Large format: Difference between revisions
m Reverted edits by 70.183.130.2 (talk) to last version by 81.174.142.62 |
|||
Line 32: | Line 32: | ||
The 4×5 inch sheet film format was very convenient for press photography since it allowed for direct [[contact print]]ing on the printing plate, hence it was widely used in [[press camera]]s. This was done well into 1940s and 1950s, even with the advent of more convenient and compact [[medium format (film)|medium format]] or [[135 film|35 mm]] roll-film cameras which started to appear in the 1930s. The 35 mm and medium format [[single-lens reflex camera|SLR]] which appeared in the mid-1950s were soon adopted by press photographers. |
The 4×5 inch sheet film format was very convenient for press photography since it allowed for direct [[contact print]]ing on the printing plate, hence it was widely used in [[press camera]]s. This was done well into 1940s and 1950s, even with the advent of more convenient and compact [[medium format (film)|medium format]] or [[135 film|35 mm]] roll-film cameras which started to appear in the 1930s. The 35 mm and medium format [[single-lens reflex camera|SLR]] which appeared in the mid-1950s were soon adopted by press photographers. |
||
ugly; large [[digital camera back]]s are available to fit large-format cameras. These are either medium-format digital backs adapted to fit large-format cameras (sometimes resulting in cropped images), step and repeat Multishot systems, or scanning backs (which scan the image area in the manner of a flat-bed [[Image scanner|scanner]]). Scanning backs can take seconds or even several minutes to capture an image. When using a [[Sinar]] Macroscan unit and 54H data files, over 1 [[gigabyte]] of data is produced. |
|||
Large format, both film-based and digital, is still used for many applications, such as landscape photography, advertising photos, fine-art photography, scientific applications and generally for images that will be enlarged to a high magnification while requiring a high level of detail. |
Large format, both film-based and digital, is still used for many applications, such as landscape photography, advertising photos, fine-art photography, scientific applications and generally for images that will be enlarged to a high magnification while requiring a high level of detail. |
Revision as of 14:57, 9 April 2014
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Large_format_camera_lens.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/35mm_MF_LF_Comparison.svg/220px-35mm_MF_LF_Comparison.svg.png)
Large format refers to any imaging format of 4×5 inches (102×127 mm) or larger. Large format is larger than "medium format", the 6×6 cm (2¼×2¼ inch) or 6×9 cm (2¼×3½ inch) size of Hasselblad, Rollei, Kowa, and Pentax cameras (using 120- and 220-roll film), and much larger than the 24×36 mm (~ 1.0x1.5 inch) frame of 35 mm format.
The main advantage of large format, film or digital, is higher resolution. A 4×5 inch image has about 16 times the area, and thus 16× the total resolution, of a 35 mm frame.
In early photography, large format was all there was, and before enlargers were common, it was normal to just make 1:1 contact prints from a 4×5, 5×7, or 8×10-inch negative.
The most common large format is 4×5 inches, which was the size common cameras used in the 1930s-1950s, like the Graflex Speed Graphic and Crown Graphic, among others. Less common formats include quarter-plate, 5×7 inches, and 8×10 inches (20×25 cm); the size of many old 1920s Kodak cameras (various versions of Kodak 1, 2, and 3 and Master View cameras, to much later Sinar monorail studio cameras) are 11×14 inches, 16×20 inches, 20×24 inches, various panoramic or "banquet" formats (such as 4×10 and 8×20 inches), and metric formats, including 9×12 cm, 10×13 cm, and 13×18 cm and assorted old and current aerial image formats of 9×9 inches, 9×18 inches (K17, K18, K19, K22 etc.), using roll film of 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, or 10 inches width or digital sensors, view cameras (including pinhole cameras), reproduction/process cameras, and x-ray film and digital cameras.
Above 8×10 inches, the formats are often referred to as Ultra Large Format (ULF) and may be 11×14, 16×20, or 20×24 inches or as large as film, plates, sensors, or cameras are available. Many large formats (e.g., 24×24, 36x36, and 48x48 inches) are horizontal cameras designed to make big negatives for contact printing onto press-printing plates.
The Polaroid 20×24 camera is one of the largest format instant cameras currently in common usage and can be hired from Polaroid agents in various countries.[1] Many well-known photographers have used the 235 pounds (107 kg), wheeled-chassis Polaroid.
Control
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Scheimpflug.jpg/250px-Scheimpflug.jpg)
Most, but not all, large-format cameras are view cameras, with fronts and backs called "standards" that allow the photographer to better control rendering of perspective and increase apparent depth of field. Architectural and close-up photographers in particular benefit greatly from this ability. These allow the front and back of the camera to be shifted up/down and left/right (useful for architectural images where the scene is higher than the camera, and product images where the scene is lower than the camera), and tilted out of parallel with each other left/right, up/down, or both; based on the Scheimpflug principle. The shift and tilt movements make it possible to solve otherwise impossible depth-of-field problems, and to change perspective rendering, and create special effects that would be impossible with a conventional fixed-plane fixed-lens camera.
Ansel Adams' photographs, and those of the other Group f/64 photographers, demonstrate how the use of front (lens plane) and back (film plane) adjustments can secure great apparent depth of field when using the movements available on large-format view cameras.
Operation
A number of actions need to be taken to use a typical large format camera, resulting in a slower, often more contemplative, photographic style. For example, film loading using sheet film holders requires a dark space to load and unload the film, typically a changing bag or darkroom, although prepackaged film magazines and large format roll films have also been used in the past.
A tripod is typically used for view camera work, but some models are designed for hand-held use. These "technical cameras" have separate viewfinders and rangefinders for faster handling.
In general large-format camera use, the scene is composed on the camera's ground glass, and then a film holder is fitted to the camera back prior to exposure. A separate Polaroid back using instant film is used by some photographers, allowing previewing of the composition, correctness of exposure and depth of field before committing the image to film to be developed later. Failure to "Polaroid" an exposure risks discovery later, at the time of film development, that there was an error in camera setup.
Uses
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg/220px-Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg)
The 4×5 inch sheet film format was very convenient for press photography since it allowed for direct contact printing on the printing plate, hence it was widely used in press cameras. This was done well into 1940s and 1950s, even with the advent of more convenient and compact medium format or 35 mm roll-film cameras which started to appear in the 1930s. The 35 mm and medium format SLR which appeared in the mid-1950s were soon adopted by press photographers.
ugly; large digital camera backs are available to fit large-format cameras. These are either medium-format digital backs adapted to fit large-format cameras (sometimes resulting in cropped images), step and repeat Multishot systems, or scanning backs (which scan the image area in the manner of a flat-bed scanner). Scanning backs can take seconds or even several minutes to capture an image. When using a Sinar Macroscan unit and 54H data files, over 1 gigabyte of data is produced.
Large format, both film-based and digital, is still used for many applications, such as landscape photography, advertising photos, fine-art photography, scientific applications and generally for images that will be enlarged to a high magnification while requiring a high level of detail.
Large format film is also used to record of historic resources for the National Park Service documentation programs. The Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER), and the Historic American Landscape Survey (HALS) require large format film-based photography. 4×5", 5×7", and 8×10" large format film formats are the only acceptable formats for inclusion in these collections at the Library of Congress. 4x5 and 5x7 are generally used in the field (5×7" is preferred for very significant buildings) and 8×10" is generally utilized for photo-duplication of historic photographs, documents and blueprints. Through HABS/HAER/HALS, buildings and sites of historic significance are recorded with large format cameras and black and white film and using techniques that document the key features of the historic resource with special care not to distort the angles and views. This rectified photography can be accomplished with large-format cameras by keeping the film, lens and subject perfectly parallel. Smaller format cameras need to be tilted to view high or low subjects, but the same subjects can be captured by shifting the lens element of a large format camera up or down to keep the film, lens, and subject planes parallel.
HABS, HAER, and HALS also requires the increased resolution of large format film. A sheet of 5×7" film has almost twice the resolution of 4×5" film, and 4×5" is almost 16 times larger than a 35 mm film image (24×36 mm). This added negative size not only allows for more detail, but the large-format polyester film is also far more durable than acetate 35 mm stock. HABS, HAER, and HALS require that all submissions to the Library of Congress include the original film (archivally washed) and it must also include contact prints on fiber-based paper; these contact are the same size as the film being submitted, 4×5", 5×7", 8×10" and the large size allows people to readily see the prints, while 35 mm contacts would be too small and would require magnification.
The Library of Congress uses various large format digital scans for "American Memories" (its website of old images and maps) in the current JPEG 2000 format (which allows quick small images, remote tiling, remote enlargement), and the older MrSID, JPEG, and TIFF formats.
In the printing industry, very large fixed cameras were also used to make large films for the preparation of lithographic plates before computer to film and computer to plate techniques were introduced. These are generally referred to as a "process camera" and consist of vertically mounted models for smaller work and horizontal units mounted on rails for very large works such as maps and plans.
Photographers who have used large format
- Ansel Adams
- Takashi Amano (8×20" and 11×14")
- Richard Avedon
- Tina Barney
- Bernd and Hilla Becher
- Margaret Bourke-White
- Richard Bryant
- Christopher Burkett
- Edward Burtynsky
- Clyde Butcher
- Chuck Close (20"×24", 40"x80")
- Linda Connor
- Gregory Crewdson
- Rineke Dijkstra
- Elsa Dorfman (20"×24")
- William Eggleston
- Walker Evans
- Andreas Feininger
- Emmet Gowin
- Peter Gowland
- Timothy Greenfield-Sanders
- Olivier Grunewald
- Andreas Gursky (5×7")
- Milton Halberstadt
- Charles "Teenie" Harris
- Jacob Heneby
- Yousuf Karsh (8×10 portraits)
- Seydou Keïta
- Nick Knight (8×10)
- Herman Leonard
- Rodney Lough Jr.
- Sally Mann
- George Masa
- Joel Meyerowitz (8×10" landscapes)
- Richard Misrach
- David Muench
- Nicholas Nixon (8×10")
- Eliot Porter
- Mark Power
- Thomas Ruff
- John Sexton
- Stephen Shore
- Julius Shulman
- Alec Soth
- Joel Sternfeld
- Ezra Stoller
- Paul Strand
- Thomas Struth
- Hiroshi Sugimoto
- George Tice
- Mark Tucker
- Christian Voigt
- Jeff Wall
- Peter Watson
- Weegee (4×5")
- William Wegman
- Brett Weston
- Edward Weston
- Johan Åkerberg
See also
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- APUG
- Medium format
- Press camera
- Reisekamera (tailboard view camera)
- Sinar
- View camera
References
- ^ "20 x 24 Studio". Retrieved 2007-03-24. [dead link]
- HABS/HAER/HALS Standards & Guidelines, National Park Service Website
- HABSPHOTO "HABS/HAER/HALS/CEQA NEW 2010 GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING HABS/HAER/HALS DOCUMENTATION"
- Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Architectural and Engineering Documentation HABS/HAER/HALS Illustration Standards