LGBTQ rights in Afghanistan
LGBTQ rights in    | |
|---|---|
.svg) Afghanistan Red: Republic of Afghanistan, Black: Islamic State, White: Taliban, Al-Qaeda, and Islamic Jihad Union | |
| Status | Illegal (Republic of Afghanistan) |
| Penalty | Maximum penalty of death (Republic of Afghanistan) |
| Family rights | |
| Recognition of relationships | No recognition of same-sex relationships (Republic of Afghanistan) |
| Restrictions | Same-sex marriage banned since 1971 (Republic of Afghanistan) |
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) persons in Afghanistan face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents.
Social attitudes
Afghanistan's population is over 99% Muslim, and the country's Constitution stipulates that Islam shall be the official religion. Homosexuality and cross-dressing are widely seen as taboo and indecent activities, owing to traditional Islamic mores concerning appropriate gender roles and sexual conduct.
When publicly discussed, homosexuality is often linked with prostitution and pedophilia and the level of awareness about sexual orientation or gender identity is limited. In 2011, Afghan news reporters interviewed men who had LGBT-pride symbols on their vehicles, to find out that the men were unaware of the meaning of the rainbow flags and stickers, thinking that it was just another western fad, and began quickly removing the rainbows to avoid being seen as a LGBT person or as supporter of LGBT rights.[1]
The US Marine Corps' handbook for Operational Culture for Deploying Personnel (May 2009) states that "homosexual behavior is relatively common, but taboo, in rural Afghanistan, because there no other outlets for normal sexual energies.[sic]"[2]
In 2012, Nemat Sadat, a former professor of political science at American University of Afghanistan, mobilized a LGBT movement[3] and on August 22, 2013, he became the first public figure[4] to come out as gay and campaign for gender freedom and sexual liberation. Sadat is considered to have broken the taboos on crossdressing and homosexuality in Afghanistan.[5]
Homosexual practices with boys
Despite the negative social attitudes and legal prohibitions, there is an institutionalized form of bisexuality within Afghan culture. This occurs when boys are kidnapped to act as sexual slaves for adult men, typically in a militia, or when an adult man buys sexual favors from young boys with money or gifts. These activities are tolerated within Afghan culture because they are not perceived as being an expression of an LGBT-identity, but rather an expression of male power and dominance; as the boy in these situations is forced to assume the "female" role in the relationship.
Militia members generally do not have access to women, and so boys are sometimes kidnapped to be humiliated and raped by adult men.[6] Other boys become prostitutes for adult men, regardless of their sexual orientation.
These men involved are sometimes called bacha baz in Persian and seem to flourish in the big cities of Afghanistan, possibly due to poverty and the strict social taboos surrounding interaction between men and women. A law has been enacted prohibiting Afghan soldiers from having their "ashna" live with them.[7]
In 2007, reports stated that the practice of "bacha bareesh" (beardless boys) is still prevalent in parts of northern Afghanistan. This practice involves teenage boys being dressed in women's clothing and made to participate in dance competitions and engage in sexual acts.[8]
Homosexuality is thus often associated with both sexual abuse and prostitution, a popular misconception that trickles down into the nation's legal system.
LGBT rights
Al-Qaeda
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Islamic Jihad Union
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Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Penal Code
The Penal Code of 1976 was reinstated after the American invasion, and it has several provisions that could apply LGBT people.
- Article 398 – Offers lesser punishment for vigilante honor killings, which may involve a family member discovering their spouse or kin engaging in adultery, fornication or homosexuality.
- Article 427 – Prescribes long prison terms for adultery and pederasty, the latter may be interpreted as including sodomy, in light of the fact that there are still legal punishments proscribed even if the people involved are legal adults. The maximum punishment increases if victim is under eighteen years of age, if the defendant is in a position of authority over the victim, if the defendant has repeatedly committed the crime or if the crime results in the spread of a disease. The law also increases the available punishment if a "violation of honor" takes place.
- Article 512 states that a person who is engaging in public "watching" in a repugnant manner shall be imprisoned or fined.
Shariah law
The Constitution stipulates that Afghanistan is an Islamic republic, so it is possible for LGBT people in Afghanistan to be charged with violating Shariah law. This could happen in lieu of, or in addition to charges being brought under the penal code. Shariah law based punishment is more likely to occur in isolated, rural communities where private citizens and vigilant groups seek to punish anyone who does not follow strict Islamic mores.
In the cities, persons convicted of homosexuality are generally sentenced to prison. In 2004, an American advisor to the Afghanistan government was arrested and sentenced to a prison sentence for homosexual activities with an Afghan man. Other news reports have also noted that other men have been imprisoned for such engaging in same-sex sexual behavior.[9]
Family law
The Afghanistan Law of Marriages (1971) stipulates that a legal marriage must be two Muslim adults of the opposite sex, and that it must meet the rules of Islamic law. While the law does not explicitly address the issue of same-sex couples, Article 41 of the Marriage Law stipulates that where the law is silent on a particular issue, it shall be decided based on the principles of Islamic law. Hence, Afghanistan family law does not recognize same-sex marriages, civil unions or domestic partnerships. Likewise The Afghanistan Law on Marriages Weddings and Circumcision (1949) speaks of marriage as something between a Muslim man and woman and states that marriages must follow Islamic law.
Article 430 states that it shall be treated as "Instigation of Delinquency" if an adult promotes or assists in the act of minors (under 18) being involved in the act of adultery, homosexuality or prostitution.
HIV-AIDS
Prior to 2003, little or no HIV-AIDS education or treatment existed. As of 2008, the official number of people living with HIV-AIDS is 504, although the actual number is suspected of being higher, possibly in the thousands.[10] The deeply traditional social mores make it difficult to introduce comprehensive public health education initiatives.
Thus far, the bulk of the available resources have focused on fighting drug addiction and, to a lesser extent, the commercial sex industry.[11] Yet, what little is reportedly being said about sexuality is in the promotion of abstinence-only sex education programs.[11]
In 2009, the first HIV-AIDS treatment center opened up in Kabul, with more clinics promised to open soon.[12] Access to anti-retroviral drugs is, at best, limited and preventive initiatives often conflict with deep-rooted taboos.[13] Efforts are being made to educate local and religious leaders in the hopes that they can legitimize greater public education.[13]
Legally, Article 373 of the Afghanistan criminal code stipulates that a person that spreads a "dangerous disease" by accident shall be fined, but if the disease results in death or permanent disability the punishment shall be the same as if it were an accidental murder.
Discrimination and politics
As of 2009, no law exists in Afghanistan to address discrimination or harassment on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. In response to foreign inquiries, the Afghan Social Democratic Party stated that it "favored an international effort to fight the AIDS-HIV pandemic, but that homosexuality and same-sex marriages are opposed by all great religions." No political party or interest group has expressed support for LGBT rights.
Afghanistan law currently prohibit a political party, interest group or social club from advocating anything that is in opposition to Islamic morality. Absent a change in the law, it is unlikely that a political or social organization advocating LGBT rights will be permitted to exist and promote its viewpoints.
Censorship
Article 32 of the Afghanistan Press Law Edict (2002) prohibits publications from promoting "incitement to depravity." Likewise Article 27(D) of the Afghanistan Postal Law (1973) prohibits the usage of the postal service to exchange material that is "repugnant to public decency and morals." These two provisions could be used to censor the distribution of materials advocating LGBT rights or the general topic of sexual orientation and gender identity issues.
In 2009, an Afghan man named Hamid Zaher published his memoir titled, "It is your enemy who is dock-tailed". In the book, Zaher talks about growing up gay in Afghanistan, and how he eventually had to leave his country to avoid anti-gay discrimination. Because the memoir deals with homosexuality and is critical of homophobia, it cannot be distributed in Afghanistan itself, and Zaher's family has cut off all contact with him.
Islamic State
Taliban
When the Taliban gained control of the country in the 1990s they criminalized all sexual relationships outside of the heterosexual marriage,[citation needed] and would often publicly execute men and women for committing fornication and adultery and for engaging in sodomy.[citation needed]
In 1994, the Taliban supreme leader, Mullah Omar, saved a boy from being sodomized by two feuding generals in Kandahar and when he was subsequently given control of the city he decreed that both violent and mutually consensual sodomy would be capital crimes.[14]
See also
- Gender roles in Afghanistan
- LGBT rights in Asia
- Nemat Sadat - Afghan American LGBTI Rights Activist and former professor of political science
- Hamid Zaher - Afghan writer and gay activist
References
- ^ Nushin Arbabzadah. "Afghanistan's accidental gay pride". the Guardian. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
- ^ https://info.publicintelligence.net/USMC-AfghanCulture.pdf
- ^ "As Russia Runs For the Closet, Afghanistan Comes Out". Retrieved 15 May 2016.
- ^ http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/nov/15/gay-lesbian-around-world
- ^ "Despite Death Threats A Gay Leader Emerges In Afghanistan". Retrieved 15 May 2016.
- ^ Washingtonexaminer.com
- ^ "Sodomylaws.Org". Sodomylaws.Org. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^ "Afghan boy dancers sexually abused by former warlords". Reuters. 19 November 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^ "Sodomylaws.Org". Sodomylaws.Org. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^ "UNICEF". UNICEF. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^ a b Daniel Cooney (20 December 2007). "Kabul's Drug Epidemic Requires Unique Approaches in HIV/AIDS Prevention". Adb.org. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^ "WHO". Who.int. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^ a b "Ministry Says 2,500 Afghans HIV Positive". Medindia.net. 8 August 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^ Reid, Tim (12 January 2002). "Kandahar Comes Out of the Closet". sodomylaws.org. Archived from the original on 11 September 2004. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
- Afghanistan Media Law
- Afghanistan Law and Constitution
- Foster, Stephen Wayne. Afghanistan. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.), Garland Publishing, 1990. pp. 17–19.
