New World crops
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The phrase "New World crops" is usually used to describe crops that were native to North and South America before 1492 and not found anywhere else in the world at that time. Many of these crops have since come to be grown around the world and have often become an integral part of various old world cultures' cuisines.
Examples
| Grains | Little barley, maize (corn), maygrass, wild rice |
|---|---|
| Pseudograins | Amaranth, knotweed, goosefoot (quinoa), sunflower |
| Beans | Common bean, lima bean, peanut, scarlet runner bean, tepary bean |
| Fiber | Agave, yucca, long-staple and upland cotton |
| Roots and Tubers | Arracacha, arrowroot, jicama, Camas root, hopniss, leren, manioc (yuca, cassava), mashua or cubio, oca, potato, sweet potato, ulluco, yacon |
| Fruits | Avocado, blueberry, cherimoya, cranberry, curuba, feijoa, granadilla or lulo, guava (guayaba), huckleberry, papaya, pawpaw, passionfruit, peppers, pineapple, prickly pear (tuna), soursop, commercial strawberries, tomato, tomatillo |
| Melons | Chayote, squashes (including pumpkins) |
| Nuts | American chestnut, Black walnut, Brazil nut, cashew, hickory, pecan, shagbark hickory |
| Other | Achiote (annatto), canna, chicle (key ingredient in chewing gum and rubber), coca, cocoa, cochineal (red dye), logwood, maple syrup, poinsettia, rubber, tobacco, vanilla |
Agriculture
The new world developed agriculture about 1500 years after it was first practiced in part of the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East. The following table illustrates the crops that were grown and the chronology of domestication.
| Date | Crops | Location |
|---|---|---|
| 8000 BC[2] | Squash | Oaxaca, Mexico |
| 8000-5000 BC[3] | Potato | Peruvian Andes |
| 6000-4000 BC[4] | Peppers | Oaxaca, Mexico |
| 5500 BC[5] | Peanut | South America |
| 4200 BC[2][6] | Maize | Guerrero, Mexico |
| 2500 BC[7] | Cotton | Peru |
| 5000 BC[8] | Avocado | Mexico |
| 4000 BC | Common bean | Central America |
| 2000 BC | Sunflowers Beans |
|
| 1500 BC[9] | Cocoa | Mexico |
| 1500 BC[10] | Sweet potato | Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia |
See also
- Columbian Exchange
- First agricultural revolution
- Neolithic founder crops
- Timeline of agriculture and food technology
References
- ^ Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs and Steel, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, p. 126.
- ^ a b Smith, Bruce D. (February 2001). "Documenting plant domestication: The consilience of biological and archaeological approaches". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (4): 1324–1326. doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.1324. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
- ^ Spooner, DM; et al. (2005). "A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping". PNAS. 102 (41): 14694–99. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507400102. PMC 1253605. PMID 16203994.
- ^ Perry, Linda; Kent V. Flannery (July 17, 2007). "Precolumbian use of chili peppers in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (29): 11905–11909. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704936104. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
- ^ "Earliest-Known Evidence Of Peanut, Cotton And Squash Farming Found". Science Daily. June 29, 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
- ^ Ranere, Anthony J.; Dolores R. Piper; Irene Holst; Ruth Dickau; José Iriarte (January 23, 2009). "The cultural and chronological context of early Holocene maize and squash domestication in the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (13): 5014–5018. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812590106. PMC 2664064. PMID 19307573. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
- ^ "Cotton: The Fiber of Life". McGraw Hill. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
- ^ Galindo-Tovar, María Elena; Arzate-Fernández, Amaury M.; Ogata-Aguilar, Nisao; Landero-Torres, Ivonne (2007). "The avocado (Persea americana, Lauraceae) crop in Mesoamerica: 10,000 years of history" (PDF). Harvard Papers in Botany. 12 (2): 325–334, page 325. doi:10.3100/1043-4534(2007)12[325:TAPALC]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 41761865. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|last-author-amp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ "History of Chocolate Timeline - Origin of Chocolate". thenibble.com.
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