Landfill tax
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A landfill tax or levy is a form of tax that is applied in some countries to increase the cost of landfill. The tax is typically levied in units of currency per unit of weight or volume (£/t, €/t, $/yard³). The tax is in addition to the overall cost of landfill and forms a proportion of the gate fee.
Reasons for landfill tax
A tax or fee may be imposed on landfills or other disposal facilities as a means of raising general revenues, to generate funds for inspection programs or long-term mitigation of environmental impacts related to disposal, or as a means of inhibiting disposal by raising the cost in comparison to preferable alternatives, in the same manner as an excise or "sin tax".
Landfilling is discouraged due to a number of key reasons:
- Climate change caused by landfill gas from biodegradable waste
- Loss of resources
- Constraints on areas suitable for landfill sites
- Loss of recyclable components of waste landfilled
- Nimby objections causing political problems
Landfill tax by country
New Zealand
In New Zealand the Waste Minimisation Act 2008 allowed for the charging of a landfill levy. Half of the landfill levy goes to local authorities with the other half going into a Waste Minimisation Fund. As of 2010 it is set at $10 a tonne but it can be reviewed by the Minister for the Environment.[1]
United Kingdom
The UK Landfill Tax was introduced in 1996 by Conservative Secretary of State for the Environment, John Gummer, and was the UK's first environmental tax. Landfill tax is seen as a key mechanism in enabling the UK to meet its targets set out in the Landfill Directive for the landfilling of biodegradable waste. Through increasing the cost of landfill, other advanced waste treatment technologies with higher gate fees are made to become more financially attractive.
The amount of tax levied is calculated according to the weight of the material disposed of and whether it is active or inactive waste.
- Inactive (or inert), (Inert is not the same as Inactive, Inactive covers a lot more classifications than Inert, though Inert does come under the classification of Inactive)waste covers most materials used in a buildings fabric as well as earth excavated for foundations. Most forms of concrete, brick, glass, soil, clay and gravel are classified as inactive.
- Active waste covers all other forms of waste such as wood, ductwork, piping and plastics.
Inevitably there will be some mixing of waste such as inert bricks and concrete mixed with small amounts of wood or mineral dust packaged in polythene bags. It is for the producer of the waste to decide what is reasonable and acceptable in terms of active waste contamination of inert waste.
The landfill site operator is responsible for paying landfill tax. However, operators will pass the cost on to businesses and local councils on top of normal landfill fees. VAT is charged on the landfill fees and the landfill tax.
- Landfill tax rates 2013-2014
- Standard rate for active waste: £80 per tonne[2]
- Lower rate for inactive waste: £2.50 per tonne
Sections from the coalition government Emergency Budget 2010:
- 2.128 The standard rate of landfill tax will increase by £8 per tonne each year from 1 April 2011 until at least 2014. There will be a floor under the standard rate at £80 per tonne, so that the rate will not fall below £80 per tonne from April 2014 until at least 2020.
- 2.129 New qualifying criteria for lower rated wastes will be legislated in the Finance Bill introduced in the autumn (2010), to come into effect on 1 April 2011.
Landfill tax rates 2015-16
From April 1, 2015 to April 2016 the landfill tax rates are:
- Standard rate for active waste: £82.60 per tonne[3]
- Lower rate for inactive waste: £2.60 per tonne
In 2015 and 2016, more attention was being to the tax by the UK's tax authorities HMRC because of concerns that some companies disposing waste to landfill were wrongly putting waste with a biodegradable and non inert content into landfills at the inactive waste taxation level. Furthermore, a new testing regime where a small amount of the load is tested to ascertain its biodegradable content was introduced.
United States
The United States has numerous federal laws and regulations regarding the operation of landfills,[citation needed] but there is no national landfill tax or fee. Many[which?] states and local governments collect fees and taxes on the collection or disposal of solid waste.
California
Landfills in California are subject to fees and taxes levied by cities and counties, as well as by the state. The Integrated Waste Management Act of 1989 authorized a state fee (set at $1.40 per ton effective 2002-07-01) to fund the activities of the California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB).[4] Many cities and counties collect fees from landfills within their jurisdiction to recover the costs of local solid waste planning and inspection programs, to operate programs for the collection and disposal of household hazardous wastes, and to fund some costs of recycling and reuse programs.[5]
Landfills in San Jose are subject to the highest disposal tax in California, with the Disposal Facility Tax set at $13.00 per ton in 1992.[6]
See also
- Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme
- Landfill Directive
- Landfill Tax Credit Scheme (LTCS) (in the UK)
References
- ^ "Waste Disposal Levy FAQs". Ministry for the Environment. 22 September 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
- ^ Finance Act 2012, section 205.
- ^ "EfW, landfill, RDF - letsrecycle.com". letsrecycle.com. Retrieved 2016-01-31.
- ^ California Integrated Waste Management Board, June 19-21, 2001, Agenda Item 28 (pdf)
- ^ California Public Resources Code, Section 41900 et seq.
- ^ San Jose Municipal Code, Chapter 4.78
External links
- Waste disposal levy at the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment
- Landfill Tax Credits Scheme (UK)
