Pakistani rug
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A Pakistani rug (Urdu: پاکستانی قالین, romanized: Pakistani Qaleen), also known as Pakistani carpet (Urdu: پاکستانی فرش, romanized: Pakistani Farsh), is a type of handmade floor-covering heavy textile traditionally made in Pakistan and is used for a wide variety of utilitarian and symbolic purposes. Rug/carpet weaving is an essential part of Pakistani culture and Pakistani art.
History
[edit]The art of weaving developed in the region comprising Pakistan at a time when few other civilizations employed it. Excavations at Moenjodaro and Harappa - ancient cities of the Indus Valley civilization - have established that the inhabitants used spindles and spun a wide variety of weaving materials. Some historians consider that the Indus Valley civilization first developed the use of woven textiles.[1][2]
Carpet weaving may have been introduced into the area of present-day Pakistan as far back as the eleventh century with the coming of the first Muslim conquerors, the Turkic Ghaznavids and the Afghan Ghaurids. It can with more certainty be traced to the beginning of the Mughal Dynasty in the early sixteenth century, when the last successor of Timur, Babur, extended his rule from Kabul, Afghanistan to Dhaka, Bangladesh and founded the Mughal Empire. Under the patronage of the Mughals, local craftsmen adopted Persian techniques and designs. Carpets woven in the Punjab at that time (often called Lahore carpets today) made use of motifs and decorative styles found in Mughal architecture.
During the Mughal period, the carpets made on the South Asia became so famous that demand for them spread abroad. These carpets boasted distinctive designs and high knot densities. Carpets made for the Mughal emperors, including Jahangir and Shah Jahan, were of the finest quality. Under Shah Jahan's reign, Mughal carpet-weaving took on a new aesthetic and entered its classical phase.
The carpets woven in Lahore were the first to reach European markets, including England, as far back as Seventeenth century. During the British colonial era, prison weaving was established in district and female jails in cities such as Lahore and Karachi. Carpet-weaving outside of jails was revived after the independence when Pakistan's carpet-weaving industry flourished.[3]
At present, Pakistani rug is one of the country's leading export products. Hand-knotted rug manufacture is Pakistan's second-largest cottage and small industry. The craftsmen have the capacity to produce any type of carpet using all the popular motifs of guls, medallions, paisleys (botehs), traceries, and geometric designs in various combinations.[4]
Types of Pakistani rugs
[edit]- Pak Persian
Persian-inspired curvilinear and/or floral designs, usually styled from old Kashan, Kirman, Isfahan, Tabriz, Hunting, Tree of Life, Mahal and Sultanabad rugs. Woven with Senneh (Persian) knot.[citation needed]
- Bokhara
Ghiordes (Turkish) knot, geometric Tekke design. Pakistani Bokhara rugs are woven in many colors, ranging from classical reds to vibrant greens and golds.
- Jaldar
Inspired from traditional Sarouk and Yamud designs that originated in Pakistan; it employs diamond-shaped gul motif repeated in rows. woven with Ghiordes knot.
- Pak Gabbeh
A Pak Gabbeh is very similar in character to Persian Gabbeh and has modern contemporary designs. Normally woven with handspun wool and vegetable with both Senneh and Ghiordes knot.
Often referred as Ziegler, Oushak or Peshawar, Chobi rugs employ handspun wool and natural dyes. Floral patterns and usually woven with Senneh knot in Pakistan.
- Caucasian
Traditional geometric design of Caucasus. Ghiordes knot.[dubious – discuss][citation needed]
- Shal
Derived from traditional shawl designs of old Persia.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]
- Lahore
Lahore became a prominent weaving center during the time of British rule, and they furthered the traditional weaving through various means including weaving rugs in Lahore's jail. Most of the rugs produced at that time are commonly referred as Lahore rugs.
Dhurrie is a type of flat-woven rug traditionally woven with wool and cotton in most parts of Pakistan.
Weaving centers
[edit]Today, hand-knotted carpets are produced all over Pakistan with major centers established around bigger cities.
Balochistan
[edit]- Quetta
Gilgit-Baltistan
[edit]- Gilgit
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
[edit]- Nowshera
- Haripur
- Peshawar
- Rasakai
- Swabi
- Swat (Islampur)
Punjab
[edit]- Attock
- Bahawalpur
- Daska
- Dera Ghazi Khan
- Faisalabad
- Farooqabad
- Gojra
- Gujranwala
- Hafizabad
- Jaranwala
- Kamalia
- Kamoke
- Lahore
- Lodhran
- Multan
- Muridke
- Narowal
- Okara
- Raiwind
- Sangla Hill
- Shakargarh
- Sheikhupura
- Sialkot
- Toba Tek Singh
Sindh
[edit]- Gambat
- Hyderabad
- Hala
- Islamkot
- Karachi
- Khadro
- Mehrabpur
- Mirpur Khas
- Mithi
- Nawabshah
- Nasarpur
- Rohri
- Sanghar
- Sukkur
- Tando Adam
- Tharparkar
- Umerkot
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Ancient Textiles of the Indus Valley Region, by Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, published 2004 (in Tana Bana: The woven soul of Pakistan by Koel Publications, Karachi), University of Wisconsin, Madison. [1]
- ^ First Evidence of Cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh, Pakistan: Analysis of Mineralized Fibres from a Copper Bead, published 2002, Journal of Archaeological Science. [2]
- ^ Excerpts from the book, Oriental Rugs, by John Kimberly Mumford, published 1900, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. [3]
- ^ Stone, Peter F. The Oriental Rug Lexicon. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997.
Further reading
[edit]- Walker, Daniel (1997). Flowers underfoot : Indian carpets of the Mughal era. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (see index)