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PC Card

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PC Card
Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
A PC Card network adapter
Year created1990
Superseded byExpressCard (2003)
Width in bits32
No. of devices1 per slot
Speed133 MB/s[citation needed]
StyleParallel
Hotplugging interfaceYes
External interfaceYes

In computing, PC Card is a configuration for computer parallel communication peripheral interface, designed for laptop computers. Originally introduced as PCMCIA, the PC Card standard as well as its successors like CardBus were defined and developed by the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA).

It was originally designed as a standard for memory-expansion cards for computer storage. The existence of a usable general standard for notebook peripherals led to many kinds of devices being made available based on its configurability, including network cards, modems, and hard disks.

History

The PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) industry organization was based on the original initiative of the British mathematician and computer scientist Ian Cullimore,[1] one of the founders of the Sunnyvale-based Poqet Computer Corporation,[1] who was seeking to integrate some kind of memory card technology as storage medium into their early DOS-based palmtop PCs,[1] when traditional floppy drives and harddisks were found to be too power-hungry and large to fit into their battery-powered handheld devices.[1] When in July 1989,[1] Poqet contacted Fujitsu for their existing but still non-standardized SRAM memory cards, and Intel for their flash technology,[1] the necessity and potential of establishing a worldwide memory card standard became obvious to the parties involved. This led to the foundation of the PCMCIA organization in September 1989.[1][2]

By early 1990, some thirty companies had joined the initiative already, including Poqet, Fujitsu, Intel, Mitsubishi, IBM, Lotus, Microsoft and SCM Microsystems.[1]

The PCMCIA 1.0 card standard was published in November 1990 and was soon adopted by more than eighty vendors.[1][2] It corresponds with the Japanese JEIDA memory card 4.0 standard.[2]

SanDisk (operating at the time as "SunDisk") launched its PCMCIA card in October 1992. The company was the first to introduce a writeable Flash RAM card for the HP 95LX (the first MS-DOS pocket computer). These cards conformed to a supplemental PCMCIA-ATA standard that allowed them to appear as more conventional IDE hard drives to the 95LX or a PC. This had the advantage of raising the upper limit on capacity to the full 32M available under DOS 3.22 on the 95LX.[3]

Type II PC Card: IBM V.34 data/fax modem, manufactured by TDK

It soon became clear that the PCMCIA card standard needed expansion to support "smart" I/O cards to address the emerging need for fax, modem, LAN, harddisk and floppy disk cards.[1] It also needed interrupt facilities and hot plugging, which required the definition of new BIOS and operating system interfaces.[1] This led to the introduction of release 2.0 of the PCMCIA standard and JEIDA 4.1 in September 1991,[1][2] which saw corrections and expansion with Card Services (CS) in the PCMCIA 2.1 standard in November 1992.[1][2]

Many notebooks in the 1990s had two adjacent type-II slots, which allowed installation of two type-II cards or one, double-thickness, type-III card. The cards were also used in early digital SLR cameras, such as the Kodak DCS 300 series. However, their original use as storage expansion is no longer common.

The PC Card port has been superseded by the ExpressCard interface since 2003, though some manufacturers such as Dell continued to offer them into 2012 on their ruggedized XFR notebooks.[4]

Two PC Card devices:
Xircom RealPort (top) type III and
3Com (bottom) type II.

As of 2013, some vehicles from Honda equipped with a navigation system, such as the Honda Civic, the Honda CR-Z the Honda Fit, and the Honda Insight, still include a PC card reader that is integrated into the audio system.

Some Japanese brand consumer entertainment devices such as TV sets include a PC Card slot for playback of media.[5]

A Sharp TU-32GAX media receiver with a PC Card slot.

Summary

  • PC Card = PCMCIA Card (older name): 16-bit or 32-bit
  • PC Card 32-bit version = Cardbus (alternative name)
  • 16-bit vs. 32-bit: 32 bit includes DMA or bus mastering, 16-bit does not
  • Types I–III:
Type I: 16-bit. Configuration thickness 3.3 mm
Type II: 16-bit or 32-bit. Configuration thickness 5.0 mm
Type III: 16-bit or 32-bit. Configuration thickness 10.5 mm

Name

PCMCIA stands for Personal Computer Memory Card International Association, the group of companies that defined the standard. This acronym was difficult to say and remember, and was sometimes jokingly referred to as "People Can't Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms".[6] To recognize increased scope beyond memory, and to aid in marketing, the association acquired the rights to the simpler term "PC Card" from IBM. This was the name of the standard from version 2 of the specification onwards. These cards were used for wireless networks, modems, and other functions in notebook PCs.

The PCMCIA association was dissolved in 2009 and all of its activities are now managed by the USB Implementer's Forum, according to the PCMCIA website.[7]

Card types

All PC Card devices use a similar sized package which is 85.6 millimetres (3.37 in) long and 54.0 millimetres (2.13 in) wide, the same size as a credit card.[8] The shape is also used by the Common Interface form of conditional-access modules for DVB broadcasts, and by Panasonic for their professional "P2" video acquisition memory cards.

The original standard was defined for both 5 V and 3.3 volt cards, with 3.3 V cards having a key on the side to prevent them from being inserted fully into a 5 V-only slot. Some cards and some slots operate at both voltages as needed. The original standard was built around an 'enhanced' 16-bit ISA bus platform. A newer version of the PCMCIA standard is CardBus (see below), a 32-bit version of the original standard. In addition to supporting a wider bus of 32 bits (instead of the original 16), CardBus also supports bus mastering and operation speeds up to 33 MHz.

Type I

Cards designed to the original specification (PCMCIA 1.0) are type I and feature a 16-bit interface. They are 3.3 millimetres (0.13 in) thick and feature a dual row of 34 holes (68 in total) along a short edge as a connecting interface. Type-I PC Card devices are typically used for memory devices such as RAM, flash memory, OTP (One-Time Programmable), and SRAM cards.

Type II

Type-II and above PC Card devices use two rows of 34 sockets, and feature a 16- or 32-bit interface. They are 5.0 millimetres (0.20 in) thick. Type-II cards introduced I/O support, allowing devices to attach an array of peripherals or to provide connectors/slots to interfaces for which the host computer had no built-in support.

For example, many modem, network, and TV cards accept this configuration. Due to their thinness, most Type II interface cards feature miniature interface connectors on the card connecting to a dongle, a short cable that adapts from the card's miniature connector to an external full-size connector. Some cards instead have a lump on the end with the connectors. This is more robust and convenient than a separate adapter but can block the other slot where slots are present in a pair. Some Type II cards, most notably network interface and modem cards, have a retractable jack, which can be pushed into the card and will pop out when needed, allowing insertion of a cable from above. When use of the card is no longer needed, the jack can be pushed back into the card and locked in place, protecting it from damage. Most network cards have their jack on one side, while most modems have their jack on the other side, allowing the use of both at the same time as they do not interfere with each other. Wireless Type II cards often had a plastic shroud that jutted out from the end of the card to house the antenna.

In the mid-90s, PC Card Type II hard disk drive cards have become available; previously, PC Card hard disk drives were only available in Type III.[9]

Type III

Type-III PC Card devices are 16-bit or 32-bit. These cards are 10.5 millimetres (0.41 in) thick, allowing them to accommodate devices with components that would not fit type I or type II height. Examples are hard disk drive cards,[8] and interface cards with full-size connectors that do not require dongles (as is commonly required with type II interface cards).

Type IV

Type-IV cards, introduced by Toshiba, have not been officially standardized or sanctioned by the PCMCIA. These cards are 16 millimetres (0.63 in) thick.

CompactFlash

CompactFlash is a smaller dimensioned 50 pin subset of the 68 pin PC Card interface. It requires a setting for the interface mode of either "memory" or "ATA storage".

Card information structure

The card information structure (CIS) is information stored on a PC card that contains information about the formatting and organization of the data on the card.[10] The CIS also contains information such as:

  • Type of card
  • Supported power supply options
  • Supported power saving features
  • Manufacturer
  • Model number

When a card is unrecognized it is frequently because the CIS information is either lost or damaged.

CardBus

Two Xircom RealPort Ethernet/56k modem cards. Top one is CardBus, and the bottom is the 5 volt PCMCIA version. Note the slightly different notch.

CardBus are PCMCIA 5.0 or later (JEIDA 4.2 or later) 32-bit PCMCIA devices, introduced in 1995 and present in laptops from late 1997 onward. CardBus is effectively a 32-bit, 33 MHz PCI bus in the PC Card design. CardBus supports bus mastering, which allows a controller on the bus to talk to other devices or memory without going through the CPU. Many chipsets, such as those that support Wi-Fi, are available for both PCI and CardBus.

The notch on the left hand front of the device is slightly shallower on a CardBus device so, by design, a 32-bit device cannot be plugged into earlier equipment supporting only 16-bit devices. Most new slots accept both CardBus and the original 16-bit PC Card devices. CardBus cards can be distinguished from older cards by the presence of a gold band with eight small studs on the top of the card next to the pin sockets.

The speed of CardBus interfaces in 32-bit burst mode depends on the transfer type: in byte mode, transfer is 33 MB/s; in word mode it is 66 MB/s; and in dword (double-word) mode 132 MB/s.

CardBay

CardBay is a variant added to the PCMCIA specification introduced in 2001. It was intended to add some forward compatibility with USB and IEEE 1394, but was not universally adopted and only some notebooks have PC Card controllers with CardBay features. This is an implementation of Microsoft and Intel's joint Drive Bay initiative.

Descendants and variants

The interface has spawned a generation of flash memory cards that set out to improve on the size and features of Type I cards: CompactFlash, MiniCard, P2 Card and SmartMedia. For example, the PC Card electrical specification is also used for CompactFlash, so a PC Card CompactFlash adapter need only be a socket adapter.

ExpressCard is a later specification from the PCMCIA, intended as a replacement for PC Card, built around the PCI Express and USB 2.0 standards. The PC Card standard is closed to further development and PCMCIA strongly encourages future product designs to utilize the ExpressCard interface. From about 2006 ExpressCard slots replaced PCMCIA slots in laptop computers, with a few laptops having both in the transition period. Much expansion that formerly required a PCMCIA card is catered for by USB, reducing the requirement for internal expansion slots; by 2011 many laptops had none.

ExpressCard and CardBus sockets are physically and electrically incompatible.[11] ExpressCard-to-CardBus and Cardbus-to-ExpressCard adapters are available that connect a Cardbus card to an Expresscard slot, or vice versa, and carry out the required electrical interfacing.[12] These adapters do not handle older non-Cardbus PCMCIA cards.

Adapters for PC Cards to Personal Computer ISA slots were available when these technologies were current. Cardbus adapters for PCI slots have been made. These adapters were sometimes used to fit Wireless (802.11) PCMCIA cards into desktop computers with PCI slots.[13]

Some IBM Thinkpad laptops took their onboard ram (in sizes ranging from 4-16M in the factor of a DRAM Card. While very similar in form-factor, these cards did not go into a standard PC Card Slot, often being installed under the keyboard, for example. They also were not pin-compatible, as they had 88 pins but in two staggered rows, as opposed to even rows like PC Cards.[14]

Technological obsolescence

PCMCIA is mostly no longer used for laptops (or elsewhere), nor is its successor. Now mostly used are external devices instead of these internal cards, such as connected by USB, that use serial communication, or in rare cases PC Card's successor ExpressCard (also serial, while the parallel form of communication is much less used than previously for most standards, with the PC Card about the last holdout).

USB devices are available for almost all functions the PC Card originally provided. The ExpressCard, which replaced the PC Card, contains a PCIe 1x and a USB interface. Cardbus devices can be plugged into an ExpressCard adaptor having a PCI-to-PCIe Bridge.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Strass, Hermann (1994). PCMCIA optimal nutzen (in German). Franzis-Verlag GmbH, Poing. ISBN 3-7723-6652-X. 9-783772-366529. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e Mielke, Bernd (1997). PC-Card Anwender-Lösungen (in German). Franzis-Verlag GmbH, Feldkirchen. ISBN 3-7723-4313-9. 9-783772-343131. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "HP Palmtop Paper" (PDF).
  4. ^ "Latitude E6400 XFR", Enterprise, US: Dell.
  5. ^ [1] Pioneer PRO-1130HD information page, Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  6. ^ Clark, Scott H; Norton, Peter (2002). Peter Norton's new Inside the PC. Indianapolis: SAMS. p. 33. ISBN 0-672-32289-7.
  7. ^ Developer, Express card.
  8. ^ a b Mueller, Scott (1999). Upgrading and repairing PCs (11th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Que. pp. 1236–41. ISBN 0-7897-1903-7.
  9. ^ Infoworld, October 10, 1994, Page 44, “Maxtor drive adds to portable options, MobileMax Lite will ship in ‘95”
  10. ^ Linux PCMCIA Programmer's Guide
  11. ^ "PCMCIA Frequently Asked Questions".
  12. ^ "Newegg.com product search results for CardBus ExpressCard".
  13. ^ http://homecommunity.cisco.com/t5/Wireless-Adapters/PCI-SLOT/m-p/58789
  14. ^ http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/IC_DRAM_Card
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