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National Socialist Motor Corps

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NSKK flag
NSKK standard

The National Socialist Motor Corps (German: Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrkorps, NSKK)[1] was a paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) that officially existed from May 1931 to 1945. The group was a successor organization to the older National Socialist Automobile Corps (NSAK), which had existed since April 1930.

The NSKK served as a training organization, mainly instructing members in the operation and maintenance of high-performance motorcycles and automobiles. The NSKK was further used to transport NSDAP and SA officials/members. The NSKK also served as a roadside assistance group in the mid-1930s, comparable to the modern-day American Automobile Association or the British Automobile Association. With the outbreak of World War II NSKK ranks were recruited to serve in the transport corps of various German military branches. There was also a French section of the NSKK which was organized after the German occupation of France began in 1940. The NSKK was the smallest of the Nazi Party organizations.

History

The National Socialist Motor Corps (NSKK) was a successor organization to the older National Socialist Automobile Corps (NSAK), which had existed since being formed on 1 April 1930.[2] Legends about the actual emergence of the NSKK go back as far as 1922 however, when the publisher of the Völkischer Beobachter (People's Observer), Dietrich Eckart, allegedly purchased trucks so the SA could perform their missions and transport propaganda materials.[3] Martin Bormann founded the NSAK, which itself was the successor to the SA Motor Squadrons (Kraftfahrstaffeln).[2][4] Hitler made the NSAK an official Nazi organization on 1 April 1930.[3] The NSAK was responsible for co-ordinating the donated use of motor vehicles belonging to party members, and later expanded to training members in automotive skills.[4] Adolf Hühnlein was appointed the leader of the NSAK which was to serve primarily as a motorized corps of the Sturmabteilung (SA).[2] Hühnlein became the organization's "nucleus".[5]

The organization's name was changed to the National Socialist Motor Corps (Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrkorps-NSKK),[6] becoming official on 1 May 1931.[2] It was essentially a paramilitary organization with its own system of paramilitary ranks and the smallest of the NSDAP organizations. Despite its relatively smaller size, when the Nazis celebrated Braunschweiger SA-day on 18 October 1931, the NSKK had upwards of 5,000 vehicles at its disposal to move men and materials.[7]

The primary aim of the Corps was to educate its members in motoring skills or what the NSKK called "fitness in motoring skills" (motorische Ertüchtigung),[8] but it also transported NSDAP and SA officials.[2] In the mid-1930s, the NSKK also served as a roadside assistance group, comparable to the modern-day American Automobile Association or the British Automobile Association.

Membership in the NSKK did not require any prior knowledge of automobiles. It was thought that training in the NSKK would make up for any previous lack of knowledge. The NSKK did, however, adhere to Nazi racial doctrine and screened its members for Aryan qualities. Under the guidance of the police, numerous NSKK men were stationed at traffic junctions and trained in traffic control.[9]

Adolf Hühnlein (on the right side behind Hitler) 1933 at the ground-breaking ceremony of the Reichsautobahn

On 20 July 1934, three weeks after the major purge the SA suffered during the Night of the Long Knives, the NSKK was separated and promoted into an independent NSDAP organization.[10] From 1935 onward, the NSKK also provided training for Panzer crews and drivers of the German Army.[1] The NSKK had two "smaller branches" within the organization known as the Motor-Hitler Youth (Motor-Hitlerjugend; Motor-HJ) and Naval NSKK (Marine-NSKK).[2] The Motor-HJ branch was formed by Youth Leader Baldur von Schirach after he became a member of the NSKK. It operated 350 of its own vehicles for educational and training purposes.[9] The Naval NSKK trained men in the operation and maintenance of boats.[2]

During the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, the NSKK assumed responsibility for a variety of transport tasks, proving themselves effective at political propaganda by transporting foreign visitors around on designated tours.[11] By 1938, NSKK members were undergoing mechanical and operational training for both civilian and military type vehicles.[2] Over time, the training at NSKK schools became primarily focused on military related tasks.[12] For services to the NSKK and due in part to the general success of the NSKK, Hühnlein was promoted to the position of a Reichsleiter of the NSDAP in 1938.[11] Hühnlein was NSKK Korpsführer (Corps Leader) from 1931 until his death in 1942, when Erwin Krauss took over.[13]

Affiliation with other Nazi organizations and the Second World War

Sometime in August 1938, the NSKK began its services as a courier for the Organization Todt (OT) during the construction of the Western Wall. Members of the NSKK transported classified documents, important reports and announcements, construction plans, and routine papers to and from the organization's headquarters. Exemplary services provided to the Organization Todt resulted in Reichsleiter Hühnlein being given oversight for the transportation needs related to the task.[14] Over 15,000 trucks went into operation, delivering building materials to the 22,000 individual construction sites of the Western Wall. Daily movements of the 200,000 workers required over 5,000 buses to get the workers to and from the construction sites.[15]

Concomitant to the support provided to Organization Todt during the construction of the West Wall by the NSKK, the organization was also tasked by Hitler's chief architect, Albert Speer. He founded a unit known as the Transport Brigade Speer which was organized under the auspices of military considerations, dividing them accordingly into regiments, divisions, companies and platoons. On 27 January 1939, Hitler made the NSKK the sole authority for motor-vehicle related military training.[11] Shortly thereafter, the NSKK was divided into 5 main groups and 23 subordinate motor groups. Approximate manpower strength of the NSKK reached nearly half a million men at this stage with its leadership operating primarily out of Munich and Berlin.[16]

With the outbreak of World War II in Europe on 1 September 1939, the National Socialist Motor Corps became a target for army recruitment, since NSKK members possessed knowledge of motorized transport, a coveted skill when the bulk of German ground forces relied on horses. The NSKK was used to transport German Army troops, supplies and ammunition.[2] By the time the Second World War began, the NSKK had already trained some 200,000 men at its 21 training facilities.[8]

During field operations in the Soviet Union, the NSKK members of the Transport Brigade Speer followed Army Group South, providing infrastructural backup and replenishment. Members of the Transport Brigade Speer wore either the gray-blue uniform of the Luftwaffe or the brown uniform of Speer's staff. NSKK men working for Organization Todt became members of the "NSKK Transport Brigade Todt" which were further divided into individual Motor Groups in the occupied territories.[17]

Major units of the NSKK were formed by 1944, operating throughout Germany. There were two full brigades of the NSKK supporting the Luftwaffe; a Motorobergruppe Alpenland in the Austrian Alps; Motorobergruppe Mitte (middle) which operated in Berlin, Franconia, and the Lower Rhine; Motorobergruppe Nord (north) which covered Hamburg, Lower Saxony, the Baltic Sea and Schleswig-Holstein; Motorobergruppe Nordost (northeast) in Danzig, East Prussia, and Wartheland; Motorobergruppe Ost (east) for Leipzig, Lower and Upper Silesia; Motorobergruppe Süd (south) which served Bavaria and Hochland; Motorobergruppe Südwest (southwest) for the Rhine-Moselle, and Swabian regions; Motorobergruppe Südost (southeast) covering the Upper and Lower Danube, Sudetenland; and Motorobergruppe West (west) which was responsible for Hessen, Thuringia, and Westphalia. Moreover, there were also NSKK units assigned to Organization Todt, operating in France, Italy and Russia.[18] Historian Peter Longerich suggests that members of the NSKK along with the para-military police, the Waffen-SS, and the German Army were all culpable in varying degrees for large-scale arrests, torture, and mass executions.[19]

French NSKK

The French section of the NSKK began shortly after the German occupation of France in 1940. However, the section was not officially recognized until July 1942. The main office was in Paris, but recruitment occurred throughout France. By the end of 1942 there was one company of 200 men; by the end of World War II there had been seven companies raised.[20] The men had to sign up for two years of service. The French NSKK was originally attached to the Luftwaffe, although they wore the standard NSKK uniforms and used it rank system. They did have their own arm badge with the colors of the French flag. The first version had "NSKK" in black letters across the top of the shield; the second version had the word "France" in black letters across the top of the shield.[21]

The original unit was officially known as NSKK Gruppe Luftwaffe and a second one was known as NSKK Transportgruppe Todt.[22] At Melun, the NSKK had it own driving school for French recruits and others from European countries. Before the Schutzstaffel (SS) began to openly recruit members into the Waffen-SS, Frenchmen used the NSKK as a "back-door" to get into the Waffen-SS to fight on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Union. Some French NSKK men were sent to the Eastern Front in a group known as NSKK Einsatzgruppe Russland.[23]

In September 1944, the Waffen-Grenadier-Brigade der SS "Charlemagne", was formed. It was formed from the Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism or LVF and the SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade France. Joining them were French collaborators fleeing the Allied advance in the west, as well as Frenchmen from the German Navy, the NSKK, the Organisation Todt and the detested Milice security police.[24] In February 1945, the Waffen-Grenadier-Brigade der SS "Charlemagne" was officially upgraded to a division and became known as the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French).[25]

End of the NSKK

The NSKK was the smallest of the Nazi Party organizations. The Corps was disbanded in May 1945 and the group was declared a "condemned organization" at the Nuremberg Trials (although not a criminal one). This was due in part to the NSKK’s origins in the SA and the racial requirements for membership.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b McNab 2011, p. 45.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Askey 2014, p. 167.
  3. ^ a b Seidler 1984, p. 625.
  4. ^ a b Lang 1979, p. 55.
  5. ^ Bracher 1970, p. 96.
  6. ^ Broszat 1981, p. 37.
  7. ^ Seidler 1984, p. 626.
  8. ^ a b Zentner & Bedürftig 1991, p. 635.
  9. ^ a b Seidler 1984, pp. 626–627.
  10. ^ McNab 2013, p. 20.
  11. ^ a b c Seidler 1984, p. 627.
  12. ^ Kammer & Bartsch 1999, p. 173.
  13. ^ Hamilton 1984, pp. 287, 288.
  14. ^ Seidler 1984, p. 632.
  15. ^ Seidler 1984, pp. 632–633.
  16. ^ Seidler 1984, p. 628.
  17. ^ Seidler 1984, p. 633.
  18. ^ Lepage 2015, p. 117.
  19. ^ Longerich 2010, p. 145.
  20. ^ Littlejohn 1987, p. 161.
  21. ^ Littlejohn 1987, pp. 161, 163.
  22. ^ Littlejohn 1987, p. 163.
  23. ^ Littlejohn 1987, p. 165.
  24. ^ Littlejohn 1987, pp. 146, 158–161, 169.
  25. ^ Littlejohn 1987, pp. 170, 172.

References

  • Askey, Nigel (2014). Operation Barbarossa: The Complete Organisational Statistical Analysis Vol. IIb. Lulu. ISBN 978-1312413269. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bracher, Karl-Dietrich (1970). The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism. New York: Praeger Publishers. ASIN B001JZ4T16. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Broszat, Martin (1981). The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich. London and New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-48997-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hamilton, Charles (1984). Leaders & Personalities of the Third Reich, Vol. 1. San Jose, CA: R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 0-912138-27-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Kammer, Hilde; Bartsch, Elisabet (1999). Lexikon Nationalsozialismus: Begriffe, Organisationen und Institutionen (in German). Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch. ISBN 3-499-60795-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Lang, Jochen von (1979). The Secretary. Martin Bormann: The Man Who Manipulated Hitler. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-50321-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G (2015). Hitler's Armed Forces Auxiliaries. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-49745-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Littlejohn, David (1987). Foreign Legions of the Third Reich Vol. 1 Norway, Denmark, France. Bender Publishing. ISBN 978-0912138176. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-60073-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • McNab, Chris (2011). Hitler's Masterplan. Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1907446962. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • McNab, Chris (2013). Hitler's Elite: The SS 1939–45. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1782000884. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Seidler, Franz (1984). "Das Nationalsozialistische Kraftfahrkorps und die Organisation Todt im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Die Entwicklung des NSKK bis 1939". Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (in German). 32 (4). Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH: 625–636. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1991). The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. (2 vols.) New York: MacMillan Publishing. ISBN 0-02-897500-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
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