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Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

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Template:Spanish name

Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo
File:Miguel-Angel-Felix-Gallardo.jpg
Born (1946-01-08) January 8, 1946 (age 78)
Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
NationalityMexican
Other namesEl Padrino (The Godfather) El Jefe De Jefes (The Boss of Bosses)
OccupationDrug lord
Criminal statusIncarcerated
Conviction(s)Drug trafficking, murder
Criminal penalty37-year sentence
Accomplice(s)Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, Rafael Caro Quintero

Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo (born January 8, 1946), commonly referred to by his alias El Padrino ("The Godfather"), is a convicted Mexican drug lord who formed the Guadalajara Cartel in the 1970s and controlled almost all of the drug trafficking in Mexico and the corridors along the Mexico–United States border.

Miguel Angel Félix Gallardo was arrested for the murder of Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agent Enrique "Kiki" Camarena, who was tortured to death at one of Félix Gallardo's ranches. Félix Gallardo was serving his 37-year sentence at the Altiplano maximum-security prison but was transferred to a medium-security facility in 2014 due to his declining health.

Early life

Born on a ranch in Bellavista, on the outskirts of Culiacán, Sinaloa, Félix Gallardo graduated from high school and studied business in college. He took a job as a Mexican Federal Judicial Police agent.[1] He worked as a family bodyguard for the governor of Sinaloa state Leopoldo Sánchez Celis, whose political connections helped Félix Gallardo to build his drug trafficking organization. Félix Gallardo was also the godfather of Celis' son Rodolfo.[2][3][4]

Félix Gallardo started working for drug traffickers brokering corruption of state officials, and together with Rafael Caro Quintero and Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, who previously worked in the Avilés criminal organization, took control of the trafficking routes after Avilés was killed in a shootout with the police.[citation needed]

Connections to Colombian cartels

In the early 1980s, drug interdiction efforts increased throughout Florida, which was then the major shipping destination for illegal drug traffickers. As a result, the Colombian cartels began to utilize Mexico as their primary transhipment point.

Juan Matta-Ballesteros was Félix Gallardo's primary connection to the Colombian cartels. Matta-Ballesteros had originally introduced Félix Gallardo's predecessor, Alberto Sicilia-Falcon, to Santiago Ocampo of the Cali Cartel, the head of one of the largest U.S. cocaine smuggling rings. Rather than taking cash payments for their services, the smugglers in the Guadalajara cartel took a 50% cut of the cocaine they transported from Colombia. This was extremely profitable for them due to already established marijuana distribution networks ; some estimate that the trafficking network operated by Felix Gallardo, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, and Caro Quintero was pulling in $5 billion annually.[5][2][6][7]

Until the end of the 1980s, the Guadalajara Cartel headed by Félix Gallardo (comprising what is today the Sinaloa, Tijuana, Juarez, and Pacifico Sur cartels) had nearly monopolized the illegal drug trade in Mexico.[8][2]

Murder of DEA agent Kiki Camarena

An undercover agent from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Kiki Camarena, managed to infiltrate deep into the drug trafficking organization and get close to Félix Gallardo. In 1984, acting on information from Camarena, 450 Mexican soldiers, backed by helicopters, destroyed a 1,000 hectare (≈2,500 acre) marijuana plantation known as "Rancho Búfalo" in Chihuahua, Mexico, known to be protected by Mexican DFS intelligence agents, as part of "Operation Godfather". Thousands of farmers worked the fields at Rancho Buffalo, and the annual production was later valued at US$8 billion. All of this took place with the knowledge of local police, politicians, and the military.[2][9] Camarena was also beginning to expose the connections among drug traffickers, Mexican law enforcement, and high-ranking government officials within the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), which Félix Gallardo considered to be a major threat to the Guadalajara cartel's operations throughout Mexico.[6]

In response, Félix Gallardo reportedly ordered the kidnapping of Camarena. On February 7, 1985, Jalisco police officers on the cartel's payroll kidnapped Camarena as he left the U.S. consulate. His helicopter pilot, Alfredo Zavala Avelar, was kidnapped shortly afterward.[2][9] They were brought to a residence located at 881 Lope de Vega in the colonia of Jardines del Bosque, in the western section of the city of Guadalajara, owned by Rafael Caro Quintero, where they were tortured and interrogated over a period of 30 hours.[10] On February 9, Camarena was killed when a hole was made in his head with a tire iron. His shrink-wrapped body was later found, along with Zavala Avelar's, in a shallow hole on a ranch in Michoacan state.[11]

Camarena's murder prompted one of the largest DEA homicide investigations ever undertaken, Operation Leyenda.[2][12] A special unit was dispatched to coordinate the investigation in Mexico, where corrupt officials were being implicated.

Investigators identified Félix Gallardo and his two close associates, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo and Rafael Caro Quintero, as the primary suspects in the kidnapping. Under pressure from the US, Fonseca and Quintero were apprehended, but Félix Gallardo still enjoyed political protection.[2]

Some Mexican journalists, historians, and witnesses,(including former CIA agents), state that Camarena was killed with the complicity of the CIA after uncovering its drug trafficking operations in Mexico, used to fund the Contras in Nicaragua

Arrest

Félix Gallardo kept a low profile and, in 1987, moved with his family to Guadalajara. He was arrested in Mexico on April 8, 1989,[13] and was charged by the authorities in Mexico and the United States with the kidnapping and murder of DEA agent Enrique Camarena, racketeering, drug smuggling, and multiple violent crimes.[14]

According to US officials, Félix Gallardo also spent time at the Sinaloa governor's house as a guest, which governor Antonio Toledo Corro has denied. When asked about his association with Félix Gallardo, governor Toledo said he was "unaware of any outstanding arrest warrants" against Félix Gallardo.[13]

The arrest of Félix Gallardo was the catalyst for exposing the widespread corruption at political and law enforcement levels in Mexico. Within days of Félix Gallardo's arrest, and under pressure from the media, several police commanders were arrested, and as many as 90 officers deserted.[13]

Incarceration

While incarcerated, Félix Gallardo remained one of Mexico's major traffickers, maintaining his organization via mobile phone until he was transferred in the 1990s to the Altiplano maximum security prison,[4][15] where he served part of his 37-year sentence.[16][17]

As he aged, Félix Gallardo complained that he lived in poor conditions while in jail. He says that he suffers from vertigo, deafness, loss of an eye, and blood circulation problems. He lives in a 240 × 440 cm (8x14ft) cell, which he is not allowed to leave, even to use the recreational area.[18] In March 2013, Félix Gallardo started a legal process to continue his prison sentence at home when he reached his 70th birthday (8 January 2016).[19] On 29 April 2014, a Mexican federal court denied Félix Gallardo's petition to be transferred from the maximum-security prison to a medium-security one.[20] On 18 December 2014, federal authorities approved his request to transfer to a medium-security prison in Guadalajara (State of Jalisco), due to his declining health.[21]

On 20 February 2019, a court in Mexico City denied his request to complete the remainder of his sentence at his home. The court stated that Félix Gallardo's defense did not provide them with sufficient evidence to prove that his health issues were putting his life at risk.[22]

Division of territory

After his arrest, Félix Gallardo decided to divide up the trade he controlled as it would be more efficient and less likely to be brought down by law enforcement.[2][23] Félix Gallardo instructed his lawyer to convene the nation's top drug narcos in 1989 at a house in the resort of Acapulco where he designated the plazas or territories. The Tijuana route would go to his nephews, the Arellano Felix brothers.[24][25] The Ciudad Juárez route would go to the Carrillo Fuentes family.[24][25] Miguel Caro Quintero would run the Sonora corridor.[24] Joaquín Guzmán Loera and Héctor Luis Palma Salazar were left the Pacific coast operations, with Ismael Zambada García joining them soon after and thus becoming the Sinaloa Cartel.[24][25] who was not a party to the 1989 pact.[26]

Félix Gallardo still planned to oversee national operations, but when he was transferred to a high-security prison in 1993, he lost any remaining control over the other drug lords.[2][27]

Memoirs

In 2008, the investigative journalist Diego Enrique Osorno was able to contact Félix Gallardo through the latter's 13-year-old son. Through this connection, the first memoirs of a Mexican drug lord were written from prison, in secret and hurriedly, by hand, by an author with ailing vision. The memoirs include narrative about his arrest and presentation before police, and explains a bit of his family tree, jumping from one topic to another.[28] Selections of the 35 pages[29] were published in the Mexican magazine Gatopardo, with background by the journalist.

Family

Upon his arrest at least nine of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo's nieces and nephews took over different roles within the organization to form the Arellano Félix Organization, also known as the Tijuana Cartel. Another niece, Sandra Ávila Beltrán, is a former member of the Sinaloa Cartel.

Members of the Arellano Félix Organization (Tijuana Cartel)

Sinaloa Cartel

In the Netflix series Narcos: Mexico (2018), Félix Gallardo is portrayed by actor Diego Luna.

See also

References

  1. ^ Astorga, Luis (1999); "Cocaine in Mexico: A Prelude to 'los Narcos'" in Gootenberg, Paul (ed.) Cocaine: Global Histories; Routledge; p. 187
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Beith, Malcolm (2010). The Last Narco. New York, New York: Grove Press. pp. 40–55. ISBN 978-0-8021-1952-0.
  3. ^ Kenny, Paul; et al., eds. (2012). "The Mexican State and Organized Crime: An Unending Story". Mexican Security Failure. Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 9781136650505.
  4. ^ a b Warner, Judith A. (2010). U.S. Border Security: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 188. ISBN 9781598844078.
  5. ^ Scott, Peter Dale; Marshall, Jonathan (1998). Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Latin America. University of California Press. pp. 82–85. ISBN 9780520921283. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b Cockburn, Alexander; St-Clair, Jeffrey (1998). Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs, and the Press. Verso. p. 349. ISBN 9781859841396. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Marcy, William (2010). The Politics of Cocaine: How U. S. Foreign Policy Has Created a Thriving Drug Industry in Central and South America. Chicago Review Press. p. 299 (fn 154). ISBN 9781569765616.
  8. ^ Siegel, Dina; van de Bunt, H.G., eds. (2012). Traditional Organized Crime in the Modern World: Responses to Socioeconomic Change. Springer. pp. 153–154. ISBN 9781461432128.
  9. ^ a b Bunck, Julie M.; Fowler, Michael R. (2012). Bribes, Bullets, and Intimidation: Drug Trafficking and the Law in Central America. Penn State Press. p. 278. ISBN 9780271048666.
  10. ^ "The death house on Lope de Vega", MGR - the Mexico Gulf Reporter, 2013
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference White Out-349 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ "Camarena Investigation Leads to Operation Leyenda" (PDF). A Tradition of Excellence, History: 1985–1990. DEA. January 15, 2009. p. 64. Archived from the original (pdf 1.73MB) on January 24, 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
  13. ^ a b c Rohter, Larry (1989-04-16). "In Mexico, Drug Roots Run Deep". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
  14. ^ "DEA Fugitive: FELIX-GALLARDO, Miguel Angel". U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Archived from the original on 2009-12-21. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
  15. ^ "Under the Volcano: Narco Investment in Mexico". PBS -Frontline. 1995. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
  16. ^ The 'godfather' of Mexico's cartels has been sentenced for killing of a DEA agent. Christopher Woody. 30 August 2017.
  17. ^ "Miguel Angel Félix Gallardo, a 18 años en prisión, ya casi no ve ni oye". El Universal (in Spanish). 2008-09-04. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
  18. ^ Soto, Gabriela (22 February 2013). "Acusa Félix Gallardo pésimas condiciones al interior del Altiplano". Ríodoce (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  19. ^ "Pide Félix Gallardo cumplir sentencia en casa". Noroeste (in Spanish). Editorial Noroeste, S.A. de C.V. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
  20. ^ "Niegan traslado al narcotraficante Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo". Proceso (in Spanish). 29 April 2014. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  21. ^ Carrasco Araizaga, Jorge (18 December 2014). "Por enfermedad, va Félix Gallardo a penal de mediana seguridad" (in Spanish). Proceso. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  22. ^ "Niegan Amparo a Félix Gallardo para prisión domiciliaria". Tabasco Hoy (in Spanish). 20 February 2019.
  23. ^ How Mexico's Underworld Became Violent. Patrick Corcoran, InSight Crime. 31 March 2013.
  24. ^ a b c d Tijuana Cartel. 13 February 2018.
  25. ^ a b c "Mexico's Illicit Drug Networks and the State Reaction". By Nathan P. Jones. Georgetown University Press, Apr 15, 2016 – Political Science – 240 pages. ISBN 9781626162969
  26. ^ "Police Reform in Mexico: Informal Politics and the Challenge of Institutional Change". By Daniel Sabet. Stanford University Press, May 2, 2012 – Political Science – 296 pages. ISBN 0804782067.
  27. ^ "The Politics of Drug Violence: Criminals, Cops and Politicians in Colombia and Mexico". By Angelica Duran-Martinez. Oxford University Press, Dec 13, 2017 – Political Science – 320 pages.
  28. ^ Osorno, Diego Enrique (May 2009). "Memoria de un Capo [Memoirs of a Capo]". Nuestra Aparente Rendición. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  29. ^ [1]
  30. ^ a b c d Grillo, Ioan. "Meet the First Woman to Lead a Mexican Drugs Cartel". Time. Time. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j William Webb (2013). Gorgeous Gangsters: Gorgeous Gangsters: 10 Female Drug Lords Who Changed the Illegal Drug Trade Industry. Absolute Crime. ISBN 9781492764564.
  32. ^ a b Baig, José. "Mexico's most feared family". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Drug Cartels - ARELLANO Felix Organization". No. DEA Background Information. PBS. PBS Frontline. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  34. ^ "Mexico seizes top drugs suspect". BBC News. October 26, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-27. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  35. ^ a b Juan, Arturo Salinas. "Hijos de Ramón y Javier heredan el cártel de los Arellano". PSN en Linea (in Spanish). PSN en Linea. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  36. ^ Tuckman, Jo (October 6, 2007). "Queen of the Pacific has Mexico hooked as she faces drug charges". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
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