GRB 080916C - the most powerful Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) ever recorded - total 'apparent'/isotropic (not corrected for beaming) energy output estimated at 8.8 × 1047 joules (8.8 × 1054 erg), or 4.9 times the sun’s mass turned to energy.[216]
The joule is named after James Prescott Joule. As with every SI unit named for a person, its symbol starts with an upper case letter (J), but when written in full, it follows the rules for capitalisation of a common noun; i.e., joule becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case.
^Adams, John. "400 GeV Proton Synchrotron". Excertp from the CERN Annual Report 1976. CERN. Retrieved 14 November 2011. A circulating proton beam of 400 GeV energy was first achieved in the SPS on 17 June 1976
^Calculated: 400×109 eV × 1.6×10−19J/eV = 6.4×10−8J
^
Bird, D. J. (March 1995). "Detection of a cosmic ray with measured energy well beyond the expected spectral cutoff due to cosmic microwave radiation". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 441 (1): 144–150. arXiv:astro-ph/9410067. Bibcode:1995ApJ...441..144B. doi:10.1086/175344.
^"Ionizing Radiation". General Chemistry Topic Review: Nuclear Chemistry. Bodner Research Web. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
^"Vertical Jump Test". Topend Sports. Retrieved 12 December 2011. 41–50 cm (males) 31–40 cm (females)
^"Mass of an Adult". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 13 December 2011. 70 kg
^Kinetic energy at start of jump = potential energy at high point of jump. Using a mass of 70 kg and a high point of 40 cm => energy = m×g×h = 70 kg × 9.8 m/s2 × 40×10−2 m = 274J
^Greenspun, Philip. "Studio Photography". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2011. Most serious studio photographers start with about 2000 watts-seconds{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ab4.2×109J/ton of TNT-equivalent × (1 ton/1×106 grams) = 4.2×103J/gram of TNT-equivalent
^".458 Winchester Magnum"(PDF). Accurate Powder. Western Powders Inc. Archived from the original(pdf) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^Calculated: Using car weights of 1 ton to 5 tons. E = 1/2 m×v2 = 1/2 × (1×103 kg) × (55 mph × 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 3.0×105J. E = 1/2 × (5×103 kg) × (55 mph × 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 15×105J.
^Muller, Richard A. "Kinetic Energy in a meteor". Old Physics 10 notes. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^Calculated: KE = 1/2 × 2×103 kg × (32 m/s)2 = 1.0×106J
^"Watts/kg". Flamme Rouge. Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^Smith, Chris. "How do Thunderstorms Work?". The Naked Scientists. Retrieved 15 November 2011. It discharges about 1–10 billion joules of energy
^"Powering up ATLAS's mega magnet". Spotlight on... CERN. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011. magnetic energy of 1.1 Gigajoules{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^"200 Mile-Per-Gallon Cars?". Archived from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011. a gallon of gas ... 125 million joules of energy{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ abc"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^Weston, Kenneth. "Chapter 10. Nuclear Power Plants"(pdf). Energy Conversion. Retrieved 13 December 2011. The thermal efficiency of a CANDU plant is only about 29%
^"The wizards of orbits". European Space Agency. Retrieved 10 December 2011. The International Space Station, for example, flies at 7.7 km/s in one of the lowest practicable orbits
^Calculated: E = 1/2 m.v2 = 1/2 × 417000 kg × (7700m/s)2 = 1.2×1013J
^Calculated: E = mc2 = 1 kg × (2.998×108 m/s)2 = 8.99×1016J
^"USGS Energy and Broadband Solution". National Earthquake Information Center, US Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 4 April 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^Final number is computed. Energy Outlook 2007 shows 15.9% of world energy is nuclear. IAEA estimates conventional uranium stock, at today's prices is sufficient for 85 years. Convert billion kilowatt-hours to joules then: 6.25×1019×0.159×85 = 8.01×1020.
^Calculated: "6608.9 trillion cubic feet" => 6608.9×103 billion cubic feet × 0.025 million tonnes of oil equivalent/billion cubic feet × 1×106 tonnes of oil equivalent/million tonnes of oil equivalent × 42×109J/tonne of oil equivalent = 6.9×1021J
^Calculated: "188.8 thousand million tonnes" => 188.8×109 tonnes of oil × 42×109J/tonne of oil = 7.9×1021J
^Calculated: 860938 million tonnes of coal => 860938×106 tonnes of coal × (1/1.5 tonne of oil equivalent / tonne of coal) × 42×109J/tonne of oil equivalent = 2.4×1022J
^ Chandrasekhar, S. 1939, An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure (Chicago: U. of Chicago; reprinted in New York: Dover), section 9, eqs. 90–92, p. 51 (Dover edition) Lang, K. R. 1980, Astrophysical Formulae (Berlin: Springer Verlag), p. 272
^Frail, D. A.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Sari, R.; Djorgovski, S. G.; Bloom, J. S.; Galama, T. J.; Reichart, D. E.; Berger, E.; Harrison, F. A.; Price, P. A.; Yost, S. A.; Diercks, A.; Goodrich, R. W.; Chaffee, F. (2001). "Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence for a Standard Energy Reservoir". The Astrophysical Journal. 562: L55. arXiv:astro-ph/0102282. Bibcode:2001ApJ...562L..55F. doi:10.1086/338119. "the gamma-ray energy release, corrected for geometry, is narrowly clustered around 5 × 1050 erg"
^Khokhlov, A.; Mueller, E.; Hoeflich, P.; Mueller; Hoeflich (1993). "Light curves of Type IA supernova models with different explosion mechanisms". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 270 (1–2): 223–248. Bibcode:1993A&A...270..223K.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Dong, S.; Shappee, B. J.; Prieto, J. L.; Jha, S. W.; Stanek, K. Z.; Holoien, T. W.- S.; Kochanek, C. S.; Thompson, T. A.; Morrell, N.; Thompson, I. B.; et al. (15 January 2016). "ASASSN-15lh: A highly super-luminous supernova". Science. 351 (6270): 257–260. arXiv:1507.03010. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..257D. doi:10.1126/science.aac9613. PMID26816375.
^McBreen, S; Krühler, T; Rau, A; Greiner, J; Kann, D. A; Savaglio, S; Afonso, P; Clemens, C; Filgas, R; Klose, S; Küpüc Yoldas, A; Olivares E, F; Rossi, A; Szokoly, G. P; Updike, A; Yoldas, A (2010). "Optical and near-infrared follow-up observations of four Fermi/LAT GRBs: Redshifts, afterglows, energetics and host galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 516 (71): A71. arXiv:1003.3885. Bibcode:2010A&A...516A..71M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913734.
^Cenko, S. B; Frail, D. A; Harrison, F. A; Haislip, J. B; Reichart, D. E; Butler, N. R; Cobb, B. E; Cucchiara, A; Berger, E; Bloom, J. S; Chandra, P; Fox, D. B; Perley, D. A; Prochaska, J. X; Filippenko, A. V; Glazebrook, K; Ivarsen, K. M; Kasliwal, M. M; Kulkarni, S. R; LaCluyze, A. P; Lopez, S; Morgan, A. N; Pettini, M; Rana, V. R (2010). "Afterglow Observations of Fermi-LAT Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Emerging Class of Hyper-Energetic Events". The Astrophysical Journal. 732: 29. arXiv:1004.2900. Bibcode:2011ApJ...732...29C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/732/1/29.
^Cenko, S. B; Frail, D. A; Harrison, F. A; Kulkarni, S. R; Nakar, E; Chandra, P; Butler, N. R; Fox, D. B; Gal-Yam, A; Kasliwal, M. M; Kelemen, J; Moon, D. -S; Price, P. A; Rau, A; Soderberg, A. M; Teplitz, H. I; Werner, M. W; Bock, D. C. -J; Bloom, J. S; Starr, D. A; Filippenko, A. V; Chevalier, R. A; Gehrels, N; Nousek, J. N; Piran, T; Piran, T (2009). "The Collimation and Energetics of the Brightest Swift Gamma-Ray Bursts". The Astrophysical Journal. 711 (2): 641–654. arXiv:0905.0690. Bibcode:2010ApJ...711..641C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/711/2/641.
^"Big Bang Energy". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)