form, produced by new systems and methods, and abandoning old traditions in the Korean arts.

Kim's theory was that film combined a number of artistic forms, therefore the development of Korean cinema would in turn develop other artistic spheres. This began with film adaptations for Kim Il-sung's works written during World War II, beginning with Five Guerrilla Brothers in 1967. In the early 1970s, operatic adaptations of Kim Il-sung's works began.[14]

Kim was appointed vice-director of the Party Central Committee (PCC) in September 1970, and became an elected member of the PCC in October 1972. By 1973 he was made secretary.[15]

During the early 1970s, Kim worked to eliminate bureaucracy and encourage political activity amongst the people by Party officials. This included a policy forcing bureaucrats to work amongst workers at the next subordinate level for 20 days per month.[16]

In February 1974, Kim Jong-il was elected to the Political Committee of the PCC. By this time he had acquired the nicknames of "dear leader" and "intelligent leader", according to his official biography.[17]

That same year, Kim launched the Three-revolution Team Movement. Described as 'a new method of guiding the revolution', the movement introduced teams which travelled around the country providing political, scientific and technical training through short courses. The expertise gained was continually developed through mass meetings in which knowledge could be shared.

Kim also lead the shock-brigade movement of scientists and technicians - a similar initiative for new scientific research.[18]

During the late 1970s, Kim was involved in economic planning, including several campaigns to rapidly develop certain sectors of the economy.[19] He worked on initiatives to build mass political movements within the military, including the Three Revolution Red Flag Movement, Red Flag Company Movement and the Red Flag Vanguard Company Movement.[20]

He was also active in efforts to build a campaign for the reunification of Korea. This included assisting in the formation of the International Liaison Committee for the Independent and Peaceful Reunification of Korea in 1977, attending talks between political parties and groups within the DPRK, and taking part in high-level negotiations between the DPRK and Republic of Korea.[21]

Presidium member and party secretary (1980-1994)

By the time of the Sixth Party Congress in October 1980, Kim Jong-il's control of the Party operation was complete. He was given senior posts in the Politburo, the Military Commission and the party Secretariat. When he was made a member of the Seventh Supreme People's Assembly in February 1982, international observers deemed him the heir apparent of North Korea.

At this time Kim assumed the title "Dear Leader" (친애하는 지도자, ch'inaehanŭn chidoja)[22], the government began building a personality cult around him patterned after that of his father, the "Great Leader". Kim Jong-il was regularly hailed by the media as the "fearless leader" and "the great successor to the revolutionary cause". He emerged as the most powerful figure behind his father in North Korea.

On December 24 1991, Kim was also named supreme commander of the North Korean armed forces. Since the Army is the real foundation of power in North Korea, this was a vital step. It appears that the veteran Defense Minister, Oh Jin-wu, one of Kim Il-sung's most loyal subordinates, engineered Kim Jong-il's acceptance by the Army as the next leader of North Korea, despite his lack of military service. The only other possible leadership candidate, Prime Minister Kim Il (no relation), was removed from his posts in 1976. In 1992, Kim Il-sung publicly stated that his son was in charge of all internal affairs in the Democratic People's Republic.

In 1992, Radio broadcasts started referring to him as the "Dear Father", instead of the "Dear Leader", suggesting a promotion. His 50th birthday on February 16 was the occasion for massive celebrations, exceeded only by those for the 80th birthday of Kim Il Sung himself on April 15.

According to defector Hwang Jang-yop, the North Korean system became even more centralized and autocratic under Kim Jong-il than it had been under his father. Although Kim Il-sung required his ministers to be loyal to him, he nonetheless sought their advice in decision-making; Kim Jong-il demands absolute obedience and agreement, and views any deviation from his thinking as a sign of disloyalty. According to Hwang, Kim Jong-il personally directs even minor details of state affairs, such as the size of houses for party secretaries and the delivery of gifts to his subordinates.[23]

By the 1980s, North Korea began to experience severe economic stagnation. Kim Il-sung's policy of juche (self-reliance) cut the country off from almost all external trade, even with its traditional partners, the Soviet Union and China.

South Korea accused Kim of ordering the 1983 bombing in Rangoon, Burma (now Yangon, Myanmar), which killed 17 visiting South Korean officials, including four cabinet members, and another in 1987 which killed all 115 on board Korean Air Flight 858 [24]. A North Korean agent, Kim Hyon Hui, confessed to planting a bomb in the case of the second, saying the operation was ordered by Kim Jong-il personally [25].

In 1992, Kim Jong-il's voice was broadcast for the first and only time. During a military parade, he approached the microphone and said "Glory to the heroic soldiers of the People's Army!"

Ruler of North Korea

President Kim Il-sung died July 8, 1994, at age 82 of a heart attack. He was not replaced as President, and received the designation of "Eternal President", resting in the Kumsusan Memorial Palace in central Pyongyang. The active position has been abolished in deference to the memory of Kim Il-sung. Kim Jong-il officially took the titles of General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and chairman of the National Defense Commission on October 8, 1997. In 1998, his Defense Commission position was declared to be "the highest post of the state", so Kim may be regarded as North Korea's head of state from that date. Since Kim is not the president, he is not constitutionally required to hold elections to confirm his legitimacy and has not done so.

Economic policies

North Korea's state-controlled economy struggled throughout the 1990s, primarily due to the loss of strategic trade arrangements with the USSR[26] and strained relations with China following China's normalization with South Korea in 1992.[27] In addition, North Korea experienced record-breaking floods (1995 and 1996) followed by several years of equally severe drought beginning in 1997.[28] This, compounded with only 18 percent arable land[29] and an inability to import the goods necessary to sustain industry,[30] led to an immense famine and left North Korea in economic shambles. Faced with a country in decay, Kim adopted a "Military-First" policy (선군정치, Sŏn'gun chŏngch'i) to strengthen the country and reinforce the regime.[31] On the national scale, this policy has produced a positive growth rate for the country since 1996, and the implementation of "landmark socialist-type market economic practices" in 2002 kept the North afloat despite a continued dependency on foreign aid for food.[32]

In the wake of the devastation of the 1990s, the government began formally approving some activity of small-scale bartering and trade. As observed by Daniel Sneider, associate director for research at Stanford's Asia-Pacific Research Center, this flirtation with capitalism is "fairly limited, but — especially compared to the past — there are now remarkable markets that create the semblance of a free market system."[33] In 2002, Kim Jong-il declared that "money should be capable of measuring the worth of all commodities."[34] These gestures toward economic reform mirror similar actions taken by China's Deng Xiaoping in the late 1980s and early 90s. During a rare visit in 2006, Kim expressed admiration for China's rapid economic progress.[35]

Foreign relations

In 1998, South Korean President Kim Dae-jung implemented the "Sunshine policy" (햇볕 정책, Haetpyŏt chŏngch'aek) to improve North-South relations and to allow South Korean companies to start projects in the North. Kim Jong-il announced plans to import and develop new technologies to develop North Korea's fledgling software industry. As a result of the new policy, the Kaesong Industrial Park was constructed in 2003 just north of the inter-Korean border, with the planned participation of 250 South Korean companies, employing 100,000 North Koreans, by 2007.[36] However, by March 2007, the Park contained only 21 companies - employing 12,000 North Korean workers.[37]

In 1994, North Korea and the United States signed an Agreed Framework which was designed to freeze and eventually dismantle the North's nuclear weapons program in exchange for aid in producing two power-generating nuclear reactors.[38] In 2002, Kim Jong-il's government admitted to having produced nuclear weapons since the 1994 agreement. Kim's regime argued the secret production was necessary for security purposes - citing the presence of United States owned nuclear weapons in South Korea and the new tensions with the U.S. under President George W. Bush.[39] On October 9, 2006, North Korea's Korean Central News Agency announced that it had successfully conducted an underground nuclear test.

Internal politics

North Korea remains silent on the issue of an appointed successor. South Korean media have suggested that he is grooming his son, Kim Jong-chul; however, Kim Yong Hyun, a political expert at the Institute for North Korean Studies at Seoul's Dongguk University, believes any appointee would be outside the family. "Even the North Korean establishment would not advocate a continuation of the family dynasty at this point."[40] His eldest son, Kim Jong-nam, was earlier believed to be the designated heir, but he appears to have fallen out of favor after being arrested at Narita International Airport in Narita, Japan, near Tokyo, in 2001 while traveling on a forged passport.[41]

Criticism

See also: Human rights in North Korea and North Korea and weapons of mass destruction

Kim Jong-il has been routinely criticized by world governments and international NGOs for human rights abuses carried out under his rule, as well as for North Korea's production of nuclear weapons, contrary to previous legal, international obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and his own commitment to make the Korean Peninsula free of nuclear weapons. Camp 22 is North Korea's largest concentration camp, where up to 50,000 men, women and children accused of political "crimes" are held. Reports of gross violations of human rights by the guards have been reported, such as murdering babies born to inmates.[42]

Kim's expensive taste has become a media target. In the context of United Nations sanctions restricting the trade in luxury items to North Korea following the country's October 2006 nuclear test, Reuters coverage noted that "No one enjoys luxury goods more than paramount leader Kim Jong-il, who boasts the country's finest wine cellar with space for 10,000 bottles. Kim has a penchant for fine food such as lobster, caviar and the most expensive cuts of sushi that he has flown in to him from Japan."[43] His annual purchases of Hennessy cognac reportedly total to $700,000, making him the single largest consumer worldwide from 1993 to 2003, while the average North Korean earns the rough estimate equivalent of $900 per year.[44]

Cult of personality

Critics maintain Kim Jong-il is the centre of an elaborate personality cult inherited from his father and founder of the DPRK, Kim Il-sung. One view from this point is that the people of North Korea respect Kim Jong Il out of respect of Kim Il-sung, or out of fear.[45] This view is widely supported by journalists in the Western media[46][47][48][49], and by some foreign governments, including the United States.[50] Others believe it is genuine hero worship, a view held by many supporters of the DPRK.[51]

He is the often the centre of attention throughout ordinary life in the DPRK. His birthday is one of the most important public holidays in the country. On his 60th birthday, mass celebrations occurred throughout the country.[52]

Official biography

An unknown state editorial board has compiled an official biography of Kim. Many of its claims about Kim's life and activities are inconsistent with outside sources, and the biography cites few sources. Within the context of Kim's alleged cult of personality, this has lead critics to question the accuracy of his official biography.

Personal life

There is no official information available about the marital history of the Kim Jong-il, but he is believed to have been officially married once with three mistresses:

  • Kim married his first wife, Kim Young-suk, after being forced by his father to marry the daughter of a senior military official - the two have been estranged for some years. Kim has a daughter from this marriage, Kim Sul-song (born 1974).[53]
  • Kim's first mistress, Song Hye-rim, was not officially recognized and after years of estrangement she is believed to have died in Moscow in the Central Clinical Hospital in 2002. They had one son, Kim Jong-nam (born 1971) who is Kim Jong-il's eldest son.
  • His second mistress, Ko Young-hee, had taken over the role of First Lady until her death - reportedly of cancer - in 2004. They had two sons, Kim Jong-chul, in 1981, and Kim Jong-un (also "Jong Woon" or "Jong Woong"), in 1984.[54]
  • Since Ko's death, Kim has been living with Kim Ok, his third mistress, who had served as his personal secretary since the 1980s.[55]

Like his father, Kim has a profound fear of flying, and has always traveled by private armored train for state visits to Russia and China. The BBC reported that Konstantin Pulikovsky, a Russian emissary who traveled with Kim across Russia by train, told reporters that Kim had live lobsters air-lifted to the train every day which he ate with silver chopsticks - historically used in the Chinese Forbidden City in the belief that they would detect poison.[56][57]

Kim is said to be a fan of luxury cars and has been known for racing his cars at his palaces. Kim had spent $20,000,000 on importing 200 new Mercedes Benz S500 luxury sedans adding to North Korea's fleet of 7,000 Mercedes cars.[citation needed] Kim is said to be a huge film buff, owning a collection of more than 20,000 video tapes.[58] His reported favorites are the slasher films of the Friday the 13th series, Rambo, James Bond, Godzilla, Hong Kong action cinema, and any movie with Elizabeth Taylor.[59] He is the author of the book On the Art of the Cinema. In 1978, on the orders of Kim, South Korean film director Shin Sang-ok and his actress wife Choi Eun-hee were kidnapped in order to build a North Korean film industry.[60] In 2006 he was involved in the production of the Juche (self-reliance) based movie Diary of a Girl Student – depicting the life of a girl whose parents are scientists – with a KCNA news report stating that Kim "improved its script and guided its production".[61]

Kim reportedly enjoys basketball. Former United States Secretary of State Madeleine Albright ended her summit with Kim by presenting him with a basketball signed by NBA legend Michael Jordan.[62] Also an apparent golfer, North Korean state media reports that Kim routinely shoots three or four holes-in-one per round.[63] His official biography also claims Kim has composed six operas and enjoys staging elaborate musicals.[64] Kim also refers to himself as an Internet expert.[65]

Defectors claim that Kim has 17 different palaces and residences, including a private resort near Paektu Mountain, a seaside lodge in the city of Wonsan, and a palace complex northeast of Pyongyang surrounded with multiple fence lines, bunkers, and anti-aircraft batteries.[66]

Fictional portrayals

Kim Jong-Il is portrayed in the movie Team America: World Police as a villain wanting to destroy the world. In the movie, he feeds United Nations weapons inspector Hans Blix to his pet sharks, sponsors a group of terrorists who bomb the Panama Canal, and attempts to assassinate world leaders at a gathering in Pyongyang. As he is killed at the end of the film, it is revealed that the fictional Kim Jong-Il is in fact an alien cockroach that retreats in his spaceship, promising to return.

Voice actor Jim Ward regularly portrays Kim Jong-Il on the Stephanie Miller Show.

Bobby Lee has often portrayed Kim Jong-il on MADtv.

Kim Jong-il is a constant target for parody and satire in many free-speaking countries, especially the United States. Comedian Jay Leno constantly has a characterization of him appear in his "Celebrity Jeopardy!" sketch on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, often getting in feuds with a characterized George W. Bush. Comedian David Letterman refers to him as "Lil Kim" or "Ment-Ally Ill", and comedian Stephen Colbert often parodies him on The Colbert Report.

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Kim Jong Il - Short Biography. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Press, 1998, p. 1.
  2. ^ "Profile: Kim Jong-Il" BBC News. Ed. Steve Herrmann. 9 October 2006. Accessed 17 December 2007.
  3. ^ "The Kims' North Korea", Asia Times, June 4, 2005.
  4. ^ Kim Jong Il - Short Biography. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Press, 1998, p. 5.
  5. ^ Martin, Bradley K. (2004). Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader, New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-32221-6
  6. ^ Kim Jong Il - Short Biography. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Press, 1998, p. 4.
  7. ^ ibid, pp. 6-9.
  8. ^ ibid, pp. 9-17
  9. ^ "Kim is a baby rattling the sides of a cot", Guardian Unlimited, December 30, 2002.
  10. ^ "Happy Birthday, Dear Leader - who's next in line?", Asia Times, February 14, 2004.
  11. ^ Kim Jong Il - Short Biography. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Press, 1998, pp. 18-23
  12. ^ ibid, pp. 25-59
  13. ^ ibid, pp. 24-25
  14. ^ ibid, pp. 35-40
  15. ^ ibid, p. 32
  16. ^ ibid, p. 35
  17. ^ ibid, p. 48
  18. ^ ibid, pp. 61-66
  19. ^ ibid, pp. 56-60
  20. ^ ibid, p. 72
  21. ^ ibid, pp. 72-75
  22. ^ "North Korea's dear leader less dear", Fairfax Digital, November 19, 2004.
  23. ^ Testimony of Hwang Jang-yop
  24. ^ "North Korea: Nuclear Standoff", The Online NewsHour, PBS, October 19, 2006.
  25. ^ "Fake ashes, very real North Korean sanctions", Asia Times Online, December 16, 2004.
  26. ^ "Prospects for trade with an integrated Korean market", Agricultural Outlook, April, 1992.
  27. ^ "Why South Korea Does Not Perceive China to be a Threat", China in Transition, April 18, 2003.
  28. ^ "An Antidote to disinformation about North Korea", Global Research, December 28, 2005.
  29. ^ "North Korea Agriculture", Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, Retrieved March 11, 2007.
  30. ^ "Other Industry - North Korean Targets" Federation of American Scientists, June 15, 2000.
  31. ^ "North Korea’s Military Strategy", Parameters, US Army War College Quarterly, 2003.
  32. ^ "Kim Jong-il's military-first policy a silver bullet", Asia Times Online, January 4, 2007.
  33. ^ "North Korea's Capitalist Experiment", Council on Foreign Relations, June 8, 2006.
  34. ^ "On North Korea's streets, pink and tangerine buses", Christian Science Monitor, June 2, 2005.
  35. ^ "Inside North Korea: A Joint U.S.-Chinese Dialogue", United States Institute of Peace, January 2007.
  36. ^ "Asan, KOLAND Permitted to Develop Kaesong Complex", The Korea Times, April 23, 2004.
  37. ^ "S. Korea denies U.S. trade pact will exclude N. Korean industrial park", Yonhap News, March 7, 2007.
  38. ^ "History of the 'Agreed Framework' and how it was broken", About: U.S. Gov Info/Resources, March 12, 2007.
  39. ^ "Motivation Behind North Korea's Nuclear Confession", GLOCOM Platform, October 28, 2002.
  40. ^ "North Korea silent over Kim Jong Il successor", India eNews, February 14, 2007.
  41. ^ "Japan deports man claiming to be Kim Jong-Nam", ABC News:The World Today, May 4, 2001.
  42. ^ "Revealed: the gas chamber horror of North Korea's gulag", The Observer, February 1, 2004.
  43. ^ "North Korea leader Kim set to bear cost of nuclear weapons decision", Irish Examiner, October 14, 2006.
  44. ^ "North Korean leader loves Hennessey, Bond movies", CNN Washington, January 8, 2003.
  45. ^ Alexandre Mansourov. "Korean Monarch Kim Jong Il: Technocrat Ruler of the Hermit Kingdom Facing the Challenge of Modernity" The Nautilus Institute. Accessed 18 December 2007.
  46. ^ Charles Scanlon. "Nuclear deal fuels Kim's celebrations", BBC News. Ed. Steve Herrmann. 16 February 2007. Accessed 18 December 2007.
  47. ^ Clifford Coonan. "Kim Jong Il, the tyrant with a passion for wine, women and the bomb", The Independent. Ed. Martin King. 21 October 2006. Accessed 18 December 2007.
  48. ^ Richard Lloyd Parry. "'Dear Leader' clings to power while his people pay the price", Times Online. Ed. [online.editor@timesonline.co.uk]. 10 October 2006. Accessed 18 December 2007.
  49. ^ Reuters reporters. "'North Korea's 'Dear Leader' flaunts nuclear prowess", New Zealand Herald. Ed. Tim Murphy. 10 October 2006. Accessed 18 December 2007.
  50. ^ Compiled by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices" US Department of State. 25 February 2004. Accessed 18 December 2007
  51. ^ Jason LaBouyer [http://www.korea-dpr.com/lodestar0605v.pdf "When friends become enemies - Understanding left-wing hostility to the DPRK" Lodestar. May/June 2005: pp. 7-9. Korea-DPR.com. Accessed on 18 December 2007.
  52. ^ BBC reporters. "North Korea marks leader's birthday", BBC News. Ed. Steve Herrmann. 16 February 2002. Accessed 18 December 2007.
  53. ^ "The Kim family tree", Scripps News, February 2, 2007.
  54. ^ "The Kim family tree", Scripps News, February 2, 2007.
  55. ^ "North Korea's New First Lady", All Headline News, June 23 2006.
  56. ^ "Profile: Kim Jong-il", BBC News, July 31, 2003.
  57. ^ Silver Chopsticks
  58. ^ "North Korean leader loves Hennessey, Bond movies", CNN Washington, Jan. 8, 2003.
  59. ^ "The Madness of Kim Jong Il", Guardian Unlimited, November 2, 2003.
  60. ^ "Kidnapped by North Korea", BBC News, March 5, 2003.
  61. ^ "Film 'Diary of a Girl Student', Close Companion of Life", Korea News Sercive, August 10, 2006.
  62. ^ "The oddest fan", Union-Tribune, October 29, 2006.
  63. ^ "Move over Tiger: N. Korea's Kim shot 38 under par his 1st time out", World Tribune, June 16, 2004.
  64. ^ "Profile: Kim Jong-il", BBC News, June 9 2000.
  65. ^ "North Korea Kim Jong Il an Internet Expert", FOX News, October 5 2007.
  66. ^ "Kim Jong Il, Where He Sleeps and Where He Works", Daily NK, March 15, 2005.

Further reading


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