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Missouri Valley Conference

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Missouri Valley Conference
AssociationNCAA
CommissionerDoug Elgin
Sports fielded
  • 18
    • men's: 8
    • women's: 10
DivisionDivision I
Subdivisionnon-football
RegionMidwestern United States
Official websitewww.mvc-sports.com
Locations
Location of teams in {{{title}}}

The Missouri Valley Conference (also called MVC or simply "The Valley") is the second-oldest collegiate athletic conference in the United States. Currently, its members are located in the midwestern United States. The conference participates in the NCAA's Division I.

The MVC was founded in 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MVIAA), 12 years after the Big Ten, the only Division I conference that is older. However, some consider the MVC to have been formed from a split of the MVIAA in 1928. Most of the larger schools formed a conference that retained the MVIAA name and would ultimately become the Big Eight Conference. The smaller schools, plus Oklahoma A&M (now Oklahoma State University–Stillwater, which ultimately joined the Big Eight in 1957), formed the MVC. During the Big Eight's existence, both conferences claimed 1907 as their founding date, as well as the same history through 1927. It was never definitively established which conference was the original, but given that the Big Eight merged with four Texas schools of the Southwest Conference to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996,[1] only the MVC continues to have a claim to the original heritage.

During the 2006–07 college basketball season, MVC teams held a 74–27 non-conference record, including a record of 44–1 at home. The Valley finished in the Top 6 of the RPI and ahead of a BCS conference for the second consecutive year, while also garnering multiple NCAA bids for the ninth straight year and 12th of 14.[2]

The MVC has not sponsored football since 1985, when it was a hybrid I-A/I-AA (now FBS and FCS), respectively. However, five members have football programs in the Missouri Valley Football Conference (known as the Gateway from 1985–2008) of Division I FCS, and a sixth competes in another FCS conference, the Pioneer Football League. The Missouri Valley Conference shares its name with the Missouri Valley Football Conference, and the two also operate from the same headquarters complex in St. Louis. However, the two are separate administratively.

Member schools

Current members

Institution Location Founded Joined Type Enrollment[3] Endowment[3] Nickname Colors U.S. News
Ranking[3]
Bradley University Peoria, Illinois

(119,698)

1897 1948,
1955
Private 5,451 $227,539,450 Braves Red & White
   
4
(Regional-Midwest)
Drake University Des Moines, Iowa

(203,433)

1881 1907,
1956
Private 5,270 $149,284,407 Bulldogs Blue & White
   
3
(Regional-Midwest)
University of Evansville Evansville, Indiana

(120,235)

1854 1994 Private
(Methodist)
2,526 $74,420,319 Purple Aces (most)
Lady Aces (women's basketball)
Purple, White & Orange
     
8
(Regional-Midwest)
Illinois State University Normal, Illinois

(53,837)

1857 1981 Public 20,706 $67,288,958 Redbirds Red & White
   
149
(National)
Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana

(61,112)

1865 1977 Public 13,584 $47,585,398 Sycamores Blue & White
   
Not published
(National)
Loyola University Chicago Chicago, Illinois

(2,718,782)

1870 2013[4] Private
(Catholic/Jesuit)
15,720 $405,955,000 Ramblers Maroon & Gold
   
99
(National)
Missouri State University Springfield, Missouri

(164,122)

1905 1990 Public 20,629 $62,262,517 Bears (men's)
Lady Bears (women's basketball)
Maroon & White
   
64
(Regional-Midwest)
University of Northern Iowa Cedar Falls, Iowa

(39,993)

1876 1991 Public 12,273 $68,600,583 Panthers Purple & Gold
   
18
(Regional-Midwest)
Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois

(26,241)

1869 1975 Public 18,847 $94,596,800 Salukis Maroon & White
   
153
(National)
Wichita State University Wichita, Kansas

(385,577)

1895 1945 Public 14,893 $210,567,384 Shockers Yellow & Black
   
Not published
(National)

† - Bradley and Drake both withdrew from the MVC during the 1951–52 academic year in protest over the Johnny Bright Incident, a racially motivated on-field attack by an Oklahoma A&M football player against Drake player Johnny Bright in a 1951 game. Bradley returned to the MVC for non-football sports in the 1955–56 school year, with Drake doing the same a year later. However, Bradley never returned to MVC football, dropping the sport in 1970, and Drake did not return for football until 1971.

Affiliate members

Note: In the case of spring sports, the year of joining is the calendar year before the start of competition.

Institution Location Founded Joined Type Enrollment Nickname Primary Conference MVC Sports
University of Central Arkansas Conway, Arkansas 1907 2010 Public 13,863 Bears Southland men's soccer
Dallas Baptist University Dallas, Texas 1898 2013 Private 5,545 Patriots Heartland
(NCAA Division II)
baseball
University of Hartford Hartford, Connecticut 1877 2014 Private 6,935 Hawks America East men's tennis
University of Arkansas at Little Rock (Little Rock) Little Rock, Arkansas 1927 2013 Public 13,167 Trojans Sun Belt women's swimming
University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) Catonsville, Maryland 1966 2014 Public 13,908 Retrievers America East men's tennis
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville, Illinois 1957 2010 Public 14,265 Cougars OVC men's soccer
Stony Brook University, SUNY Stony Brook, New York 1957 2014 Public 24,594 Seawolves America East men's tennis

Former members

Former full members

Institution Location Founded Joined Left Type Enrollment Nickname Current Conference
Butler University Indianapolis, Indiana 1855 1932 1934 Private 4,667 Bulldogs Big East
University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio 1819 1957 1969 Public 42,421 Bearcats The American
Creighton University Omaha, Nebraska 1878 1928,
1976[n 1]
1948,
2013
Private 7,730 Bluejays Big East
University of Detroit[n 2] Detroit, Michigan 1877 1949 1956 Private 5,450 Titans Horizon
Grinnell College Grinnell, Iowa 1846 1918 1939 Private 1,688 Pioneers Midwest
(NCAA Division III)
University of Houston Houston, Texas 1927 1951 1959 Public 39,820 Cougars The American
University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 1847 1907 1908 Public 30,328 Hawkeyes Big Ten
Iowa State College[n 3] Ames, Iowa 1858 1907 1928 Public 29,887 Cyclones Big 12
University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 1865 1907 1928 Public 29,462 Jayhawks Big 12
Kansas State College[n 4] Manhattan, Kansas 1863 1913 1928 Public 23,863 Wildcats Big 12
University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky 1798 1963 1974 Public 19,743 Cardinals ACC
Memphis State University[n 5] Memphis, Tennessee 1912 1968 1973 Public 23,031 Tigers The American
University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri 1839 1907 1928 Public 33,805 Tigers SEC
University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska 1869 1907,
1921
1919,
1928
Public 24,593 Cornhuskers Big Ten
New Mexico State University Las Cruces, New Mexico 1888 1970 1983 Public 18,497 Aggies WAC
North Texas State University[n 6] Denton, Texas 1890 1957 1974 Public 35,694 Mean Green C-USA
University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma 1890 1919 1928 Public 30,303 Sooners Big 12
Oklahoma A&M College[n 7] Stillwater, Oklahoma 1890 1925 1956 Public 21,419 Aggies/Cowboys[n 8] Big 12
Saint Louis University St. Louis, Missouri 1818 1937 1974 Private 13,785 Billikens Atlantic 10
University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma 1894 1935 1996 Private 4,165 Golden Hurricane The American
Washburn University Topeka, Kansas 1865 1935 1942 Public 7,303 Ichabods MIAA
(NCAA Division II)
Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri 1853 1907 1942 Private 14,070 Bears UAA
(NCAA Division III)
West Texas State University[n 9] Canyon, Texas 1910 1972 1985 Public 7,843 Buffaloes Lone Star
(NCAA Division II)
Notes
  1. ^ Creighton previously withdrew from the MVC from 1948-49 to 1975-76
  2. ^ Currently known as the University of Detroit Mercy.
  3. ^ Currently known as Iowa State University.
  4. ^ Currently known as Kansas State University.
  5. ^ Currently known as the University of Memphis.
  6. ^ Currently known as the University of North Texas.
  7. ^ Currently known as Oklahoma State University–Stillwater.
  8. ^ During Oklahoma A&M's tenure in the MVC, the nicknames "Aggies" and "Cowboys" were used interchangeably. When the school adopted its current name in 1957, the "Cowboys" nickname was exclusively adopted.
  9. ^ Currently known as West Texas A&M University.

Former affiliate members

Institution Location Founded Joined Left Type Enrollment Nickname Primary Conference MVC Sports
University of Arkansas at Little Rock Little Rock, Arkansas 1927 1998-99 1999-2000 Public 13,167 Trojans Sun Belt women's soccer
Belmont University Nashville, Tennessee 1890 2000-01 2000-01 Private 6,374 Bruins OVC
(Horizon League for men's soccer)
men's soccer
Drury University Springfield, Missouri 1873 1999-2000 2004-05 Private 5,474 Panthers GLVC
(NCAA Division II)
women's soccer
Eastern Illinois University Charleston, Illinois 1895 1996-97 2010-11 Public 11,651 Panthers OVC
(The Summit League for men's soccer)
men's soccer
Southern Methodist University University Park, Texas 1911 2000-01 2004-05 Private 12,000 Mustangs The American men's soccer
Texas Christian University Fort Worth, Texas 1873 2000-01 2000-01 Private 9,518 Horned Frogs Big 12 men's soccer[A 1]
University of Tulsa[A 2] Tulsa, Oklahoma 1894 2000-01 2004-05 Private 4,165 Golden Hurricane The American men's soccer
Valparaiso University Valparaiso, Indiana 1859 1996-97 1998-99 Private 4,061 Crusaders Horizon League women's soccer
Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee 1873 1997-98 2005-06 Private 12,714 Commodores SEC men's soccer[A 3]
Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, Kentucky 1906 1997-98 2007-08 Public 21,048 Hilltoppers C-USA men's soccer[A 4]
Notes
  1. ^ TCU dropped men's soccer after the 2002 season.
  2. ^ Tulsa, a full member from 1935 to 1996, re-joined the MVC only for men's soccer from 2000 to 2005.
  3. ^ Vanderbilt dropped men's soccer after the 2005 season.
  4. ^ WKU dropped men's soccer after the 2007 season.

Membership timeline

Locations of current Missouri Valley Conference full member institutions.
University of Maryland, Baltimore CountyStony Brook UniversityUniversity of HartfordDallas Baptist UniversityLoyola University ChicagoUniversity of Central ArkansasSouthern Illinois University EdwardsvilleBelmont UniversityTexas Christian UniversitySouthern Methodist UniversityDrury UniversityUniversity of Arkansas at Little RockVanderbilt UniversityWestern Kentucky UniversityValparaiso UniversityUniversity of Eastern IllinoisUniversity of EvansvilleUniversity of Northern IowaMissouri State UniversityIllinois State UniversityIndiana State UniversitySouthern Illinois University CarbondaleWest Texas A&M UniversityNew Mexico State UniversityUniversity of MemphisUniversity of LouisvilleUniversity of North TexasUniversity of CincinnatiUniversity of HoustonUniversity of Detroit MercyBradley UniversityWichita State UniversitySaint Louis UniversityWashburn UniversityUniversity of TulsaButler UniversityCreighton UniversityOklahoma State University–StillwaterUniversity of OklahomaGrinnell CollegeKansas State UniversityWashington University in St. LouisUniversity of NebraskaUniversity of MissouriUniversity of KansasIowa State UniversityUniversity of IowaDrake University

Full members (non-football) (Full members) Assoc. members (football only) Assoc. member (other sports)

Commissioners

  1. C.E. McClung (1907 – 19??)[5]
  2. Arthur (Artie) E. Eilers (1925 – 1957)[5]
  3. Norvell Neve (1957 – 1969)[5][6]
  4. DeWitt T. Weaver (1969 – 1972)[5]
  5. Mickey Holmes (1972 – 1979)[7][5]
  6. David Price (1979 – 1981)[8][5]
  7. Richard D. Martin (1981 – 1985)[5]
  8. James A. Haney (1985 – 1988)[9][5]
  9. Doug Elgin (1988 – present)[5][10]

Sports

Former Missouri Valley Conference logo

The Missouri Valley Conference sponsors championship competition in eight men's and ten women's NCAA sanctioned sports.[11] Central Arkansas and SIU Edwardsville are Affiliate members for men's soccer, Dallas Baptist is an Affiliate member for baseball, and Arkansas-Little Rock is an Affiliate member for swimming and diving.

Teams in Missouri Valley Conference competition
Sport Men's Women's
Baseball
8
-
Basketball
10
10
Cross Country
9
10
Golf
9
10
Soccer
7
7
Softball
-
10
Swimming & Diving
-
6
Tennis
7
8
Track and Field (Indoor)
7
9
Track and Field (outdoor)
8
9
Volleyball
-
10

Men's sponsored sports by school

School Baseball Basketball Cross
Country
Golf Soccer Tennis Track & Field
(Indoor)
Track & Field
(Outdoor)
Total MVC
Sports
Bradley Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY 6
Drake Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 7
Evansville Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN 5
Illinois State Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 7
Indiana State Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY 5
Loyola Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Green tickY 6
Missouri State Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Red XN 4
Northern Iowa Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY 5
Southern Illinois Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 7
Wichita State Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 7
Totals 7+1* 10 9 9 5+2** 4+3*** 7 8 59+6
  • * = Baseball associate Dallas Baptist
  • ** = Soccer associates Central Arkansas and SIU Edwardsville
  • *** = Tennis associates Hartford, Stony Brook, and UMBC

Men's varsity sports not sponsored by the Missouri Valley Conference which are played by Valley schools:

School Football Swimming & Diving Volleyball Wrestling
Drake Pioneer League No No No
Evansville No MAC No No
Illinois State MVFC No No No
Indiana State MVFC No No No
Loyola No No MIVA No
Missouri State MVFC MAC No No
Northern Iowa MVFC No No MAC
Southern Illinois MVFC MAC No No

Women's sponsored sports by school

School Basketball Cross
Country
Golf Soccer Softball Swimming Tennis Track & Field
(Indoor)
Track & Field
(Outdoor)
Volleyball Total MVC
Sports
Bradley Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 8
Drake Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 9
Evansville Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY 8
Illinois State Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 10
Indiana State Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 8
Loyola Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 8
Missouri State Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 10
Northern Iowa Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 10
Southern Illinois Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 9
Wichita State Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Red XN Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 8
Totals 10 10 10 7 10 5+1* 8 9 9 10 88+1
  • * = Affiliate Arkansas–Little Rock (UALR).

Women's varsity sports not sponsored by the Missouri Valley Conference which are played by Valley schools:

School Field hockey Gymnastics Rowing
Drake No No MAAC
Illinois State No MIC No
Missouri State MAC No No

Facilities

School Soccer stadium Capacity Basketball arena Capacity Softball field Capacity Baseball field Capacity
Bradley Shea Stadium 3,800 Peoria Civic Center (men)
Renaissance Coliseum (women)
11,164
4,200
Laura Bradley Park Dozer Park 7,500
Drake James W. Cownie Soccer Complex 2,000 Knapp Center 7,152 Ron Buel Field 500 Non-baseball school
Evansville Arad McCutchan Stadium 2,500 Ford Center 10,000 James & Dorothy
Cooper Stadium
650 Charles H. Braun Stadium 1,200
Illinois State Adelaide Street Field 1,000 Redbird Arena 10,200 Marian Kneer
Softball Stadium
1,050 Duffy Bass Field 1,200
Indiana State Non-soccer school Hulman Center 10,200 Price Field At
Eleanor Forsythe St. John
Softball Complex
700 Sycamore Stadium 1,000
Loyola Loyola Soccer Park Joseph J. Gentile Arena 4,486 Loyola Softball Park 500 Non-baseball school
Missouri State Betty and Bobby Allison South Stadium 1,000 JQH Arena 11,000 Killian Softball Stadium 1,200 Hammons Field 7,986
Northern Iowa Cedar Valley Soccer Complex McLeod Center 7,018 Robinson-Dresser
Sports Complex
Non-baseball school
Southern Illinois Non-soccer school SIU Arena 8,339 Charlotte West Stadium 502 Abe Martin Field 2,000
Wichita State Non-soccer school Charles Koch Arena 10,506 Wilkins Stadium 1,000 Eck Stadium 7,851
Affiliate Members
Central Arkansas Bill Stephens Track/Soccer Complex 400–bleachers
+ lawn seating
Soccer-only member
Dallas Baptist Baseball-only member Horner Ballpark 2,000
SIU Edwardsville Ralph Korte Stadium 4,000 Soccer-only member
Note
  1. For the football venues of schools who participate in the sport, see Facilities of the Missouri Valley Football Conference and Facilities of the Pioneer Football League.

Basketball tournament champions by year

The Missouri Valley Conference Men's Basketball Championship is often referred to as Arch Madness, in reference to the Gateway Arch at the tournament's present location of St. Louis, Missouri, and a play on "March Madness".

Season Men's Champion Women's Champion
1977 Southern Illinois No Tournament
1978 Creighton No Tournament
1979 Indiana State No Tournament
1980 Bradley No Tournament
1981 Creighton No Tournament
1982 Tulsa No Tournament
1983 Illinois State Illinois State
1984 Tulsa No Tournament
1985 Wichita State No Tournament
1986 Tulsa No Tournament
1987 Wichita State Southern Illinois
1988 Bradley Eastern Illinois
1989 Creighton Illinois State
1990 Illinois State Southern Illinois
1991 Creighton Missouri State
1992 Missouri State Missouri State
1993 Southern Illinois Missouri State
1994 Southern Illinois Missouri State
1995 Southern Illinois Drake
1996 Tulsa Missouri State
1997 Illinois State Illinois State
1998 Illinois State Illinois State
1999 Creighton Evansville
2000 Creighton Drake
2001 Indiana State Missouri State
2002 Creighton Creighton
2003 Creighton Missouri State
2004 Northern Iowa Missouri State
2005 Creighton Illinois State
2006 Southern Illinois Missouri State
2007 Creighton Drake
2008 Drake Illinois State
2009 Northern Iowa Evansville
2010 Northern Iowa Northern Iowa
2011 Indiana State Missouri State
2012 Creighton Creighton
2013 Creighton Wichita State
2014 Wichita State Wichita State
2015 Northern Iowa Wichita State
2016

NB: Missouri State was known as Southwest Missouri State until August 2005.

National team titles by institution

School - Number - NCAA Championships

  • Bradley - 0 [12]
  • Drake - 3 [12]
  • Evansville - 0+5* [12]
  • Illinois State - 0+1* [12]
  • Indiana State - 1 [12]
  • Loyola University Chicago - 2 [12]
  • Missouri State - 0 +2* [12]
  • Northern Iowa - 1+2* [12]
  • Southern Illinois - 5+3* [12]
  • Wichita State - 1 [12]

NCAA Championships as of March, 2013

(*-Titles won by schools in Division II/College Division prior to their moving to Division I in the late 1960s or early 1970s.)

Football poll, Helms and AIAW titles are not included in the NCAA Championship count.

Men's basketball attendance

2014–15 Men's Basketball Avg. Attendance
School Average Attendance
Wichita State 10,732
Bradley 6,608
Indiana State 5,946
Southern Illinois 5,223
Missouri State 5,217
Illinois State 4,842
UNI 4,693
Evansville 4,546
Drake 3,726
Loyola Chicago 1,928

Sources:[13][14][15]

The Valley is well known for having some of the most dedicated fanbases in all of college basketball, with several members regularly selling out their large arenas on a nightly basis throughout the year. One member (Wichita State) sold out every single game for the 2006–07 season and in 2012-13 averaged 10,312 attendees in their 10,506 seat arena. Former member (Creighton) had the sixth highest attendance for Division I in 2012-13 while Wichita State, Bradley, Illinois State, Missouri State, and Indiana State were all among the NCAA's top 100 teams in home attendance.

In 2010–11, 2011–12, and 2012–13, the Valley maintained its position as the eighth ranked conference in average attendance.

The Valley made history in March 2007 with record attendance for four days at St. Louis' Scottrade Center as 85,074 fans turned out to watch the five sessions of the tournament. The two sellout crowds of 22,612 for the semifinals and final of the 2007 State Farm Tournament set an all-time attendance record for basketball at the arena and also gave The Valley the distinction of having the largest championship crowd for any of the 30 NCAA conference tournaments in 2007.[16]

Football champions by year

See also

References

  1. ^ "Merger Creates Dynamite Dozen". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  2. ^ "MVC in the NCAA and NIT" (PDF).
  3. ^ a b c "US News Education - Best Colleges - Best Graduate Schools - Online Schools - US News". US News & World Report. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  4. ^ ""Loyola Joins Missouri Valley Conference," Loyola University Chicago Athletics, Friday, April 19, 2013". Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "2011-12 Missouri Valley Conference women's basketball media guide" (PDF). Missouri Valley Conference. 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  6. ^ "ACC Jobs Expected To Be Filled". Greensboro, North Carolina: Radford News Journal. April 29, 1969. pp. 8 (on page 5). Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  7. ^ Gregorian, Vahe (September 10, 2012). "FCS foes could pose problems for Mizzou, Illini; Former MVC head dies". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  8. ^ Missouri Valley Conference 75 1981 Football/Anniversary Issue. Missouri Valley Conference. p. Page 2.
  9. ^ Weyler, John (March 9, 1988). "Haney Expected to Get PCAA Job : Missouri Valley Commissioner May Be Named This Week". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  10. ^ "Doug Elgin, current Commissioner". MVC-Sports.com. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  11. ^ "Missouri Valley Conference Sports". MVC-Sports.com. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "National Team Titles by Institution" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  13. ^ http://www.ncaa.org/championships/statistics/ncaa-mens-basketball-attendance
  14. ^ "Official NCAA attendance figures".
  15. ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/m_basketball_RB/2013/2013%2007%20Attendance%20section%2010-18.pdf
  16. ^ "MVC official site:"This is the MVC"".

External links